Particulate Emission Factors Research Articles

Second Stage Mote System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. There is no total particulate emission factors published for 2nd stage mote systems in the 1996 EPA AP-42. The current AP-42 factor represents 1st and 2nd stage mote systems combined. The objective of this study was to collect total particulate emission factor data for 2nd stage mote systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Five gins with 2nd stage mote system exhausts that were not combined with 1st stage system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the five gins was 29.5 bales/h. The average 2nd stage mote system total particulate emission factor based on five tests (15 total test runs) was 0.011 kg/227-kg bale (0.023 lb/500-lb bale). The test average 2nd stage mote system emission rates ranged from 0.16 to 0.71 kg/h (0.34-1.56 lb/h).

Unloading System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for unloading systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology, Method 17. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Three gins with unloading system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the three gins was 24.7 bales/h. The unloading system average total particulate emission factor based on three tests (nine total test runs) was 0.134 kg/227-kg bale (0.296 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was higher than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.13 kg/bale (0.29 lb/bale). The unloading system emission rate test averages ranged from 1.56 to 3.93 kg/h (3.43-8.67 lb/h).

Third Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Two gins with 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the two gins was 21.0 bales/h. The average 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on two tests (six total test runs) was 0.023 kg/227-kg bale (0.052 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.043 kg/bale (0.095 lb/bale). The 3rd stage seed-cotton cleaning system test average emission rates ranged from 0.27 to 0.75 kg/h (0.59-1.66 lb/h).

Mote Cleaner System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. There is no total particulate emission factor published for mote cleaner systems in the 1996 EPA AP-42. The objective of this study was to collect total particulate emission factor data for mote cleaner systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Two gins with mote cleaner systems were sampled. The exhaust from one of the mote cleaner systems was combined with the module feeder dust system. The average production rate during testing was 32.7 and 47.0 bales/h for the stand alone mote cleaner system and mote cleaner and module feeder dust system, respectively. The average total particulate emission factor for the mote cleaner system that was not combined with another gin system (three total test runs) was 0.105 kg/227-kg bale (0.232 lb/500-lb bale). The average emission rate for this system was 3.46 kg/h (7.63 lb/h). The average total particulate emission factor for the mote cleaner system that was combined with the module feeder dust system (three total test runs) was 0.109 kg/bale (0.239 lb/bale). The average emission rate for this system was 5.10 kg/h (11.24 lb/h).

Combined Mote System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors are generally assigned a rating, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for combined mote systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Two gins with combined 1st and 2nd mote system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the two gins was 33.7 bales/h. The average combined mote system total particulate emission factor based on two tests (six total test runs) was 0.146 kg/227-kg bale (0.321 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was higher than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.13 kg/bale (0.28 lb/bale). The emission rate from test averages ranged from 3.45 to 6.45 kg/h (7.61-14.23 lb/h).

Overflow System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors are generally assigned a rating, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for overflow systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Three gins with overflow system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the three gins was 28.5 bales/h. The average overflow system total particulate emission factor based on three tests (9 total test runs) was 0.029 kg/227-kg bale (0.063 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.033 kg/bale (0.071lb/bale). The overflow system emission rate test averages ranged from 0.24 to 1.38 kg/h (0.24-3.04 lb/h).

Second Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Five gins with 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the five gins was 34.7 bales/h. The average 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on five tests (14 total test runs) was 0.058 kg/227-kg bale (0.129 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.11 kg/bale (0.24 lb/bale). The 2nd stage seed-cotton cleaning system test average emission rates ranged from 0.64 to 2.95 kg/h (1.41-6.49 lb/h).

First Stage Seed-Cotton Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates from Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. All seven gins had 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning systems. The average production rate during testing for the seven gins was 31.8 bales/h. The average 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on seven tests (18 total test runs) was 0.152 kg/227-kg bale (0.334 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.17 kg/bale (0.36 lb/bale). The 1st stage seed-cotton cleaning system emission rate test averages ranged from 1.87 to 8.93 kg/h (4.13-19.68 lb/h).

Battery Condenser System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for battery condenser systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Six gins with battery condenser system exhausts equipped with cyclones were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the six gins was 30.8 bales/h. The average battery condenser system total particulate emission factor based on six tests (18 total test runs) was 0.032 kg/227-kg bale (0.070 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was higher than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.018 kg/bale (0.039 lb/bale). The battery condenser system emission rate test averages ranged from 0.17 to 1.40 kg/h (0.37-3.09 lb/h).

Cyclone Robber System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Proctection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for cyclone robber systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Three gins with cyclone robber system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the three gins was 27.5 bales/h. The average cyclone robber system total particulate emission factor based on the three gins (12 total test runs) was 0.020 kg/227-kg bale (0.045 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.083 kg/bale (0.18 lb/bale). The cyclone robber system test average emission rates ranged from 0.31 to 0.67 kg/h (0.69-1.48 lb/h).

Master Trash System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors are generally assigned a rating, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for master trash systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Five gins with master trash system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the five gins was 34.4 bales/h. The average master trash system total particulate emission factor based on five tests (15 total test runs) was 0.187 kg/227-kg bale (0.411 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.24 kg/bale (0.54 lb/bale).The master trash system emission rate test averages ranged from 1.92 to 11.06 kg/h (4.23-24.39 lb/h).

First Stage Mote System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. There is no total particulate emission factor published for 1st stage mote systems in the 1996 EPA AP-42. The current AP-42 factor represents 1st and 2nd stage mote systems combined. The objective of this study was to collect total particulate emission factor data for 1st stage mote systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Five gins with 1st stage mote system exhausts that were not combined with 2nd stage system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the five gins was 27.9 bales/h. The average 1st stage mote system total particulate emission factor based on five tests (15 total test runs) was 0.025 kg/227-kg bale (0.056 lb/500-lb bale). The 1st stage mote system test average emission rates ranged from 0.31 to 1.42 kg/h (0.69-3.13 lb/h).

Combined Lint Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. EPA AP-42 emission factors generally are assigned a rating, from A (excellent) to E (poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Current EPA total particulate emission factor ratings for cotton gins are extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because the data were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional total particulate emission factor data for combined lint cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Three gins with combined 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the seven gins was 32.6 bales/h. The average combined lint cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on three tests (nine total test runs) was 0.211 kg/227-kg bale (0.466 lb/500-lb bale). This average total particulate emission factor was less than that currently published in 1996 EPA AP-42, which was 0.26 kg/bale (0.58 lb/bale). The test average emission rates ranged from 2.04 to 12.39 kg/h (4.49-27.30 lb/h).

First Stage Lint Cleaning System Total Particulate Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 17

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) total particulate emission factors. There is no total particulate emission factor published for 1st stage lint cleaning systems in the 1996 EPA AP-42. The current AP-42 factor represents 1st and 2nd stage lint cleaning systems combined. The objective of this study was to collect total particulate emission factor data for 1st stage lint cleaning systems from cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt using EPA-approved stack sampling methodology. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Four gins with 1st stage lint cleaning system exhausts that were not combined with 2nd stage lint cleaning system exhausts were sampled. The average production rate during testing for the four gins was 25.7 bales/h. The average 1st stage lint cleaning system total particulate emission factor based on four tests (12 total test runs) was 0.070 kg/227-kg bale (0.155 lb/500-lb bale). The 1st stage lint cleaning system emission rate test averages ranged from 0.67 to 3.56 kg/h (1.49-7.84 lb/h).

Gaseous and Particulate Exhaust Emissions of Hybrid and Conventional Cars over Legislative and Real Driving Cycles

Road transport exhaust emissions represent the main sources of atmospheric pollution in urban areas, due to the growing number of circulating vehicles and travelled distances. In order to reduce this pollution source, stricter emission standards are periodically set by governments through- out the world. Consequently, the concentrations of gaseous pollutants and particulate mass to be measured during type-approval tests of new vehicles are becoming progressively lower; moreover from 2011, diesel cars have to comply with particle number limit. In order to assess emission levels of different technology vehicles and investigate the use of a particulate number measurement technique at the exhaust of very low-emitting vehicles, an experimental activity was carried out on three in-use vehicles: a diesel car equipped with a particulate trap (DPF), a hybrid gasoline-elec- tric car and a bi-fuel passenger car fuelled with compressed natural gas (CNG). Cold and hot gaseous and particulate emission factors and fuel consumption were measured during the execution of real and regulatory driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer. Particulate was characterized in terms of mass only for the diesel car and of particle number for all vehicles. The emissions measured over the NEDC show that all three vehicles comply with their standard limits, except CO for CNG passenger car and NOx for diesel car. Cold start influences CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption for all the tested vehicles and in particular for the hybrid car. The real driving cycle is the most critical pattern for the emissions of almost all pollutants. During constant speed tests, the emissions of particles of hybrid car are an order of magnitude lower than those of the CNG car.

Emissions from Light-Duty Diesel and Gasoline in-use Vehicles Measured on Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles

The reduction in vehicle exhaust emissions achieved in the last two decades is offset by the growth in traffic, as well as by changes in the composition of emitted pollutants. The present investigation illustrates the emissions of eight in-use gasoline and diesel passenger cars using the official European driving cycle and the ARTEMIS real-world driving cycles. Measurements comprised gaseous regulated pollutants (CO, CO2, NOx and hydrocarbons), particulate matter and its carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon, OC and EC), as well as about 20 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the C6–C11 range. It was observed that some of the vehicles do not comply with the corresponding regulations. Significant differences in emissions were registered between driving cycles. Not all regulated pollutants showed a tendency to decrease from Euro 3 to Euro 5. The particulate carbon emission factors were significantly lower under the ARTEMIS Road compared with the ARTEMIS Urban driving cycle with cold start. In general, cold start-up driving conditions produced the highest emission factors. A tendency to the decline of carbonaceous emissions from Euro 3 to Euro 5 diesel vehicles was observed, whilst this trend was not registered for petrol-powered cars. The fraction of total carbon composed of EC was much lower in particles emitted by petrol vehicles (< 10%) than by diesel engines (50–95%). However, the EC content in emissions from more modern vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) is almost negligible. Among VOCs, benzene, toluene and xylenes were generally the dominant species. A significant decrease in emissions from Euro 4 to Euro 5 petrol-powered vehicles was observed. The trend in VOC emissions is unclear when diesel engines are considered. During DPF regeneration cycles, pollutant emissions are several times larger than those during normal engine operation.

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in the particulate and gas phase from smoldering mosquito coils containing various atomic hydrogen/carbon ratios

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions in particulate and gas phases generated from smoldering mosquito coils containing various atomic H/C ratios were examined. Five types of mosquito coils were burned in a test chamber with a total airflow rate of 8.0L/min at a constant relative humidity and temperature. The concentrations of individual PAHs were determined using the GC/MS technique. Among the used mosquito coils, the atomic H/C ratio ranged from 1.23 to 1.57, yielding total mass, gaseous, and particulate PAH emission factors of 28.17–78.72mg/g, 26,139.80–35,932.98 and 5735.22–13,431.51ng/g, respectively. The various partitions of PAHs in the gaseous and particulate phases were in the ranges, 70.26–83.70% and 16.30–29.74% for the utilized mosquito coils. The carcinogenic potency of PAH emissions in the particulate phase (203.82–797.76ng/g) was approximately 6.92–25.08 times higher than that of the gaseous phase (26.27–36.07ng/g). Based on the analyses of PAH emissions, mosquito coils containing the lowest H/C ratio, a low oxygen level, and additional additives (i.e., CaCO3) are recommended for minimizing the production of total PAH emission factors and carcinogenic potency.

Battery Condenser System PM10 Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 201A PM10 Sizing Cyclones

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on EPA emission factors for particulate matter with a particle diameter nominally less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10). The 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors were assigned quality ratings, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins were extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because they were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional PM10 emission factor data for battery condenser systems at cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt based on EPA-approved stack sampling methodology, Method 201A. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins across the cotton belt. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems and 4) abatement technologies. Six of the seven gins were equipped with battery condensers with cyclones on the system exhausts. In terms of capacity, the six gins were typical of the industry, averaging 31.6 bales/h during testing. The battery condenser system average emission factors for PM10 and total particulate were 0.017 kg/227-kg bale (0.036 lb/500-lb bale) and 0.034 kg/bale (0.075 lb/bale), respectively. System average PM10 and total particulate emission factors were higher than those currently published in EPA AP-42. The battery condenser system PM10 emission rate test averages ranged from 0.17 to 1.16 kg/h (0.37-2.57 lb/h). The ratio of battery condenser system PM10 to total particulate was 48.3%.

Combined Mote System PM10 Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Hope Method 201A PM10 Sizing Cyclones

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect additional cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on EPA emission factors for particulate matter with a particle diameter nominally less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10). The 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors were assigned quality ratings, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins were extremely low. Cotton gin data received these low ratings because they were collected almost exclusively from a single geographical region. The objective of this study was to collect additional PM10 emission factor data for combined mote systems at cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt based on EPA-approved stack sampling methodology, Method 201A. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins across the cotton belt. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Two of the seven gins were equipped with combined mote systems where the 1st and 2nd stage mote system exhaust airstreams were combined. In terms of capacity, the two gins were typical of the industry, averaging 35.1 bales/h during testing. The combined mote system average emission factors for PM10 and total particulate were 0.098 kg/227-kg bale (0.215 lb/500-lb bale) and 0.141 kg/bale (0.310 lb/bale), respectively. System average PM10 and total particulate emission factors were higher than those currently published in EPA AP-42. The combined mote system PM10 emission rate test averages ranged from 2.57 to 4.28 kg/h (5.66-9.44 lb/h). The ratio of combined mote system PM10 to total particulate was 69.3%.

First Stage Mote System PM10 Emission Factors and Rates for Cotton Gins: Method 201A PM10 Sizing Cyclones

This report is part of a project to characterize cotton gin emissions from the standpoint of stack sampling. The impetus behind this project was the urgent need to collect cotton gin emissions data to address current regulatory issues. A key component of this study was focused on EPA emission factors for particulate matter with a particle diameter nominally less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10). The 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors were assigned quality ratings, from A (Excellent) to E (Poor), to assess the quality of the data being referenced. Emission factor quality ratings for cotton gins were extremely low. Also, some commonly used cotton gin systems were not represented or were combined with another system under a single emission factor in AP-42. There were no 1996 EPA AP-42 emission factors published for 1st stage mote systems. The objective of this study was to collect PM10 emission factor data for 1st stage mote systems at cotton gins located in regions across the cotton belt based on EPA-approved stack sampling methodology, Method 201A. The project plan included sampling seven cotton gins across the cotton belt. Key factors for selecting specific cotton gins included: 1) facility location, 2) production capacity, 3) processing systems, and 4) abatement technologies. Five of the seven gins were equipped with 1st stage mote systems that were not combined with 2nd stage mote systems. In terms of capacity, the five gins were typical of the industry, averaging 28.8 bales/h during testing. Some test runs were excluded from the test averages because they failed to meet EPA Method 201A test criteria. Also, other test runs included in the analyses had cotton lint fibers that collected in the ≤ 10 µm samples. This larger lint material can affect the reported emissions data, but EPA Method 201A does not suggest methods to account for these anomalies. The 1st stage mote system average emission factors for PM10 and total particulate were 0.020 kg/227-kg bale (0.044 lb/500-lb bale) and 0.034 kg/bale (0.075 lb/bale), respectively. System average PM10 and total particulate emission factors were lower than those currently published in EPA AP-42 for 1st and 2nd stage mote systems combined. The 1st stage mote system PM10 emission rate test averages ranged from 0.15 to 0.94 kg/h (0.32-2.07 lb/h). The ratio of 1st stage mote system PM10 to total particulate was 59.1%.