Particularized Conversational Implicature Research Articles

A Study of Verbal Humor in Man with a Plan from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle

Man with a Plan, starring Golden Globe winner Matt LeBlanc, is a distinct representative of American sitcoms. The language in the play is close to real life and extremely humorous. There are a large number of conversational fragments in all kinds of situations that defy the maxim of the cooperative principle and create unexpected humorous effects. This paper attempts to adopt the cooperative principle theory of Grice to analyze the speech phenomenon that violates the cooperative principle in the dramas and figure out the production mechanism of verbal humor and its particularized conversational implicature from the quantity, quality, relation and manner maxims respectively.

A Study of Presupposition and Conversational Implicatures in the Comic Strip of “The Diary of a Wimpy Kid”

This study aims at exploring the application of presupposition and conversational implicature in communication within comic strips from pragmatics field of study as proposed by Yule, (2006). The research design of this study is a qualitative design. The data were utterances and sentences in "The Diary of a Wimpy Kid" comic strip. This study reveals that there were four types of presuppositions implemented by the characters in “The Diary of A Wimpy Kid” comic, namely counter-factual presupposition, existential presupposition, factive presupposition, and lexical presupposition. Additionally, the research revealed that the characters in the comic employ two distinct forms of conversational implicatures: generalized conversational implicatures and particularized conversational implicatures.

The Conversational Implicature Found while Trevor Noah Criticizes the Government in Stand-up Comedy Show

This research deals with conversational implicature and flouted maxim found in stand-up comedy. This descriptive qualitative research, analyzed 12 utterances of Trevor Noah from YouTube video entitled “Trevor Noah COMPLETE REMARKS at 2022 White House Correspondents’ Dinner (C-SPAN)” using Grice’s conversational implicature theory. The finding shows that from 12 utterances, every utterance can contain more than one type of flouted maxims, the details are as follows, 10 manner, 9 quality, 7 relevance, 6 maxims of quantity. The researcher also finds that, Noah applied Particularized Conversational Implicature more frequently than Generalized Conversational Implicature, with a ratio of 11:1. Noah has done this to make his satire is less offensive. This research also finds that flouted of maxims does not mean that a conversation has been failed, but that is intentionally done by the speaker to create an implicature effect in his utterance. As long as the speaker and the listener have the same knowledge about the context or background, the conversation will keep going well.

IMPLICATURE ANALYSIS ON ONLINE LECTURE COURSES OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

This research aims to reveal the types and implied meaning of implicature found in an online lecture courses of English education study program at one of the university in Yogyakarta. In this research using descriptive qualitative research methods by a theory from Grice (1975). The data findings consist of the three main implicatures consist of generalized conversational implicature with 14.3%, particularized conversational implicature with 8.6% and conventional implicature with 8.6%. Then, the four implicature functions are reach the intended meaning with 20%, deliver an entertainment as humor with 8.6%, boosting the power's of person's message with 14.3%, and specific information needs to be added with 25.6%. By adding up the total between main implicature and implicature functions, it turns out to be 100%. The three main implicature most widely used is generalized conversational implicature. As well as the most frequently used in the implicature function is, specific information needs to be added.

A STUDY OF PARTICULARIZED CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES IN POSTER

The social circumstances of the conversations are significant. When chatting, the speakers must always make reference to those circumstances. Moreover, talks contain meanings that go beyond the utterances as well as literal meanings. This study explored the conversational implicatures in poster posted on the Facebook walls and websites. The data were analyzed using the social context and conversational implicature theories by Gricean typology of speaker meaning (Mey, 2009, p.365). In this investigation, various conversational implicatures were discovered. They include intentional disregard for the maxims, particularized conversational implicature, generalized conversational implicature, and standard implicature with the highest emergence. This study comes to the conclusion that the social circumstances of the participants, such as age, power or social standing, and social distance, have a significant impact on the usage of conversational implicature represented in the poster.

The Implicature Used by Selena Gomez In Zach Sang Show Related to Mental Health and Finding Happiness Issues

The objective of this research is to find out and analyze the types of conversational implicature and its function used by Selena Gomez in Zach Song Show’s interview on 2016 discussing about her new song and mental health issues. The method used to conduct this research is descriptive qualitative method. This study used the theory of cooperative principle by Grice and the function of implicature by Levinson. There are two types of conversational implicature occured in the interview; those are generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. This study also found that Selena Gomez mostly use the implicature in order to obtain two functions namely ability to obtain a functional explanation that is important to language realization but is not covered by descriptive and providing a firm and explicit explanation about the possibility that language users can grasp messages even when what is spoken differs from what is meant.

Conversational Implicature in Selected Songs Lyrics by Brandi Carlile

Implicature is generally communicated through various media, such as song lyrics. The purpose of this research is to give comprehending to the readers and is expected to add their insight into implied meanings, especially the conversational implicature in song lyrics, so they can easily capture the true meaning that the lyricist poured into the song. The researcher analyzed conversational implicature using theory of implicature proposed by Yule (1996). The analysis in this research used qualitative research method by choosing the lyrics that contain conversational implicature. To support the analysis, the researcher used books, thesis, journals, and social media such as google and YouTube. The results of this research indicate that there are three types of conversational implicature, namely general conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature, and scalar implicature. Then, the most dominant type of conversational implicature found in Brandi Carlile’s songs lyrics is particularized conversational implicature. Based on the result of analysis, conversational implicature is a common phenomenon in literary works, especially song lyrics.

Conversational Implicature in The Croods movie

This research is aimed to identify the types of conversational implicature in the dialogue of characters in The Croods movie and interpret the meaning of each conversational implicatures that found in the dialogue of characters in The Croods movie. In conducting this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative research as a method to analyze the data. The writer uses the theory proposed by Grice to analyze and interpret the types of conversational implicature occur in The Croods movie. The data in this research are collected by watching the movie and reading the script of the movie, which then selects the dialogues that identified as a conversational implicature. In analyzing the data, the writer uses several steps; First identifying the types of conversational implicature, Second classifying the types of conversational implicature, third describing the meaning of each utterance that is identified as a conversational implicature based on the context of the movie, and last making a conclusion. After analyzing the data, it was found that there were 20 utterances that were identified as conversational implicatures, i.g. generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. There were 15 utterances identified as particularized conversational implicatures and 5 utterances identified as generalized conversational implicatures. Which can be percentages, particularized conversational implicature 75% occurred and generalized conversational implicature 15%. It can be concluded that particularized conversational implicature is the most prominent appearing in the movie.

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE AND FLOUTING MAXIMS IN SHANG-CHI AND THE LEGENDS OF THE TEN RINGS MOVIE

This research intends to discover the conversational implicature, flouting of maxim, and the most dominant maxim flouted. The theory of Grice (1989) was applied to analyse the conversational implicature and cooperative principles. The descriptive qualitative method is used to explain the conversational implicatures and flouting maxim. After analysing the data, we found 26 data of conversational implicature that divided into generalized implicature 14 data and particularized implicature 12 data, while the flouting of maxim is found 26 data, there are 4 data maxim of quantity, 6 data maxim of quality, 7 data maxim of relation, and 9 data maxim of manner that indicates as a flout during the conversation, maxim of manner became the most dominant maxim that flouted with 9 data. From the research, it can be concluded that generalized conversational implicature was appear frequently in the movie than particularized conversational implicature with 12 data, 26 data of flouting maxim was found in the movie with maxim of manner as the most dominant maxim flouted. Conversational generalized implicature happen more in the movie because the speakers believe that the hearer would understand the information without explaining the knowledge of the conversation. Flouting maxim of manner happen because the speakers explaining information unclear and tend to be ambiguous.

REVEALING THE IMPLICIT MEANING OF LANGUAGE STYLE IN MADURESE PROVERBS

Proverb is categorized as the simplest form of myriad types of folklore. It is used to express the truth based on the traditional saying, which has some implicit meanings. One of the interesting proverbs to be investigated is the Madurese proverb connecting with some crucial life principles. The present study is aimed to reveal the implicit meaning of Madurese proverbs, which have a special meaning on foregrounding values. The study has designed a qualitative method and used the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Grice (1989). The analysis and the pragmatics approach are elaborated since the data were gained using the extracted method. The findings show that Madurese proverbs can be categorized as two common types of implicature: generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. The results also reveal that those chosen proverbs represented three main Madurese social principles: (i) courage (ii) upholding the honor of moral values, and (iii) upholding self-dignity.

Non-wh relatives in English and Kurdish: Constraints on grammar and use

The paper looks at constraints on non-wh relatives in Sorani Kurdish (Iranian) and English (Germanic). We argue that some of them are grammatical, whereas others introduce social meaning. We present a basic, lexicalist syntactic analysis and expand it with social meaning constraints. We propose that classical sociolinguistic variables have the status of conventional implicatures and the overall assessment of a style is treated as a particularized conversational implicature.

Conveying meaning in legal language – Why the language of legislation needs to be more explicit than ordinary language

In current debate, a considerable amount of attention is given to the question of whether theories of verbal communication that apply to ordinary communicative exchanges – in particular Grice’s conversational model – likewise apply to legal contexts. In Grice’s analysis, implicit contents are conveyed by speakers, as well as correctly interpreted by hearers, because ordinary conversations are assumed to be governed by a Principle of Cooperation. With regard to the context of legislation, that is, the context where communication by legislative acts takes place, it has been argued that Grice’s theoretical approach applies only partially, because this context is not a cooperative, but rather a strategic one. The aim of this study is to contribute to the debate discussing the peculiarity of the communicative context of legislation. It will be argued that the legislator’s ability to convey conversational implicatures must be called into question. In particular, the indeterminacy of the legislative context excludes that the legislator be able to convey particularized conversational implicatures, while the legislator may convey generalized conversational implicatures. Moreover, it will be shown how the peculiarity of the context of legislation leads to the “explicitation” of contents that typically are implicitly conveyed in ordinary contexts.

Investigating the Importance of Conversational Implicature and Violation of Maxims in Daily Conversations

According to linguistic theory, conversational Implicature (CI) is the original intent of the speech expressed by a speaker. The assumption is that both the speaker and the receiver understand and respect the communication rules. In conversation theory, this is the significant component that has been the subject of discussion. This study investigates the importance of CI in various contexts of daily conversations. The focus of this study is to identify the violation of Grice’s theory in the conversation. There is a shortcoming in literature to investigate CI in everyday conversations. Moreover, some studies focussed on specific discussions, which led to a literature gap. The study’s outcome will assist researchers in exploring new ideas in conversational implicatures. In addition, it reveals the shortcomings of the usage of implicatures. In this study, the researchers analyzed a set of 77 daily conversations. The study showed that context is critical in determining the meaning of a person’s thoughts. In addition, the finding suggests that particularized CI are primarily employed in daily conversations.

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN “CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE” MOVIE

This descriptive qualitative research investigated conversational implicature found in the movie entitled “Central Intelligence”. The gricean theory was applied to examine the conversational implicature types uttered by characters of the “Central Intelligence” movie. The data were utterances of all characters involved in the movie. Conversational implicature was taken as the research object. Observational method and non-participatory were used to collect data. The pragmatic identity method and competence- in equalizing technique were adopted to analyze the collected data. Therefore, the researchers analyzed in a pragmatics way and equalized the data with theory. Relating to the findings, this research discovered the types of conversational implicature, namely particularized conversational implicature with 10 data, generalized conversational implicature with nine in which five data for scalar, and four data for indefinite. This research also discovered that particularized conversational implicature was the dominant type. The reason is that utterances in the movie needed a particular context to get the unstated meaning.

Implicature in John Green’s The Fault Of Our Stars

Discourses on revealing meanings in utterances are widely discussed in some fields of linguistics, semantics, presupposition, and implicature. This study is an example of how implicature is employed in a novel, which is a depiction of real life conversation. The aims of this study are to reveal the use of implicature in a novel by using Grice’s cooperative principle framework and to entangle the implied meanings in the conversations in terms of their maxim arrangement. Qualitative research design was used in this study. The result of the study shows that there are two kinds of implicature, namely generalized and particularized conversational implicature. It is also found that there are five patterns of maxims organization in generalized conversational implicatures and four patterns of maxims organization in particularized conversational implicatures.

Cooperative Orientation in Earnings Calls

Financial communication refers to the meaning-making practices by which listed companies interact with their publics to exchange information about issues that may have an effect on the share price. An important site for financial communication is the so-called earnings call, where companies present their quarterly or yearly results and engage in dialogue with analysts and other interested parties. In this paper, we analyze earnings calls from the perspective of the cooperative principle presented by Grice. Our aim is to shed light on how the maxims of cooperation are enacted by expert members of the business community in order to construct joint understanding in the potentially conflicting setting of the earnings call. The empirical data consists of the transcripts of four earnings calls held by globally operating stock-listed companies. Our analysis indicates that earnings calls rely on particularized conversational implicatures, whereby participants may strategically breach the cooperative maxims on the formal level while at the same time orienting to each other’s practical goals and performing as a cooperative team of professionals in a strictly regulated context. One recurring way of doing this is by asking questions that cannot be answered directly but prompt responses with incremental or “soft” information. We argue that the specialized practices of cooperation are linked to the nature of the earnings call as a public performance where participants need to orient to self-presentational and relational concerns as well as regulative restrictions.

Daya Perlokusi pada Implikatur Percakapan dalam Anime Tsuki Ga Kirei

The goals of this research are to find and describe the kinds of conversational implicature and the power of perlocutionary effect on conversational implicature in Anime Tsuki Ga Kirei. The theories that are used come from Yule about classification of implicature and perlocutionary act from Austin. The method that used is descriptive qualitative method. The result shows that particularized conversational implicature were found to be more than generalized conversational implicature. Because, the additional knowledge possessed by each character was not equal. Meanwhile, scalar implicature and conventional implicature were not found. The perlocutionary effect on generalized implicature is in line with the implications of utterance. Then, perlocutionary effect in particularized conversational implicature are 11 data know the special knowledges and in line with the implications of utterance, 3 data know the special knowledges but not in line with the implications, and 1 data did not know the special knowledges and not in line with the implications.

Conversational Implicatures on Saturday Night Live Talk Show

Conversational implicature seems to be an everlasting concern in pragmatics for its wide-ranging investigation possibility. Applying Gricean’s principles, the present study examined the types of conversational implicatures found in the Saturday Night Live talk show. This research used a qualitative method with a pragmatic approach. The research data were collected from the utterances in Season 46 Episode 5 accessed from MBC's channel (www. saturday night live – NBC.COM). The result indicated that there were two types of conversational implicatures found in Saturday Night Live talk show namely: First, particularized conversational implicature, and second, generalized conversational implicature. We found that the utterances containing particularized implicature outnumbered the ones with generalized implicature. In our interpretation, the dominance of particularized implicature reflects the centrality of the particular context in producing and inferring utterances for meaningful and effective communication.

CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE: TALKSHOW IN OPRAH WINFREY NETWORK

This study is to determine the various forms of conversational implicature and their function on the talk show Oprah Winfrey Network's SuperSoul Sunday Program. The data were evaluated descriptively qualitatively. The results show that three types of data classified as generalized conversational implicature and eleven types of data classified as particularized conversational implicature, depending on the utterance. Each host has a unique personality and circumstance, which contributes to defiance of the dictum. By floating the maxim, the speaker inferred meaning through his or her justifications, which either too brief or too detailed. As a result, the speaker delivered an irrelevant and ambiguous speech in response to the interlocutor. In conclusion, this implicature discovered the representational, directive, expressive, and declarative functions of utterances.

IMPLICATURE IN SAIKIRAN’S STAND UP COMEDY SCRIPT DARK SKIN AND GETTING MARRIED

This research focuses on implicature in Saikiran’s Stand Up Comedy Script Dark Skin and Getting Married. By using Grice theory of implicature, the make up of this research strongly refers to the use of descriptive qualitative method to process the data, which are originally taken from the script. The analysis reveals two types of implicature i.e. cconventional implicatures and conversational implicatures. Conventional implicature is associated with the general meaning and also related to specific words (but, and, even). Meanwhile, conversational implicature verifies two types, i.e. generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. There are 13 data referring to cconventional implicatures and 4 data to conversational implicatures (2 data generalized conversational implicatures and 2 data particularized conversational implicatures). The results of this research indicate that Saikiran uses those implicatures when he wants the audience to understand about his life condition in funny ways, and the audience will possibly find it difficult to understand if they do not know his utterances in the contexts.