Length Of Partition Research Articles

The spatial buildup of nonlinear compression in the cochlea

In the mammalian cochlea, the transduction from vibrations to inner hair cell receptor currents is preceded by a stage of mechanical pre-processing that involves a rapid, strongly nonlinear compression. The mechanisms by which the cochlea realizes this dynamic compression are still poorly understood. Previous work by our group suggested that compression does not occur locally, but is realized by a cascade of weakly nonlinear elements along the cochlear partition. The resulting progressive accumulation of nonlinearity was termed the spatial buildup of compression. Here we studied mechanical compression in the basal turn of the sensitive gerbil cochlea using optical coherence tomography. We recorded vibrations at multiple positions along the length of the cochlear partition. Such longitudinal studies were virtually impossible with previous techniques. Using a tailored two-tone stimulus we quantified the spatial profile of compression. We found that the amount of compression grew gradually in an intensity-dependent fashion along our measurement stretch, as we moved apically toward the place of maximum vibration. This gradual buildup of compression was not mirrored by a gradual reduction beyond the peak. In fact the amount of compression accumulated even beyond the peak. This asymmetric pattern supports the view that mechanical compression is realized in a cascaded, distributed fashion which hinges on the traveling wave nature of cochlear vibrations.

Spikes and spines in 3D Lorentzian simplicial quantum gravity

Abstract Simplicial approaches to quantum gravity such as Quantum Regge Calculus and Spin Foams include configurations where bulk edges can become arbitrarily large while keeping the lengths of the boundary edges small. Such configurations pose significant challenges in Euclidean Quantum Regge Calculus, as they lead to infinities for the partition function and length expectation values. 
Here we investigate such configurations in three-dimensional Lorentzian Quantum Regge Calculus, and find that the partition function and length expectation values remain finite. This shows that the Lorentzian approach can avoid a key issue of the Euclidean approach. We also find that the space of configurations, for which bulk edges can become very large, is much richer than in the Euclidean case. In particular, it includes configurations with irregular light-cone structures, which lead to imaginary terms in the Regge action and branch cuts along the Lorentzian path integral contour. Hence, to meaningfully define the Lorentzian Regge path integral, one needs to clarify how such configurations should be handled.

Numerical Study on the Effect of Trapezoidal‐Wave Shaped Partition on Natural Convection Flow Within a Porous Enclosure

ABSTRACTThe use of a trapezoidal‐wave shaped diathermal partition to reduce natural convection flow and heat transfer within a fluid‐saturated, differentially heated porous enclosure is investigated in this study. This work is motivated by the need to control and reduce convective heat transfer in differentially heated porous enclosures, impacting applications like energy‐efficient building materials, thermal insulation, and improved heat exchangers. The study aims to disrupt convection currents and minimize thermal transfer. The Darcy flow model, representing fluid flow in porous media, is applied here and solved using the successive accelerated replacement (SAR) scheme with a finite difference method. Key parameters are varied to explore their effects on thermal and flow patterns. These parameters include the partition's length (with values between ), height (spanning from ), and distance from the left wall of the enclosure (), along with the modified Rayleigh number, which ranges from . Through computational visualization of streamlines and isotherms, this study examines how changes in partition geometry influence flow deviations. Results indicate that the trapezoidal partition allows flexibility in adjusting its geometrical parameters, effectively reducing convection flow strength without significant compromise. A drop of 41.13% in flow strength and about 56% reducted in heat transfer is achieved for trapezoidal partition with smaller edge length These findings suggest that such a partition setup can significantly improve thermal management in systems where fluid‐saturated porous enclosures are subject to differential heating.

Understanding the microstructure and mechanical properties of IN738LC fabricated by laser powder bed fusion at different partition lengths

The adoption of a partition scanning strategy during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is one of the main ways to relieve residual stress and refine the grain. In this work, the IN738LC alloy samples were fabricated by island and linear scanning strategies at different partition lengths (PL). The effect of different PLs on forming quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties was investigated. The results indicated that the densification decreased, and the surface became rough showing more balling defects with increasing PL. With the increase of PL from 2.5 mm to 15 mm, the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) increased by 50 % and 84 %, average grain size increased by 25 % and 24 %, and high-angle grain boundaries (HAGB) decreased by 24.1 % and 17.7 % for RL and IS scanning strategies. The combination of the high-temperature gradient, high cooling rate, and complex remelting at small PL weakens the texture and increases the anisotropy. The excellent mechanical properties were obtained at the rotating line (RL) scanning strategy with a partition size of 2.5 mm. The microhardness, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (El) reached 470.7 HV, 1598 MPa, 14.2 %.

Multi-Objective Optimization towards Heat Dissipation Performance of the New Tesla Valve Channels with Partitions in a Liquid-Cooled Plate

The utilization of liquid-cooled plates has been increasingly prevalent within the thermal management of batteries for new energy vehicles. Using Tesla valves as internal flow channels of liquid-cooled plates can improve heat dissipation characteristics. However, conventional Tesla valve flow channels frequently experience challenges such as inconsistencies in heat dissipations and unacceptably high levels of pressure loss. In light of this, this paper proposes a new type of Tesla valve with partitions, which is used as internal channel for liquid-cooled plate. Its purpose is to solve the shortcomings of existing flow channels. Under the working conditions of Reynolds number equal to 1000, the neural network prediction-NSGA-II multi-objective optimization method is used to optimize the channel structural parameters. The objective is to identify the optimal structural configuration that exhibits the greatest Nusselt number while simultaneously exhibiting the lowest Fanning friction factor. The variables to consider are the half of partition thickness H, partition length L, and the fillet radius R. The study result revealed that the optimal parameter combination consisted of H = 0.25 mm, R = 1.253 mm, L = 0.768 mm, which demonstrated the best performance. The Fanning friction factor of the optimized flow channel is substantially reduced compared to the reference channel, reducing by approximately 16.4%. However, the Nusselt number is not noticeably increased, increasing by only 0.9%. This indicates that the optimized structure can notably reduce the fluid’s friction resistance and pressure loss and slightly enhance the heat dissipation characteristics.

Heat transfer improvement and drag force reduction around three heated square cylinders controlled by partitions

Investigating the subject offers a pioneering approach to enhancing thermal performance and aerodynamic efficiency, unlocking novel strategies for optimizing energy utilization and air dynamics in engineering applications. In this research, a numerical study of airflow control coupled to heat transfer around several heated square cylinders is carried out at a fixed Reynolds number (Re=100). The effect of the positioning and length of the control partitions is examined. Numerical simulations are carried out using the lattice Boltzmann method with multiple relaxation times model. The obtained results reveal the existence of a critical position g=0 where a significant improvement in the Nusselt number is observed. This improvement amounts to 31.1% for the rear face of the top obstacle, 30.2% for the rear face of the central obstacle, and 36.65% for the rear face of the bottom obstacle compared to the uncontrolled case. Thus, a complete suppression of the vortex shedding is observed when the length of the partitions reaches a critical value (Lp=4D). Furthermore, a maximum percentage of drag reduction is achieved by around 6.03% for the central block and 16.67% for the two end blocks when the length of the control partitions reaches this critical value.

Effective properties of centro-symmetric micropolar composites with non-uniform imperfect contact conditions

In this work, the homogenization theory is addressed within the framework of three-dimensional linear micropolar composite materials with centro-symmetric constituents and non-uniform imperfect interface conditions. The imperfect contact conditions are modeled like a generalization of the spring model, where tractions and coupled stresses are continuous, but displacements and microrotations are discontinuous across the interface. The jumps in displacement and microrotation components are proportional to the interface traction and coupled stress components in terms of a partition of different spring-factor-type interface parameters, respectively. The two-scale asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) is developed, through series expansions for displacements and micro-rotations, to find the analytical statement of the local problems on the periodic cell and the corresponding effective coefficients. In particular, centro-symmetric multi-laminated micropolar composites with non-uniform imperfect contact conditions are studied, and their corresponding effective properties are explicitly declared. Numerical results show the effects of the interface partition lengths, the non-uniform imperfection values, and the constituent’s fraction volumes on the effective properties of centro-symmetric bi-laminated composite with isotropic constituent materials. We also analyze and discuss the effective behaviors illustrated in the results. In general, the effective properties are always affected by a non-uniform imperfect interface, and they are bounded between those achieved when the contact conditions are perfect and imperfect uniform. The reported formulas and data may be helpful as benchmarks for checking other experimental and numerical results.

A review of Open Channel Design for Mine Dewatering System Based on Environmental Observations

The purpose of mine dewatering system is to control runoff water that enters mine openings so that the mining process is not disturbed. The rainfall discharge (Q) is 0.0951 m³/second and the runoff discharge (Q) is 0.69 m³/second, making the total mining discharge entering the location 0.781 m³/second. The open channel design has dimensions of Channel wall slope (α) = 60°, Water depth (h) = 0.73 m, Channel depth (d) = 0.83 m, Channel base width (B) = 0.73 m, Surface width (b) = 1.57 m, Wet cross-sectional area of channel (A) = 0.92 m², and Channel wall length (a) = 0.97 m. The sedimentation pond has the following dimensions and compartments: Total length (l) = 104 m; width (b) = 8 m; depth (H) = 4 m; partition width = 4 m; partition depth = 4 m; partition length = 7 m. It consists of 3 compartments: conditioning compartment, separation between solids and mine water, and flow with an area of 277 m² per compartment. The sedimentation pond volume is 3094 m³ with a total area of 830 m². The results of the study obtained information that to control runoff water entering mine openings, a pond capacity as a settling site was needed of more than 3094 m³ with a maximum dredging time of settling pond particles that can be done once every 10 months.

The minimal excludant and Schmidt's partition theorem

In this work, we study Schmidt's partition theorem in a combinatorial manner, and find a strong refinement which connects the minimal excludant of ordinary partitions to the length of Schmidt's partitions. As a byproduct, we obtain a bivariate form of an identity recorded in Ramanujan's lost notebook.

Effect of a Detached Bi-Partition on the Drag Reduction for Flow Past a Square Cylinder

The objective of this research is to study the fluid flow control allowing the reduction of aerodynamic drag around a square cylinder using two parallel partitions placed downstream of the cylinder using the lattice Boltzmann method with multiple relaxation times (MRT-LBM). In contrast to several existing investigations in the literature that study either the effect of position or the effect of length of a single horizontal or vertical plate, this work presents a numerical study on the effect of Reynolds number (Re), horizontal position (g), vertical position (a), and length (Lp) of the two control partitions. Therefore, this work will be considered as an assembly of several results presented in a single work. Indeed, the Reynolds numbers are selected from 20 to 300, the gap spacing (0 ≤ g ≤ 13), the vertical positions (0 ≤ a ≤ 0.8d), and the lengths of partitions (1d ≤ Lp ≤ 5d). To identify the different changes appearing in the flow and forces, we have conducted in this study a detailed analysis of velocity contours, lift and drag coefficients, and the root-mean-square value of the lift coefficient. The obtained results revealed three different flow regimes as the gap spacing was varied. Namely, the extended body regime for 0 ≤ g ≤ 3.9, the attachment flow regime for 4 ≤ g ≤ 5.5, and the completely developed flow regime for 6 ≤ g ≤ 13. A maximal percentage reduction in drag coefficient equal to 12.5%, is given at the critical gap spacing (gcr = 3.9). Also, at the length of the critical partition (Lpcr = 3d), a Cd reduction percentage of 12.95% was found in comparison with the case without control. Moreover, the position of the optimal partition was found to be equal to 0.8d i.e. one is placed on the top edge of the square cylinder and the second one is placed on the bottom edge. The maximum value of the lift coefficient is reached for a plate length Lp = 2d when the plates are placed at a distance g = 4. On the other hand, this coefficient has almost the same mean value for all spacings between the two plates. Similarly, the root means the square value of the lift coefficient (Clrms) admits zero values for low Reynolds numbers and then increases slightly until it reaches its maximum for Re = 300.

Numerical analysis of the longitudinal size of the partition on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow within a differentially heated porous enclosure

AbstractThe article deals with the effect of longitudinal size and shape partition embedded within a differentially heated porous enclosure. The objective is to curtail the heat transfer rate across such porous enclosures by means of partitions embedded within. The partition shapes under consideration are straight vertical left‐inclined, right‐inclined, L‐shaped, wavy, corrugated, and square‐wave. It is sought to find the most effective combination of partition length and shape that could serve the required objective. Also, many times, due to the constructional constraints of the porous enclosure or cavity, using full‐length partitions may not be feasible. In this regard, it is also sought to find the partition length that is to be maintained for achieving a significant reduction in heat transfer without much compromise. The results of the current study are useful for thermal design engineers particularly in the field of thermal insulation, solar heating application, and packed bed energy storage systems where the major challenge is to reduce the heat transfer across the system. The parameters under consideration are the longitudinal length L and Rayleigh number Ra. All the partitions under study are evaluated for bottom‐wall and top‐wall attached conditions. Some of the notable findings are that for smaller‐sized partitions (B < 0.5), L‐shaped partitions are most effective in controlling the convection heat transfer rate across the enclosure while for larger‐sized partitions (L > 0.5), square‐wave‐shaped partitions should be preferred for effective reduction in the rate of convection heat transfer.

Partitions associated to class groups of imaginary quadratic number fields

We investigate properties of attainable partitions of integers, where a partition $$(n_1,n_2, \dots , n_r)$$ of n is attainable if $$\sum (3-2i)n_i\ge 0$$ . Conjecturally, under an extension of the Cohen and Lenstra heuristics by Holmin et. al., these partitions correspond to abelian p-groups that appear as class groups of imaginary quadratic number fields for infinitely many odd primes p. We demonstrate a connection to partitions of integers into triangular numbers, construct a generating function for attainable partitions, and determine the maximal length of attainable partitions.

Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Analysis of Entropy Generation on Laminar Natural Convection in Enclosures With Partitioned Walls and for Different Heating Positions

Abstract A numerical investigation is performed to analyze air's steady natural convection phenomena in an enclosure with partial active sidewalls. A partition is attached to the hot wall for different active locations to study the effect of the partition position on the heat transfer. First, a finite volume method solves the coupled equations of continuity, momentum, and energy. The SIMPLE algorithm is used to solve the pressure velocities coupling iteratively. Second, based on the obtained dimensionless velocity and temperature values, the distributions of the local entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction and the total entropy generation are determined for different parameters. The results are presented graphically in streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt numbers. Three different configurations of active region arrangement are considered in this study, while the partition length has been changed. In order to identify the optimum location of the partition for better heat transfer, the effect of entropy generation has been studied. The heat transfer rate decreases with the increased partition length, especially for l = L/2. Thus, the maximum average Nusselt number occurs for the middle–middle arrangement, while the minimum one occurs for the bottom–bottom arrangement. The numerical investigations in this analysis are made over a wide range of parameters, Rayleigh number 103 to 105, dimensionless partitions length (l = L/8, L/4, L/2), and irreversibility coefficients 10−4< ϕ < 10−2; however, the Prandtl numbers was fixed to 0.71.

A Characteristic Interval Modeling Method for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Metal Ions.

Aiming at the problems of low accuracy and large prediction errors caused by the serious overlap of multi-metal spectral signals in zinc smelting industrial wastewater, a characteristic interval modeling method is proposed. First, according to the absorption spectra of mixed solution, the characteristic intervals of copper and nickel are preliminarily screened by using different partition lengths. Second, take the smallest root mean squares error of cross validation and the largest correlation coefficient as the evaluation indicators, compare the full-spectral model and each local model, and select the optimal feature sub-intervals of copper and nickel. Last, the partial least squares method is used to model the combined wavelengths of the optimal sub-intervals to realize the simultaneous detection of copper and nickel. The linear determination ranges are 0.3–3.0 mg/L for copper and nickel. the correlation coefficients of copper and nickel are 0.9974 and 0.9966, respectively. The results show that the method reduces the complexity of the wavelength variable screening process, improves the accuracy of the model, and lays the foundation for the accurate analysis of polymetallic ions in zinc smelting industrial wastewater.

A novel channel design and heat and mass transfer analysis of fuel cells

In this study, a novel partially separated-partially coupled cathode channel (PSPC) of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is developed on the basis of the PEMFC with independent cooling channel, in order to accelerate the removal of liquid water and maintain the overall water balance. The novel cathode channel is numerically investigated by a 3D PEMFC model. The research shows that the PEMFC with PSPC can accelerate the water removal at the cathodic outlet side and improve the uniformity of water and heat distribution as the length of partition (“L”) declines. When the L = 25 mm, PEMFC with PSPC can have a 13.5% higher current density than PEMFC with independent cooling channels. According to the analysis of local mass transfer for PSPC, the local water axial diffusion transport at coupled channel section evidently improves to induce water lateral diffusion transport of the separated channel section. This water transport mechanism of PSPC can also be adjusted by the cooling channel height, but the water balance should be considered. The PEMFC without partition easily leads to severe water imbalance. Thus, the current density of PEMFC with L = 25 mm is higher 15.9% than that without partitions under 1.4 mm total channel height of cathode.

A new ventilation system for extra-long railway tunnel construction by using the air cabin relay: A case study on optimization of air cabin parameters length

In the construction of an extra-long tunnel through a long, inclined shaft, problems are often encountered. For example, the long ventilation distance and insufficient air volume in the working face make it difficult to discharge pollution out of the tunnel at a specified time. This paper proposes a new ventilation system involving an air cabin relay that can be used during the construction of extra-long railway tunnels. A 3D numerical model validated with field test data was employed to discuss the influence of the air cabin length, the partition length, and the arrangement of the fan on the ventilation efficiency of the axial fan. In addition, we performed careful analysis of the specific status of in situ CO migration in the originally forced ventilation and air cabin ventilation. The results show that, when the length of the air cabin is increased from 10 to 40 m, the relative pressure on the end face of the fan increases. When the length of the air cabin exceeds 40 m, the growth of the relative pressure at the end face of the fan shows a sharply decreasing trend. This partition will affect the airflow in the air cabin and generate greater swirling flow, reducing the ventilation efficiency of the fan. The best arrangement of axial flow fans is symmetrical along the axis, for which the largest velocity and drainage range of airflow in the air cabin are obtained. Because the forced ventilation is limited by the section size of the inclined shaft and the site layout method, the operating conditions in the extra-long railway tunnel cannot be met. To address this, our design includes a sealed air cabin, which was set up at the intersection of the main hole and the inclined shaft to form relay ventilation; this can greatly extend the ventilation distance, enhancing the ventilation efficiency and improving the tunnel air quality, and establishes a new method for the ventilation of extra-long tunnels during the construction stage.

Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) Growth in Aging Ears with Clinically Normal Behavioral Thresholds

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a devastating public health issue. To successfully address ARHL using existing and future treatments, it is imperative to detect the earliest signs of age-related auditory decline and understand the mechanisms driving it. Here, we explore early signs of age-related auditory decline by characterizing cochlear function in 199 ears aged 10-65years, all of which had clinically defined normal hearing (i.e., behavioral thresholds ≤ 25dB HL from .25 to 8kHz bilaterally) and no history of noise exposure. We characterized cochlear function by measuring behavioral thresholds in two paradigms (traditional audiometric thresholds from .25 to 8kHz and Békésy tracking thresholds from .125 to 20kHz) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) growth functions at f2 = 2, 4, and 8kHz. Behavioral thresholds through a standard clinical frequency range (up to 8kHz) showed statistically, but not clinically, significant declines across increasing decades of life. In contrast, DPOAE growth measured in the same frequency range showed clear declines as early 30years of age, particularly across moderate stimulus levels (L2 = 25-45dB SPL). These substantial declines in DPOAE growth were not fully explained by differences in behavioral thresholds measured in the same frequency region. Additionally, high-frequency Békésy tracking thresholds above ~11.2kHz showed frank declines with increasing age. Collectively, these results suggest that early age-related cochlear decline (1) begins as early as the third or fourth decade of life, (2) is greatest in the cochlear base but apparent through the length of the cochlear partition, (3) cannot be detected fully by traditional clinical measures, and (4) is likely due to a complex mix of etiologies.

Dietary Fiber Source and Length of Feeding Partitions Differentially Affected Behavior, Immune Status, and Productivity of Group-Housed Dry Sows

Aggression is one of the major welfare concerns among group-housed sows, especially during feeding and regrouping. There are no simple solutions, but any attempt to reduce aggression should be considered. Therefore, the aim was to reduce aggression among group-housed gestating sows by feeding sows different dietary fiber using individual feeding places made from either short- or long-length partitions. Five blocks (n = 36 sows/block) of primiparous and multiparous sows were fed a dietary treatment of either 30% wheat middlings and 15% soybean hulls (MIDD-SY) or 30% distillers dried grains and 30% corn germ meal (DDGS-GM) and housed in pens (9 sows/pen) with individual feeding partitions that were either shoulder (short) or full-body (long) in length. Sow behavior, skin lesions, immune status, and performance were measured. Sow behavior, including aggression and lesion severity scores, were mainly affected by partition length. Aggressive encounters were greater and remained elevated among sows in pens with short partitions until 9 weeks post-grouping but were reduced among sows in pens with long partitions by 3 weeks. During feeding, sows in pens with short ones were more likely to be displaced than were those in pens with long ones. Percentages of time spent lying, standing, eating, and oral–nasal–facial behaviors were also differentially influenced by partition length. Dietary fiber differentially influenced immune status and productivity. For example, sows fed MIDD-SY had higher lymphocyte proliferation and increased neutrophils, while those fed DDGS-GM had deeper backfat and weaned heavier piglets. Overall, the length of the feeding partitions influenced the aggressive encounters, other behaviors, and lesion scores; in turn, the fibrous source differentially influenced several immune measures and sow productivity.

A Computational Workflow for Flow and Transport in Fractured Porous Media Based on a Hierarchical Nonlinear Discrete Fracture Modeling Approach

Modeling flow and transport in fractured porous media has been a topic of intensive research for a number of energy- and environment-related industries. The presence of multiscale fractures makes it an extremely challenging task to resolve accurately and efficiently the flow dynamics at both the local and global scales. To tackle this challenge, we developed a computational workflow that adopts a two-level hierarchical strategy based on fracture length partitioning. This was achieved by specifying a partition length to split the discrete fracture network (DFN) into small-scale fractures and large-scale fractures. Flow-based numerical upscaling was then employed to homogenize the small-scale fractures and the porous matrix into an equivalent/effective single medium, whereas the large-scale fractures were modeled explicitly. As the effective medium properties can be fully tensorial, the developed hierarchical framework constructed the discrete systems for the explicit fracture–matrix sub-domains using the nonlinear two-point flux approximation (NTPFA) scheme. This led to a significant reduction of grid orientation effects, thus developing a robust, applicable, and field-relevant framework. To assess the efficacy of the proposed hierarchical workflow, several numerical simulations were carried out to systematically analyze the effects of the homogenized explicit cutoff length scale, as well as the fracture length and orientation distributions. The effect of different boundary conditions, namely, the constant pressure drop boundary condition and the linear pressure boundary condition, for the numerical upscaling on the accuracy of the workflow was investigated. The results show that when the partition length is much larger than the characteristic length of the grid block, and when the DFN has a predominant orientation that is often the case in practical simulations, the workflow employing linear pressure boundary conditions for numerical upscaling give closer results to the full-model reference solutions. Our findings shed new light on the development of meaningful computational frameworks for highly fractured, heterogeneous geological media where fractures are present at multiple scales.

Numerical simulation of double-diffusive natural convection in an enclosure in the presence of magnetic field with heat-conducting partition using lattice Boltzmann method

In the present study, the effect of magnetic field on double-diffusive natural convection in an enclosure with heat-conducting partition is studied. Constant temperatures and concentrations are imposed along the left and right walls, and horizontal walls are insulated. The lattice Boltzmann method is used to solve the dimensionless governing equations. Streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations, and average Nusselt and Sherwood number for various values of thermal Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 105), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), the partition thickness (0.05 ≤ W ≤ 1.0), the partition location (0.25 ≤ Lx ≤ 0.75), partition length (0.25 ≤ Lf ≤ 1.0), magnetic field angle (0° ≤ ϕ ≤ 90°), and buoyancy ratio (− 5 ≤ N ≤ 5) are obtained. The results indicate that the heat and mass transfer mechanisms are influenced by Hartmann number. The flow pattern are significantly depend on the magnetic field angle. In addition, there is an optimal magnetic field angle of 90° at which the stable and maximum heat and mass transfer rates is obtained. Moreover, the correlations of the average Nusselt and Sherwood number are also fitted.