Partition System Research Articles

Review on using Region of interest for HEVC

High efficiency video coding (HEVC) is the latest video compression standard. The coding efficiency of HEVC is 50% more than the preceding standard Advanced video coding (AVC). HEVC has gained this by introducing many advanced techniques such as adaptive block partitioning system known as quadtree, tiles for parallelization, improved entropy coding called Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), 35 intra prediction modes (IPMs), etc. all these techniques have increased the complexity of encoding process due to which real time application of HEVC for video transfer is not yet convenient. The main objective of this paper is to provide a review of the recent developments in HEVC, particularly focusing on using region of interest (ROI) for reducing the encoding process time. Summaries of the different approaches to identify the ROI are discussed and a new method is explained.

Graph Based Workload Driven Partitioning System by using MongoDB

<p>The web applications and websites of the enterprises are accessed by a huge number of users with the expectation of reliability and high availability. Social networking sites are generating the data exponentially large amount of data. It is a challenging task to store data efficiently. SQL and NoSQL are mostly used to store data. As RDBMS cannot handle the unstructured data and huge volume of data, so NoSQL is better choice for web applications. Graph database is one of the efficient ways to store data in NoSQL. Graph database allows us to store data in the form of relation. In Graph representation each tuple is represented by node and the relationship is represented by edge. But, to handle the exponentially growth of data into a single server might decrease the performance and increases the response time. Data partitioning is a good choice to maintain a moderate performance even the workload increases. There are many data partitioning techniques like Range, Hash and Round robin but they are not efficient for the small transactions that access a less number of tuples. NoSQL data stores provide scalability and availability by using various partitioning methods. To access the Scalability, Graph partitioning is an efficient way that can be easily represent and process that data. To balance the load data are partitioned horizontally and allocate data across the geographical available data stores. If the partitions are not formed properly result becomes expensive distributed transactions in terms of response time. So the partitioning of the tuple should be based on relation. In proposed system, Schism technique is used for partitioning the Graph. Schism is a workload aware graph partitioning technique. After partitioning the related tuples should come into a single partition. The individual node from the graph is mapped to the unique partition. The overall aim of Graph partitioning is to maintain nodes onto different distributed partition so that related data come onto the same cluster.</p>

Cryo-EM structure of the bacterial actin AlfA reveals unique assembly and ATP-binding interactions and the absence of a conserved subdomain

Bacterial actins are an evolutionarily diverse family of ATP-dependent filaments built from protomers with a conserved structural fold. Actin-based segregation systems are encoded on many bacterial plasmids and function to partition plasmids into daughter cells. The bacterial actin AlfA segregates plasmids by a mechanism distinct from other partition systems, dependent on its unique dynamic properties. Here, we report the near-atomic resolution electron cryo-microscopy structure of the AlfA filament, which reveals a strikingly divergent filament architecture resulting from the loss of a subdomain conserved in all other actins and a mode of ATP binding. Its unusual assembly interfaces and nucleotide interactions provide insight into AlfA dynamics, and expand the range of evolutionary variation accessible to actin quaternary structure.

Cryo-EM reconstruction of AlfA from Bacillus subtilis reveals the structure of a simplified actin-like filament at 3.4-Å resolution

Low copy-number plasmid pLS32 of Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto contains a partitioning system that ensures segregation of plasmid copies during cell division. The partitioning locus comprises actin-like protein AlfA, adaptor protein AlfB, and the centromeric sequence parN Similar to the ParMRC partitioning system from Escherichia coli plasmid R1, AlfA filaments form actin-like double helical filaments that arrange into an antiparallel bipolar spindle, which attaches its growing ends to sister plasmids through interactions with AlfB and parN Because, compared with ParM and other actin-like proteins, AlfA is highly diverged in sequence, we determined the atomic structure of nonbundling AlfA filaments to 3.4-Å resolution by cryo-EM. The structure reveals how the deletion of subdomain IIB of the canonical actin fold has been accommodated by unique longitudinal and lateral contacts, while still enabling formation of left-handed, double helical, polar and staggered filaments that are architecturally similar to ParM. Through cryo-EM reconstruction of bundling AlfA filaments, we obtained a pseudoatomic model of AlfA doublets: the assembly of two filaments. The filaments are antiparallel, as required by the segregation mechanism, and exactly antiphasic with near eightfold helical symmetry, to enable efficient doublet formation. The structure of AlfA filaments and doublets shows, in atomic detail, how deletion of an entire domain of the actin fold is compensated by changes to all interfaces so that the required properties of polymerization, nucleotide hydrolysis, and antiparallel doublet formation are retained to fulfill the system's biological raison d'être.

Recovery of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs from Wastes Using Ionic-Liquid-Based Three-Phase Partitioning Systems

Aiming at outlining new strategies for the valorization of solid pharmaceutical wastes as viable alternatives to incineration, this work proposes the use of ionic liquids-based three phase partitioning (IL-based TPP) systems. Ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen, all belonging to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), were adopted as model compounds. An integrated process has been conceptualized based on three steps: (1) extraction and purification of NSAIDs using the IL-based TPP systems, (2) drug isolation by precipitation with antisolvents, and (3) recycling and reusing the solvents. With the optimization of steps 1 and 2 as objects of this investigation, aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) composed of three distinct ILs (tetrabutylammonium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and benzyldimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride) and potassium citrate buffer were studied. The corresponding IL-based TPP systems were further applied in the purification of each NSAID, and differen...

Multipartite monogamous relations for entanglement and discord

The distribution of quantum correlations in multipartite systems play a significant role in several aspects of the quantum information theory. While it is well known that these quantum correlations can not be freely distributed, the way that it is shared in multipartite system is an open problem even for small set of qubits. Based on new monogamylike relations between entanglement and discord for $n$-partite systems, we show how these correlations are distributed in general, determining distinct equalities and inequalities to the quantum discord and the entanglement of formation for arbitrary multipartite pure states.

Validation of Paper Partition System and Environmental Improvement Effect for Securing Privacy Space

Validation of Paper Partition System and Environmental Improvement Effect for Securing Privacy Space

Further insights into underlying mechanisms for the release of biological nitrification inhibitors from sorghum roots

Sorghum roots release two categories of biological nitrification inhibitors (BNIs) – hydrophilic-BNIs and hydrophobic-BNIs. Earlier research indicated that rhizosphere pH and plasma membrane (PM) H+ATPase are functionally linked with the release of hydrophilic BNIs, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This study is designed to reveal further insights into the regulatory mechanisms of BNIs release in root systems, using three sorghum genetic stocks. Sorghum plants were grown in a hydroponic system with pH of nutrient solutions ranging from 3.0 9.0. Pharmacological agents [(fusicoccin and vanadate) and anion-channel blockers (−niflumic acid (NIF) and anthracene-9-carboxylate (A9C)] were applied to root exudate collection solutions; BNI activity was determined with luminescent Nitrosomonas europaea bioassay. Sorgoleone levels in root exudates and H+ excretion from roots were determined. Two-phase partitioning system is used to isolate root plasma membrane (PM) and H+ ATPase activity was determined. A decrease in rhizosphere pH improved the release of hydrophilic-BNIs from roots of all the three sorghum genotypes, but had no effect on the release of hydrophobic-BNIs. Hydrophobic-BNI activity and sorgoleone levels in root-DCM wash are positively correlated. Fusicoccin promoted H+extrusion and stimulated the release of hydrophilic-BNIs. Vanadate, in contrast, suppressed H+ extrusion and lowered the release of hydrophilic-BNIs. Anion-channel blockers did not inhibit the release of hydrophilic BNIs, but enhanced H+-extrusion and hydrophilic-BNIs release. Rhizosphere pH has a major influence on hydrophilic-BNIs release, but not on the release of hydrophobic-BNIs. The low rhizosphere pH stimulated PM-H+ ATPase activity; H+-extrusion is closely coupled with hydrophilic-BNIs release. Anion-channel blockers stimulated H+ extrusion and hydrophilic-BNIs release. Our results indicate that some unknown membrane transporters are operating the release of protonated BNIs, which may compensate for charge balance when transport of other anions is suppressed using anion-channel blockers. A new hypothesis is proposed for the release of hydrophilic-BNIs from sorghum roots.

Unusual features of the large linear plasmid pSA3239 from Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM 3239

We previously identified the aur1 gene cluster, responsible for the production of the angucycline antibiotic auricin in Streptomyces aureofaciens CCM 3239. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis showed a single, 241kb linear plasmid, pSA3239, in this strain, and several approaches confirmed the presence of the aur1 cluster in this plasmid. We report here the nucleotide sequence of this 241,076-bp plasmid. pSA3239 contains an unprecedentedly small (13bp) telomeric sequence CCCGCGGAGCGGG, which is identical to the conserved Palindrome I sequence involved in the priming of end-patching replication. A bioinformatics analysis revealed 234 open reading frames with high number (28) of regulatory genes from various families. In contrast to most other linear plasmids, pSA3239 contains a pair of replication initiation genes (sa76 and sa75) located at its extreme left end, adjacent to the telomere. Together with similar proteins from several other linear plasmids (pFRL2, pSLA2-M, pSV2, pSDA1, and SAP1), they constitute a new family of replication initiation proteins. This left end also contains two genes, tpgSa and tapSa, encoding the terminal protein and the telomere associated-protein involved in telomere end-patching replication. pSA3239 also contains two genes homologous to the parAB partitioning system, and deletion of the parA homologue (sa43) affects structural stability of the plasmid. pSA3239 carries five potential secondary metabolite gene clusters. In addition to aur1 and a non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) gene cluster for the blue pigment indigoidine, it also contains a partial type II polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster, a partial type I PKS gene cluster, and a NRPS/PKSI gene cluster for unknown secondary metabolites. The last gene cluster contains a subcluster of seven genes (sa91–sa97), highly similar to part of the valanimycin biosynthetic cluster vlm. A S. aureofaciens strain lacking pSA3239 was prepared. This deletion did not substantially affect growth and differentiation. A comparative analysis of secondary metabolites between both strains did not identify any product, except auricin and indigoidine, which is dependent upon pSA3239. Thus, the other three identified gene clusters are likely silent under these conditions.

Estimation of descriptors for hydrogen-bonding compounds from chromatographic and liquid-liquid partition measurements

Retention factors obtained by gas chromatography and reversed-phase liquid chromatography on varied columns and partition constants in different liquid-liquid partition systems are used to estimate WSU descriptor values for 36 anilines and N-heterocyclic compounds, 13 amides and related compounds, and 45 phenols and alcohols. These compounds are suitable for use as calibration compounds to characterize separation systems covering the descriptor space E=0.2–3, S=0.4–2.1, A=0–1.5, B=0.1–1.5, L=2.5–10.0 and V=0.5–2.2. Hydrogen-bonding properties are discussed in terms of structure, the possibility of induction effects, intramolecular hydrogen bonding and steric factors for anilines, amides, phenols and alcohols. The relationship between these parameters and observed descriptor values are difficult to predict from structure but facilitate improving the general occupancy of the descriptor space by creating incremental changes in hydrogen-bonding properties. It is verified that the compounds included in this study can be merged with an existing database of compounds recommended for characterizing separation systems.

Expanding the genetic tool box for Cupriavidus necator by a stabilized L-rhamnose inducible plasmid system

The Gram negative bacterium Cupriavidus necator is well known for the accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its fast lithoautotrophic growth, leading in high cell densities. Although the host was engineered for the heterologous production of diverse chemicals and biopolymers in recent years, tool box of stabilized inducible expression systems is still limited. To avoid plasmid loss during fermentation processes and to allow expression of complex proteins, a tunable L-rhamnose inducible system was established and characterized using enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). The construct was stabilized by a previously established partitioning system. An increase of fluorescence signal intensity in different media was shown with inducer concentrations up to 11mM L-rhamnose. The strongest effects were measured at quite low concentrations − high tunability was observed between 0 and 0.4–1mM (depending on the medium used). Expression is tightly regulated and could be increased over 140-fold in complex medium and approximately 60-fold in minimal medium due to induction with 11mM L-rhamnose. Varying induction times were characterized regarding growth behavior and expression pattern, taking into consideration problems that may arise during expression of toxic proteins. The novel plasmid expands the tool box for engineering the highly flexible production host C. necator.

Fire Insulation of Aluminum Glazed Partitions Depending on the Infill Solution of Framework Profiles

This paper presents the main problems related to the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions. It discusses technical solutions used in partition systems with a specific fire resistance class, as well as a procedure and the general principles of classification of fire resistance for structures of this type. Moreover, the paper presents the comparison of fire resistance test results of glazed partition test specimens, depending on the volume of insulation inserts placed inside the aluminium structure profiles. To made the comparison the specimens with the same transom - mullion structure were tested with two filling solutions - with same profiles filled only in the middle part and fully filled.

Use of TPP and ATPS for partitioning and recovery of lipase from Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hepatopancreas.

Lipase recovery from Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas using a three-phase partitioning (TPP) system in combination with an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was studied. TPP system was formed with a simultaneous addition of salt directly to crude extract (CE) followed by an organic solvent addition. The various process parameters required for efficient purification of lipase were optimized. The best lipase yield (87.41%) and purification fold (PF) (3.49-fold) were obtained in the interphase of TPP system, which consisted of the CE to t-butanol ratio of 1:1 (v/v) in the presence of 50% (w/v) (NH4)2SO4. Subsequently, TPP fraction was subjected to ATPS. Effects of phase compositions including PEG molecular weight and concentration, types and concentration of salts, NaCl addition and system pH on lipase partitioning were investigated. With the application of 25% (w/w) PEG1000 and 15% (w/w) MgSO4, at pH 5.0 was found most appropriate since high lipase PF (5.19-fold) and yield (78.46%) in top phase were obtained. The partitioned enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.0 and 55°C and was stable at a temperature range of 0-40°C and a pH range of 7-10. The partitioned lipase showed high tolerance in the presence of ethanol and methanol. Hence, the combined partitioning systems, TPP-ATPS, were found to be an attractive technique for the recovery and partial purification of lipase from Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas.

Plasma Membrane Protein Profiling in Beta-Amyloid-Treated Microglia Cell Line.

In the responsiveness of microglia to toxic stimuli, plasma membrane proteins play a key role. In this study we treated with a synthetic beta amyloid peptide murine microglial cells metabolically differently labelled with stable isotope amino acids (SILAC). The plasma membrane was selectively enriched by a multi-stage aqueous two-phase partition system. We were able to identify by 1D-LC-MS/MS analyses 1577 proteins, most of them are plasma membrane proteins according to the Gene Ontology annotation. An unchanged level of amyloid receptors in this data set suggests that microglia preserve their responsiveness capability to the environment even after 24-h challenge with amyloid peptides. On the other hand, 14 proteins were observed to change their plasma membrane abundance to a statistically significant extent. Among these, we proposed as reliable biomarkers of the inflammatory microglia phenotype in AD damaged tissues MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 3 (MARK3), Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), Annexins A5 and A7 (ANXA5, ANXA7) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), all proteins known to be involved in the inflammation processes and in microtubule network assembly rate.

Response surface methodology optimization of partitioning of xylanase form Aspergillus Niger by metal affinity polymer-salt aqueous two-phase systems.

Aqueous two phase affinity partitioning system using metal ligands was applied for partitioning and purification of xylanase produced by Aspergillus Niger. To minimization the number of experiments for the design parameters and develop predictive models for optimization of the purification process, response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design (CCF) has been used. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 was activated using epichlorohydrin, covalently linked to iminodiacetic acid (IDA), and the specific metal ligand Cu was attached to the polyethylene glycol-iminodiacetic acid (PEG-IDA). The influence of some experimental variables such as PEG (10-18%w/w), sodium sulfate (8-12%), PEG-IDA-Cu2+ concentration (0-50% w/w of total PEG), pH of system (4-8) and crude enzyme loading (6-18%w/w) on xylanase and total protein partitioning coefficient, enzyme yield and enzyme specific activity were systematically evaluated. Two optimal point with high enzyme partitioning factor 10.97 and yield 79.95 (including 10% PEG, 12% Na2SO4, 50% ligand, pH 8 and 6% crude enzyme loading) and high specific activity in top phase 42.21 (including 14.73% PEG, 8.02% Na2SO4, 28.43% ligand, pH 7.7 and 6.08% crude enzyme loading) were attained. The adequacy of the RSM models was verified by a good agreement between experimental and predicted results.

Aluminum-Enhanced Proton Release Associated with Plasma Membrane H+-Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity and Excess Cation Uptake in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plant Roots

Cultivated tea (Camellia sinensis) plants acidify the rhizosphere, but the mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere acidification associated with aluminium (Al) have not been fully elucidated. The present study examined the effect of Al on root-induced rhizosphere acidification, plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and the cation–anion balance of tea plants. The H+ exudation from tea plant roots with or without Al treatment was visualized using an agar sheet with bromocresol purple. Al strongly enhanced H+ exudation and the acidification of tea plant roots by Al was closely associated with plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity. Detection of H+-ATPase hydrolytic activity associated with plasma membranes of roots under different Al treatments using the two-phase partition system indicated that plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity increased with Al concentration. The Al content, amount of proton release and H+-ATPase activity in the roots of tea plants were quantified after 7 days with or without Al. The Al content, amount of proton release and H+-ATPase activity were significantly higher in roots with Al treatment than those without Al treatment. The value for the cation–anion balance showed that all treatments had an excess of cations relative anions, and the amount of excess cations uptake increased with the increasing Al concentration. The results suggested that Al-enhanced proton release was associated with plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and excess cation uptake. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the contributing factors of soil acidification in tea plantation.

Nontrilocality: Exploiting nonlocality from three-particle systems

In Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{104},170401 (2010), Branciard \textit{e.t al.} first characterized the correlations arising in an entanglement swapping network under the assumption that the sources generating the initially uncorrelated quantum systems are independent. Precisely speaking, in Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{104},170401 (2010) and later in Phys. Rev. A \textbf{85},032119 (2012) the authors analyzed the importance of \textit{bilocal}(source independence) assumption to lower down the restrictions over correlations for revealing quantumness in the network where each of two sources generates a bipartite entangled state. In this context one may find interest to characterize correlations in a network involving independent sources which can correlate more than two initially uncorrelated multipartite entangled quantum systems. Our present topic of discussion basically analyzes such a network scenario. Specifically we introduce \textit{trilocal network scenario} where each of three sources independently generates a tripartite entangled quantum system thereby exploring the role of source independence assumption to exploit nonlocality in a network involving multipartite entanglement analogous to bilocal assumption in a network where only bipartite entanglement was considered. Interestingly, genuine entanglement content did not turn out to be an essential requirement for exploiting nonlocality in such a scenario. Moreover it is interesting to explore whether such a scenario can be generalized so as to characterize correlations arising in a network involving $n$ number of $n$ partite systems for any finite value of $n\geq4$ under source independence assumption.

Molecular characterization of the pA3J1 plasmid from the psychrotolerant Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ANT_J3

The knowledge on plasmids of cold-active bacteria is highly limited. In this study, the molecular characterization of the pA3J1 plasmid of Antarctic psychrotolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ANT_J3 was performed. Within this plasmid, thirteen putative open reading frames were identified. Nine of them encoded proteins involved in replication, partitioning, postsegregational elimination of plasmid-less cells (via a toxin-antitoxin system activity), multimer resolution and mobilization by conjugal transfer. These genes constitute the plasmid backbone. The functional analysis of the pA3J1 maintenance region revealed that it is a narrow host range replicon, stably maintained in the host cells by the combined activities of the partitioning and relBE-type toxin-antitoxin systems. It was also suggested that the replication system of the pA3J1 plasmid may be temperature-sensitive. Comparative analyses revealed the presence of 16 Pseudomonas plasmids encoding homologous replication proteins and 5 plasmids carrying mobA genes homologous to the corresponding gene of pA3J1. The relaxase (MobA) of the pA3J1 plasmid was classified into MOBQ family, and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that this may be a representative of a novel group (or subgroup) within this family. The structural and comparative analyses revealed that the arrangement of genetic modules in the pA3J1 plasmid is unique.

Division site selection linked to inherited cell surface wave troughs in mycobacteria.

Cell division is tightly controlled in space and time to maintain cell size and ploidy within narrow bounds. In bacteria, the canonical Minicell (Min) and nucleoid occlusion (Noc) systems together ensure that division is restricted to midcell after completion of chromosome segregation1. It is unknown how division site selection is controlled in bacteria that lack homologues of the Min and Noc proteins, including mycobacteria responsible for tuberculosis and other chronic infections2. Here, we use correlated optical and atomic-force microscopy3,4 to demonstrate that morphological landmarks (waveform troughs) on the undulating surface of mycobacterial cells correspond to future sites of cell division. Newborn cells inherit wave troughs from the (grand)mother cell and ultimately divide at the centre-most wave trough, making these morphological features the earliest known landmark of future division sites. In cells lacking the chromosome partitioning (Par) system, missegregation of chromosomes is accompanied by asymmetric cell division at off-centre wave troughs, resulting in the formation of anucleate cells. These results demonstrate that inherited morphological landmarks and chromosome positioning together restrict mycobacterial division to the midcell position.

Analysis of ParB-centromere interactions by multiplex SPR imaging reveals specific patterns for binding ParB in six centromeres of Burkholderiales chromosomes and plasmids.

Bacterial centromeres–also called parS, are cis-acting DNA sequences which, together with the proteins ParA and ParB, are involved in the segregation of chromosomes and plasmids. The specific binding of ParB to parS nucleates the assembly of a large ParB/DNA complex from which ParA—the motor protein, segregates the sister replicons. Closely related families of partition systems, called Bsr, were identified on the chromosomes and large plasmids of the multi-chromosomal bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia and other species from the order Burkholeriales. The centromeres of the Bsr partition families are 16 bp palindromes, displaying similar base compositions, notably a central CG dinucleotide. Despite centromeres bind the cognate ParB with a narrow specificity, weak ParB-parS non cognate interactions were nevertheless detected between few Bsr partition systems of replicons not belonging to the same genome. These observations suggested that Bsr partition systems could have a common ancestry but that evolution mostly erased the possibilities of cross-reactions between them, in particular to prevent replicon incompatibility. To detect novel similarities between Bsr partition systems, we have analyzed the binding of six Bsr parS sequences and a wide collection of modified derivatives, to their cognate ParB. The study was carried out by Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) mulitplex analysis enabling a systematic survey of each nucleotide position within the centromere. We found that in each parS some positions could be changed while maintaining binding to ParB. Each centromere displays its own pattern of changes, but some positions are shared more or less widely. In addition from these changes we could speculate evolutionary links between these centromeres.