Particle Removal System Research Articles

99/02507 Diagnostic and operation method of coal gasifier

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

Antimony, its sources, applications and flow paths into urban and industrial waste: a review

This paper investigates the sources of antimony (Sb) in municipal/industrial waste and the consequences of the pres ence of antimony in the input of waste.The average Sb con centration of the feed stream to waste incinerators is approx imately 42 mg/kg. More than 50% of the antimony originates from all types of flame retardants and approximately 35% comes from flame retardants used in consumer electrical and electronic equipment. There is a tendency to decrease the application of halogenated products (and thus of antimony) in flame retardants. Also, the other fields of application of antimony show a decreasing trend. There are no indications that a substantial increase of the concentration of antimony in the feed to municipal waste incinerators will occur in the near future. During the incineration process, the antimony compounds are only found in the bottom ash and fly ash. No volatile Sb compounds are present in the flue gas. This means that efficacious particle removal systems are sufficient for a complete Sb removal during incineration.

5585081 SOx, NOx and particulate removal system

5585081 SOx, NOx and particulate removal system

97/02013 CO2 gasification of eucalyptus wood chars

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

97/02020 A financial analysis of using sawmill residues for cogeneration in Northern Ontario

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

97/02258 Advanced ceramic materials for use in high-temperature particulate removal systems

97/02258 Advanced ceramic materials for use in high-temperature particulate removal systems

5540897 Improved sox, nox, and particulate removal system

5540897 Improved sox, nox, and particulate removal system

Technology for meat-grinding systems to improve removal of hard particles from ground meat

With increased consumption of ground meat, especially ground beef, quality issues for these products have become more important to industry and consumers alike. Ground meats are usually obtained from relatively low-value cuts and trimmings, and may on occasion contain undesirable hard particles. Hard particles in coarse-ground meat products may include bone chips or fragments, cartilage and dense connective tissue; all of which are considered undesirable defects and which can be reduced by utilizing hard-particle removal systems during grinding operations. This review discusses the principles of hard-particle separation from ground meat, the factors which influence performance of particle separation and some commercially available particle removal systems. Product and processing parameters such as initial bone and connective tissue content, fat content, temperature, pre-grinding size and grinder knife design are considered important for removing hard particles effectively. Pressure gradient on the grinder knife/plate interface was found to play a significant role in particle separation from soft (fat and lean) tissue. Various commercial systems, which are classified as central removal and periphery removal systems, are also discussed. Finally, the authors suggest some processing considerations for meat grinding to help achieve the best quality ground meat for consumers' satisfaction.

97/01411 Advanced ceramic materials for use in high-temperature particulate removal systems

97/01411 Advanced ceramic materials for use in high-temperature particulate removal systems

Particulate Removal from Silicon Substrates in Megasonic-Assisted Dilute SC1 Chemistry

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates the use of megasonic energy to enhance particulate removal in dilute SC1 solutions. Ideal, as well as “real world”, particles were deposited on silicon wafers to challenge the SCl/megasonic particle removal system. Different dilute SCI concentrations were used, e.g., 1:4:20, 1:10:120, and 1:1:100. Bath temperature was varied between 50 and 70°C with megasonic energy kept constant at 800 W. Results showed that the megasonic energy enhanced the particle removal even in dilute solutions. The chemical concentrations were shown to be a significant factor and must be monitored or controlled in dilute SC1 solutions for particle removal to take place. A lower cost of ownership can be obtained from these techniques as a result of using dilute chemicals and extending current bath lives.

CO2 laser-assisted particle removal from silicon surfaces

A CO2 laser particle removal system was built that enables the removal of 0.1 μm alumina particles from silicon substrates. This system has raster scan capabilities to clean large surfaces, which were analysed using a particle counter. After deposition and removal of 0.1 μm alumina particles, the final concentration is less than 25 particles cm−2 for particle clusters between 0.1 and 10 μm. The efficiency of particle removal is nearly independent of the laser fluence between 0.65 and 2.9 J cm−2 and drops suddenly below 0.65 J cm−2.

Advanced Ceramic Materials for Use in High-Temperature Particulate Removal Systems

First-generation monolithic porous ceramic filter materials have experienced thermal fatigue, high-temperature creep, and a loss of material strength when operated for extended periods of time in advanced coal-fired combustion and gasification systems. Fiber-reinforced and advanced ceramic composites potentially provide a means to mitigate the degradation mechanisms encountered by monolithic filter matrices and ultimately extend operating life. In this paper we will review advancements which have recently been made during the development of the second-generation porous ceramic filter materials and provide insight into the performance of the filter elements during bench-scale qualification testing and operation in demonstration plant test facilities.

95/01364 Process enhancements in plant operations of Destec's coal gasification plant in Louisiana

In April 1987, The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) commissioned and began operation of the world`s largest coal gasification combined-cycle plant called Louisiana Gasification Technology, Incorporated (LGTI). The plant, which is owned and operated by Destec Energy, Inc. (Destec), a Dow affiliate, converts 2,200 tons/day of sub-bituminous coal and 1,500 tons/day of oxygen into 30 billion Btu/day of syngas. This syngas fuels two Westinghouse W501 D5 combustion turbines in Dow`s combined-cycle power generation facility (nominally 160 megawatts (MW) of electricity). The LGTI gasifier capacity, operating on bituminous coal or petroleum coke, could fuel a 230 MW state-of-the-art combined cycle plant with syngas and steam. Dow uses this power at its 1,400 acre chemical manufacturing complex in Plaquemine, Louisiana. The operation of LGTI since April of 1987 has significantly advanced the operability and reliability of the Destec entrained flow coal gasification process. This paper highlights the advances made to the LGTI facility and the Destec coal gasification process during the past several years and, more significantly, the impacts of (1) improved burners, (2) the upgraded/redesigned boiler, (3) improved operational management through regularly scheduled quarterly outages, and (4) successful operation of the dry char particulate removal and recycle system during 1993/94.

Dynamic modeling of suspension crystallizers, using experimental data

AbstractA model for the dynamics of a single‐stage suspension crystallizer is developed, which serves as a basis for process analysis and the design of controllers. A population balance for the dynamics of the crystal size distribution (CSD) with mass and heat balances is described, as well as empirical relations for the separation efficiency of classified particle removal systems, the initial CSD, and the crystallization kinetics. A continuous pilot crystallizer is used that is equipped with a separator and dissolver for fine crystals and a CSD sensor based on forward light scattering. The process and sensor are modeled separately. The sensor model is based on Fraunhofer light scattering theory assuming rectangular‐shaped particles. CSD dynamics data are obtained from startup experiments with the pilot plant at different process conditions. Experimental process data show a strong effect of fines and the slurry retention time on the CSD dynamics. A nonlinear parameter estimation procedure determines the empirical parameters directly from raw sensor data. The model fits accurately to the measured data. Evidence is found for the existence of a population of slow growing crystals with a growth rate approximately ten times lower than the fast growing crystals. A strong correlation is found between the total surface area of crystals with a size larger than 600 μm and the nucleation rate.

Safety survives privatisation

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

Solid low-level waste management guidelines

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

Stabilizing of dust forming surface of spent material with gossypol resin emulsion

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

Role of facilitated transport in the emissions of secondary raw materials

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.

Use of swirl-induced particle separation to clean nuclear rocket plumes

A detailed computational analysis is undertaken of a vortex cleaning system designed to remove radioactive particulates from the plumes of nuclear rockets. An axisymmetric, inviscid flow model coupled with particletracking is used to analyze swirling flow in a nuclear rocket. The model shows that under some conditions a vortex-based particle removal system can have removal efficiencies of over 99%. However, it is also shown that the effectiveness of the system depends heavily on the size and density of the particles in the flow. Two critical parameters, the particle coupling velocity and a dimensionless frequency, are shown to govern the effectiveness of the system. These parameters are based on the length of the separation chamber, the swirl velocity, and the composition of particulates in the plume. It is concluded that the system can have negligible specific impulse losses associated with it, although there may be very substantial mass and thrust penalties associated with its use.

Desulfurization of hot coal gas in fluidized bed with regenerable zinc titanate sorbents

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation processes are considered to be among the most attractive technologies for the 21st century. In such processes, solid fuels such as coal are gasified at pressure and the fuel gas is cleaned and combusted in the gas turbine. The gas cleanup is necessary not only for the protection of the gas turbine hardware, but also to comply with environmental regulations. In the so-called “simplified” IGCC process, the fuel gas is cleaned at high temperature and pressure to improve the overall cycle efficiency. The hot gas cleanup system being developed by Enviropower Inc., a joint venture of Tampella Power, Inc. (a leading Finnish boiler manufacturer) and Vattenfall AB (a major Swedish utility), includes a high-temperature, high-pressure desulfurization unit and a particulate removal system. The former comprises two fluidized bed reactors utilizing regenerable zinc titanate sorbents capable of removing the sulfur gases (primarily H 2S) to below 50 ppmv. The latter employs rigid ceramic filter elements operating at up to 700°C and 20 bar and is capable of reducing the “fines” concentration to an acceptable level for a gas turbine. Novel regenerable zinc titanate sorbents suitable for fluidized-bed application have been tested. The sulfur capture and attrition characteristics of these sorbents have been evaluated in extensive testing in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor operating at high pressure and temperature conditions expected in IGCC operation. Two different gas mixtures representing air-blown gasifier exit gas with and without in-situ desulfurization with Ca-based sorbents have been used. H 2S removal efficiencies of higher than 99% at acceptable levels of sorbent conversion have been achieved in all these experiments with minimal sorbent deterioration.