Particulate System Research Articles

Expanding the Potential of Self-Assembled Silk Fibroin as Aerogel Particles for Tissue Regeneration.

A newly produced silk fibroin (SF) aerogel particulate system using a supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2)-assisted drying technology is herein proposed for biomedical applications. Different concentrations of silk fibroin (3%, 5%, and 7% (w/v)) were explored to investigate the potential of this technology to produce size- and porosity-controlled particles. Laser diffraction, helium pycnometry, nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy were performed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the material. The enzymatic degradation profile of the SF aerogel particles was evaluated by immersion in protease XIV solution, and the biological properties by cell viability and cell proliferation assays. The obtained aerogel particles were mesoporous with high and concentration dependent specific surface area (203-326 m2/g). They displayed significant antioxidant activity and sustained degradation in the presence of protease XIV enzyme. The in vitro assessment using human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) confirm the particles' biocompatibility, as well as the enhancement in cell viability and proliferation.

Comparison of sub-grid drag laws for modeling fluidized beds with the coarse grain DEM–CFD approach

Fluidized particulate systems can be well described by coupling the discrete element method (DEM) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, the simulations are computationally very demanding. The computational demand is drastically reduced by applying the coarse grain (CG) approach, where several particles are summarized into larger grains. Scaling rules are applied to the dominant forces to obtain precise solutions. However, with growing grain size, an adequate representation of the interaction forces and, thus, representation of sub-grid effects such as bubble and cluster formation in the fluidized particulate system becomes challenging. As a result, particle drag can be overestimated, leading to an increase in average particle height. In this work, limitations of the system-to-grain ratio are identified but also a dependency on system width. To address this issue, sub-grid drag models are often applied to increase the accuracy of simulations. Nonetheless, the sub-grid models tend to have an ad hoc fitting, and thorough testing of the system configurations is often missing. Here, five different sub-grid drag models are compared and tested on fluidized bed systems with different Geldart group particles, fluidization velocity, and system-to-grain diameter ratios.

Linearly polarized high sub-mode excited long-beaked fiber optic transmission and tracking particulate system

Micro/nano optical fibers are playing an increasingly important role in the fields of targeted drug therapy and biological cell analysis. To achieve fast and stable particle delivery, we designed a long beak-shaped fiber probe that not only increases the fiber optical field gradient force but also enhances the evanescent field around the probe. The evanescent field at the side of the fiber is further enhanced by exploiting the symmetrically distributed four-wave flap mode field of the linearly polarized high sub-mode in the weakly guided fiber, thus ensuring stable particle capture in the axial direction while improving the stability of lateral capture. We conducted a series of experiments using a long-beaked micro-nano fiber in LP21 mode to deliver polystyrene particles, and the results show that the probe can deliver particles rapidly at low input power, verifying the superiority of the long-beaked fiber probe. Finally, we built an FPI interference model to monitor the transport position of the particles in real-time. By processing the interference fringes, we plotted the motion profile of the particles, which helps to further manipulate the motion of the particles.

Occupational health risk assessment of construction workers caused by particulate matter exposure on construction sites

Construction particulate matter is one of the main environmental impact factors in the construction process. Due to the lack of sufficient awareness and understanding of the potential health effects of particulate matter by project managers and construction workers, the on-site working environment has not been effectively improved for a long time, and construction workers have been exposed to high particulate matter concentration conditions for physical labor for a long time. The construction site is a special operation scene, and the source and diffusion of particulate matter are a complex physical change process, and the degree of damage to the health of construction workers is closely related to the exposure dose. Thus, suitable quantitative and evaluation methods need to be adopted. The current on-site particulate matter concentration control system lacks technical and data support and cannot support the needs of on-site environmental management. In this paper, three construction sites in different stages of construction in Shanghai were selected to measure the mass concentration of open source particulate matter, and on this basis, the emission factors of particulate matter in different operating areas were calculated. At foundation stage, the emission factor of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 are 0.0214 g/m2·h, 0.0067 g/m2·h, 0.0054 g/m2·h; at main structure stage, the emission factor of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 are 0.0136 g/m2·h, 0.0053 g/m2·h, 0.0041 g/m2·h; at installation and decoration stage, the emission factor of TSP, PM10, PM2.5 are 0.0165 g/m2·h, 0.0059 g/m2·h, 0.0043 g/m2·h. Using simulation software to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of particulate matter concentration at the site of the example project, it is found that workers engaged in pit bottom operation in the foundation stage, steel bar processing in the main structure stage, and plastering, masonry and putty workers in the installation and decoration stage are the people with the highest occupational health risk at the construction site. In this study, DALYs were used as a metric to monetize the health risks of particulate matter to workers in the field. Support scientific decision-making on particulate matter control at construction sites and improve the level of on-site occupational health management.

Effect of filter material and porosity on the energy storage capacity characteristics of diesel particulate filter thermoelectric conversion mobile energy storage system

The thermal energy generated by the diesel particulate filter (DPF) is converted into electrical energy through the thermoelectric generator (TEG) and stored in a mobile battery power energy storage (MBPE) system. The filter material and porosity directly affect the regeneration temperature of the DPF, which in turn affects the thermoelectric conversion capability of the thermoelectric module (TEM). This study explores the energy storage capacity characteristics for the DPF-TEG of the MBPES system at a regeneration temperature of 923 K. The filter materials considered are cordierite, mullite and SiC with porosities of 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7. The maximum output power and thermoelectric conversion efficiency are analyzed. The thermal input power for the SiC filter is approximately 2.4 times and 1.8 times than that of the cordierite filter and the mullite filter. As the porosity increases from 0.4 to 0.7, the output current for the DPF-TEG of the MBPES system with the 3 filter materials ranges from 0.66 A to 2.11 A. The output voltage changes from 50.62 V to 161.98 V. The maximum output power varies from 33.36 W to 341.59 W and the conversion efficiency rises from 0.88% to 2.72%.

Microspheres: A Comprehensive Review

Microspheres play a very important role as particulate drug delivery system because of their small size and other efficient properties. Microspheres have been proved to be a suitable bridge to scale the distance over to formulate an effective dosage form, to simulate controlled drug release. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing solid powders, which consist of proteins or synthetic polymer, which are biodegradable in nature. Microspheres having particle size in range between 0.1 - 200μm, can be delivered by several routes like oral, parentral, nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal, colonal etc. Various recent advancement in case of microspheres like mucoadhesive, hollow, floating, microballons, magnetic have been contributed to overcome the various problems that are associated with the use of microspheres, which includes site specific targeting and improved release kinetics. In future by combining various new strategies, microspheres will find a central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in diseased cell sorting, genetic materials, safe, targeting and effective drug delivery.

Particle Network Self-Assembly of Similar Size Sub-Micron Calcium Alginate and Polystyrene Particles Atop Glass.

Particle-mediated self-assembly, such as nanocomposites, microstructure formation in materials, and core-shell coating of biological particles, offers precise control over the properties of biological materials for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The assembly of similar-sized calcium alginate (CAG) and polystyrene sub-micron particles is studied in an aqueous sodium nitrate solution as a model for particle-mediated self-assembly of biological and synthetic mixed particle species. The objective is to reinforce biological matrices by incorporating synthetic particles to form hybrid particulate networks with tailored properties. By varying the ionic strength of the suspension, the authorsalter the energy barriers for particle attachment to each other and to a glass substrate that result from colloidal surface forces. The particles do not show monotonic adsorption trend to glass with ionic strength. Hence, apart from DLVO theory-van der Waals and electrostatic interactions-the authors further consider solvation and bridging interactions in the analysis of the particulate adsorption-coagulation system. CAG particles, which support lower energy barriers to attachment relative to their counterpart polystyrene particles, accumulate as dense aggregates on the glass substrate. Polystyrene particles adsorb simultaneously as detached particles. At high electrolyte concentrations, where electrostatic repulsion is largely screened, the mixture of particles covers most of the glass substrate; the CAG particles form a continuous network throughout the glass substrate with pockets of polystyrene particles. The particulate structure is correlated with the adjustable energy barriers for particle attachment in thesuspension.

Development of a sampling assembly for PM2.5 CEMS

For an extractive type particulate matter continuous emission monitoring system (PM CEMS), the sampling assembly acts as an important interface between the exhaust gas and sensing unit. It serves to transport the aerosol sample and pre-treat it to meet the working conditions required by the sensing unit. To obtain representative samples, the sampling assembly should be designed to minimize the loss of particles. In this study, a conditioner based on a dilution approach was proposed and experimentally validated for use with pipelines for PM CEMS targeting particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). The results showed that for 3.625 μm particles, the transport efficiency through the conditioner was 98.30% at a dilution ratio of 10. Meanwhile, the conditioner could reduce the sample air temperature to below 50 °C without condensation at flue gas temperatures up to 150 °C and water contents below 10%. Finally, a sampling assembly consisting of the conditioner, a 90° bend sampling probe, and a straight tube was designed to obtain transport efficiency higher than 95%, a stated requirement in this study for particles with a diameter less than 3.625 μm. Overall, this study contributed to designing and verifying a sampling assembly for PM CEMS and provided new strategies for improving monitoring data quality using PM CEMS.

Performance analysis of diesel particulate filter thermoelectric conversion mobile energy storage system under engine conditions of low-speed and light-load

The thermal heat from diesel particulate filter (DPF) can generate electrical energy through the thermoelectric generator (TEG) which can be stored in mobile battery power energy storage system (MBPES). The DPF-TEG of MBPES system is a new technology proposed in this study, which is made up of the DPF system, heat exchanger (HEX), the thermoelectric module (TEM) and the battery. The effects of low-speed and light-load operating conditions on the DPF-TEG of MBPES system were studied. The low regeneration temperatures (823 K, 873 K, 923 K) and the high regeneration temperatures (1606 K, 1696 K, 1786 K) were selected to explore the thermoelectric conversion performance of DPF-TEG of MBPES system. The maximum output power is increased 55% with the velocity change from 6 m/s to 8 m/s at low regeneration temperatures. The DPF-TEG of MBPES system contains the 48 TEMs with external load 19.2 Ω, which can generate the maximum power output of 4.99 w/6 w/7.12 w of 823 K/873 K/923 K, 32.09 w/36.76 w/41.75 w of 1606 K/1696 K/1786 K. The output voltage of the 4 TEMs increased from 0.015837 V to 0.016172 V per 10 K temperature difference. The output power grew from 0.017714 w to 0.08057 w.

Monitoring of Particulate Fouling Potential of Feed Water with Spectroscopic Measurements.

The modified fouling index (MFI) is a crucial characteristic for assessing the fouling potential of reverse osmosis (RO) feed water. Although the MFI is widely used, the estimation time required for filtration and data evaluation is still relatively long. In this study, the relationship between the MFI and instantaneous spectroscopic extinction measurements was investigated. Since both measurements show a linear correlation with particle concentration, it was assumed that a change in the MFI can be detected by monitoring the optical density of the feed water. To prove this assumption, a test bench for a simultaneous measurement of the MFI and optical extinction was designed. Silica monospheres with sizes of 120 nm and 400 nm and mixtures of both fractions were added to purified tap water as model foulants. MFI filtration tests were performed with a standard 0.45 µm PES membrane, and a 0.1 µm PP membrane. Extinction measurements were carried out with a newly designed flow cell inside a UV-VIS spectrometer to get online information on the particle properties of the feed water, such as the particle concentration and mean particle size. The measurement results show that the extinction ratio of different light wavelengths, which should remain constant for a particulate system, independent of the number of particles, only persisted at higher particle concentrations. Nevertheless, a good correlation between extinction and MFI for different particle concentrations with restrictions towards the ratio of particle and pore size of the test membrane was found. These findings can be used for new sensory process monitoring systems, if the deficiencies can be overcome.

Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanoparticles Based on Crosslinked Starch: Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Improved Nose-to-Brain Delivery.

Cannabidiol (CBD) has previously been shown to inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in both in vitro and in vivo studies of neurodegenerative diseases. To date, the CBD treatment of these diseases by quantitative targeting directly to the brain is one of the greatest challenges. In this paper, we present a new particulate system capable of delivering CBD into the brain via the intranasal route. Intranasal administration of CBD-loaded starch nanoparticles resulted in higher levels of cannabidiol in the brain compared to an identically administered cannabidiol solution. The production and the characterization of starch-based nanoparticles was reported, as well as the evaluation of their penetration and anti-inflammatory activity in cells. Cannabidiol-loaded starch nanoparticles were prepared by crosslinking with divanillin, using the nanoprecipitation method. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity in vitro was performed using the BV2 microglia cell line. The starch nanoparticles appeared under electron microscopy in clusters sized approximately 200 nm in diameter. In cultures of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflamed BV2 cells, the cannabidiol-loaded starch nanoparticles demonstrated low toxicity while effectively reducing nitric oxide production and IL-6 levels. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to that of a glucocorticoid. Starch-based nanoparticle formulations combined with intranasal administration may provide a suitable platform for efficacious cannabidiol delivery and activity in the central nervous system.

Photocatalytic Z-scheme Overall Water Splitting: Insight into Different Optimization Strategies for Powder Suspension and Particulate Sheet Systems.

Achieving solar light-driven photocatalytic overall water splitting is the ideal and ultimate goal for solving energy and environment issues. Photocatalytic Z-scheme overall water splitting has undergone considerable development in recent years; specific approaches include a powder suspension Z-scheme system with a redox shuttle and a particulate sheet Z-scheme system. Of these, a particulate sheet has achieved a benchmark solar-to-hydrogen efficiency exceeding 1.1%. Nevertheless, owing to intrinsic differences in the components, structure, operating environment, and charge transfer mechanism, there are several differences between the optimization strategies for a powder suspension and particulate sheet Z-scheme. Unlike a powder suspension Z-scheme with a redox shuttle, the particulate sheet Z-scheme system is more like a miniaturized and parallel p/n photoelectrochemical cell. In this review, we summarize the optimization strategies for a powder suspension Z-scheme with a redox shuttle and particulate sheet Z-scheme. In particular, attention has been focused on choosing appropriate redox shuttle and electron mediator, facilitating the redox shuttle cycle, avoiding redox mediator-induced side reactions, and constructing a particulate sheet. Challenges and prospects in the development of efficient Z-scheme overall water splitting are also briefly discussed.

Effect of Cholesterol and Different Solvents on Particle Size, Zeta Potential and Drug Release of Eucalyptus Oil Phytosome

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,578-590.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.061Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Sharad Visht, and Sana Sirwan Salih Author(s) affiliations:Sharad Visht*, Sana Sirwan Salih Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, IRAQ. Abstract:Background: Herbal extracts show poor absorption and bioavailability but their complex with phospholipids i.e., phytosome improves this major problem. Aim: The aim of research was to examine the effect of cholesterol and different organic solvents on particle size and zeta potential of eucalyptus oil phytosome. Materials and Methods: Totally six batches of phytosomes were prepared using three solvents chloroform, dichloromethane, acetone, with and without addition of cholesterol. Phytosome were evaluated for yield, FTIR, partial size and zeta potential, drug entrapment and drug release, drug release kinetics and stability studies. Results: The yield, density refractive index and maximum absorbance (λmax) of eucalyptus oil was found to be 1.65±0.74%, 0.9928 g/cm³ (24.2°C), 1.3613(24.6°C), and 297.733 nm respectively. There was no drug excipient interaction. The yield varied from 85.14±0.74 to 87.14±0.74%, particle size varied from 71.76±0.63 to 197.36±0.53 nm, zeta potential varied from 15.3±0.27 to-28.2±0.26 mV and entrapment efficiency varied from 57.45±0.35 to 67.34±0.52 respectively. The in vitro drug release varied from 87.26±0.63 to 71.35±0.63% up to 300 min (5 hr) and batch-A was selected as best formulation that showed Peppas Korsmeyer as the best fit model with R2 value 0.9422 and mechanism of drug release was Fickian Diffusion (Higuchi Matrix). The stability studies showed 99.14±0.25 to 99.55±0.52% drug content on 28th day. Conclusion: The particle size of phytosomes was increased on addition of cholesterol. The acetone showed the smallest particle size and chloroform showed the biggest particle size that indicated that molecule diameter and molecular weight affects the solubility and assembly of phospholipid/ cholesterol in solvent in order to prepare particulate drug delivery system Keywords:Eucalyptus, Evaluation, Particle size, Phytosomes, Zeta potential.View:PDF (1 MB)

Formulation and Development of Nanoparticulate System containing Rutin from Leaves Extract of Aegle marmelos for effective Management of Diabetes

Current work aimed at the modified release of content from carrier system at predetermined rate and secondly, to decrease the use of synthetic drug on biological system. Successive solvent extraction of crude drug of Aegle marmelos plant was done. Active constituent of leaves that is rutin was isolated and identified through HPTLC and FTIR. SLN was selected as carrier system and fabricated by solvent diffusion method. Characterization and performance evaluation of particulate system loaded with herbal plant extract of the Aegle marmelos leaves was done. TEM, In-vitro drug release profile, entrapment efficiency and particle size was determined. Solid lipid nanoparticles have enormous effect in loading high amount or loading dose concentration in body and also maintain the same over prolonged interlude of time. SLN was formulated and characterized for the particle size, shape and its distribution, percentage drug entrapment and In-vitro drug release profile along with the stability studies. In-vivo bio distribution studies on animals suggested the accumulation of formulations in the different organs. Solid lipid nanoparticles also show good stability as compared to other novel carrier systems. Prolonged release of natural drug from carrier system, decrease the dosing frequency and also decrease the dose size. Better results than marketed synthetic anti-diabetic drugs.

Water State-Driven Catalytic Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane on Cu3P-Carbon Dot-Cu Composite.

Hydrogen production from ammonia borane (AB) is usually governed by water activation, which is not only energy-intensive but also requires expensive and complicated catalysts. We here propose an integrated photocatalytic-photothermal system that dramatically improves water activation and lowers the transport resistance of H2 by means of intermediate state water evaporation. This system is constructed by covering nanocomposites (Cu3P-carbon dots-Cu) upon vertically aligned acetate fibers (VAAFs). As a result of superior hydration effect of VAAFs and local photothermal heating for rapid water evaporation, its hydrogen production efficiency from AB hydrolysis reaches over 10 times the particulate suspension system under solar irradiation. Mechanism analysis reveals that the rapid vaporization of intermediate water promotes the cleavages of O-H bonds in bound water and the adsorption reaction of AB and water molecules at active sites. Therefore, this work provides a novel approach to optimize catalytic reaction in thermodynamics and kinetics for the hydrolysis of AB.

Preparation and Characterization of Eudragit Coated Chitosan Microspheres of Anticancer Drug for Colon Cancer

Carrier technology provides an interesting as well as an intelligent approach for the delivery of drug. It offers delivery of drug by coupling the drug to a carrier particle such as microspheres, mucoadhesive microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc. Mucoadhesive microspheres constitute an important part of this particulate drug delivery system because of their small size and other efficient properties. Mucoadhesive microspheres play a vital role in the novel drug delivery system. Some drug delivery problems are overcome by producing controlled drug delivery system which enhances the therapeutic efficacy of a drug. From various approaches one approach is to using mucoadhesive microsphere as a carrier system for drug delivery. Mucoadhesive microspheres exhibit a prolonged residence time at the site of application or absorption and facilitate an intimate contact with the underlying absorption surface and thus contribute to improved and better therapeutic performance of drugs and also mucoadhesive microspheres have advantages like efficient absorption and enhanced bioavailability of the drugs due to a high surface to volume ratio, a much more intimate contact with the mucus layer, controlled and sustained release of drug from dosage form and specific targeting of drugs to the absorption site. Mucoadhesive microspheres have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, rectal and vaginal for either systemic or local effects.

Optimization, Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Meloxicam-Loaded Surface Attached Solid Dispersions to Ameliorate its Aqueous Solubility and Dissolution Employing Spray-Drying Technique

Objective: To formulate unmodified crystalline meloxicam solid dispersions by the use of surfactants and polymer. This polymeric particulate system is named as meloxicam-loaded surface attached solid dispersion (MSDs). Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Lab of Physical and Industrial Pharmacy, Hanyang University, South Korea. The duration of this study was around seven months. The first phase of this study (optimization and fabrication) was completed within 3 months, while, solubility, dissolution and physicochemical characterization was completed in next 4 months. These surfaces attached solid dispersions were prepared by using spray drying technology. Moreover, HPMC and SLS were used as hydrophilic carriers. Various MSDs were prepared using carriers/drug, and were evaluated for aqueous solubility and dissolution studies. Results: Amongst different formulation prepared, MSDs3 having Meloxicam/HPMC/SLS in a (1:0.5:0.5) gave the highest solubility and dissolution (i.e. from 0.25 ±0.17ug/ml of meloxicam to 153 ±5.3ug/ml). Moreover, dissolution was enhanced from 2.96 ±0.55% to 47 ±1.07% at 15 minutes. Furthermore, physicochemical characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Conclusion: In conclusion we can predict a better solubility and dissolution of meloxicam in surface attached solid dispersion. Keywords: Meloxicam, solubility enhancement, spray drying, surface attached, solid dispersion

Rational optimization of g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite for enhanced photodegradation of Rhodamine B dye under visible light

Heterogeneous catalysis is widely known as an efficient, clean, and low-cost technology to mitigate the environmental pollution of industrial effluents. This research aimed at optimizing the preparation and characterization of efficient g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite for catalytic removal of Rhodamine B (Rh B) dye. The detected XRD peaks for the prepared nano-Co3O4 are matched with the cubic crystal structure. In contrast, the broad peak at 27.3° corresponding to the graphite reflection of hkl (002) was noticeably weakened in the XRD pattern of the g-C3N4/Co3O4 composite. FTIR spectra of g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposites revealed the active vibrational modes of each Co3O4 and g-C3N4 component. The microstructure study of g-C3N4 showed the strong interlayer stacking of carbon nitride nanosheets, while the surface morphology of g-C3N4/Co3O4 nanocomposite revealed a hybrid particulate system. EDS analysis indicated that the spot area of g-C3N4/Co3O4 confirmed the chemical ratios of carbon, nitrogen, cobalt, and oxygen. BET measurements of g-C3N4/Co3O4 showed a significant increase in the surface area and pore volume of single components due to the lamination of stacked g-C3N4 nanosheets by the intercalated Co3O4 nanoparticles. The prepared 30% g-C3N4/Co3O4 revealed the lowest value of Eg ~1.2 eV and the highest light absorptivity suggesting strong promotion for the photocatalytic performance under visible light. The maximum photocatalytic activity of about 87% was achieved by 30% g-C3N4/Co3O4 due to the photonic enhancement, which reduces the recombination of excited electrons. The developed nanocomposite with a g-C3N4/Co3O4 ratio of 0.3 exhibited high stability in its photocatalytic performance after four recycling times, and a slight decrease of about 7% was estimated after the 5th reuse test.

Ambient particulate matter monitoring system using SDS011 sensor utilizing machine learning approach and ambit of blockchain technology

In recent days, air contaminated with Particulate Matter Pollutants (PM2.5and PM10) plays a major role in affecting the quality of air and it has a strong effect on the environment. PM2.5and PM10 released in the air due to the huge increase of the manufacturing yards have led to significantly increased and severe health issues for all living beings around the globe. These Particulate Matters emitted from the industrial units can stay suspended in the air for a very prolonged time. Thus, it is essential to measure and monitor the ambient Particulate Matter emission rate near the industries. However, the existing fixed air quality monitoring stations are challenging, nevertheless, due to thehigh energy utilization, small-scale monitoring, and privacy concerns. To resolve this concern, a low-cost portable sensor NOVA SDS011 can be mounted near the industries to study the impact of the concentration level of the Particulate Matter Pollutants (PM2.5and PM10) released from those industries. The entire detected values are transmitted to a scalable IoT platform in the cloud, which allows the processing, analyzing, and exportation of data as.xls/.csv files. These exported data are pushed through various Machine Learning (ML) Classifier algorithms to classify the data into multiple classes based on its AQI (Air Quality Index) values. In this study, various ML classifier algorithms were used and analyzed in which Random Forest Classifier Algorithm had performed with utmost accuracy to classify the six different classes of AQI. This study also explains the limitation of privacy concerns in existing systems and the scope of using blockchain technology to overcome security concerns.

Cinacalcet HCl-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Using the Porous Carrier

Background: Cinacalcet HCl is a calcimimetic, BCS class IV drug with low oral bioavailability. Polymeric nanoparticles are widely used as biomaterials owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, varied structures, low toxicity, and simple and easy formulation process. Objective: The aim of the study was to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug, i.e., cinacalcet HCl, by using a suitable particulate nanocarrier system, i.e., polymeric nanoparticles. Methods: Biodegradable Cinacalcet HCl (CH)-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation method using Poloxamer-188 as a stabilizer. The experimental parameters, like polymer concentration, stabilizer concentration, temperature, and RPM speed, were optimized. An optimized polymeric nanoparticle formulation PNP (F8) was solidified by adsorption on the porous carrier sylysia 350. Results: PNP (F8) exhibited a particle size of 155 nm with low PDI (0.231) and high zeta potential (- 21.3 mV). In vitro diffusion study revealed sustained release of CH for 24 h for both PNP (F8) and solidified PNP (F8). Pharmacokinetics after oral administration of PNP (F8) and solidified PNP (F8) exhibited a 5-fold increase in bioavailability. Thus, both PNP (F8) and solidified PNP (F8) showed significant improvement in oral bioavailability. Conclusion: Adsorption of polymeric nanoparticles onto porous carriers like sylysia 350 can be considered as a promising approach for long-term stability.