Particular Type Of Memory Research Articles

Neuropsychological syndromes of disorders of mnestic activity in patients with strokes in the right (subdominant) hemisphere

The work carried out a neuropsychological assessment of different types of memory and determined the profiles of mnestic disorders depending on the type of hemispheric asymmetry and localization of the lesion. The analysis of the features of the course of stroke in the right (subdominant) hemisphere was carried out. The main symptoms of impaired types of memory, for which the subdominant hemisphere is responsible, were studied. The presented data correlate with the data found in the world literature: stroke in the subdominant hemisphere has a less pronounced effect on memory impairment, is associated with a better prognosis, while visual memory, spatial, logical, and mechanical suffer more often. A detailed topographic analysis of the syndromatics is presented, comparing instrumental data on visualization of the lesion and psychological tests that reveal a deficiency of a particular type of memory. The data obtained make it possible to identify targets and opportunities for early neuropsychological correction of disorders by attracting compensatory brain capabilities, which is important when planning an individual rehabilitation program. The analysis of mnestic activity in patients with strokes in the right (subdominant) hemisphere was carried out. The applied set of patho- and neuropsychological methods: The Wexler memory scale, Indirect memorization according to A.N. Leontiev, the "Pictograms" technique, Benton's Visual retention, the "Memorizing 10 words" Technique, the "Memorizing faces" technique, the "Memorizing shapes" method., the MOSS test. For the first time, a comprehensive clinical, psychological and experimental psychological study was conducted, which made it possible to characterize the quality and hierarchy of impaired and preserved types of mental activity in the defeat of the right (subdominant) hemisphere. For the first time, a comparative analysis of disorders of the mnestic activity of the dominant and subdominant hemispheres of the brain was carried out, which allowed us to identify the specifics of memory disorders depending on the lateralization of lesions. The novelty is also represented by the systematization of mnestic disorders carried out by the author, accompanied by the isolation of neuropsychological syndromes of disorders of mnestic activity in the defeat of various parts of the right (subdominant) hemisphere in the acute period of syndromes of occipital, temporal, parietal lobe lesions and their combinations. Based on the data obtained, the necessity of studying the features of mnestic activity in order to restore and further rehabilitate higher mental functions in patients with cerebral infarction in the right hemisphere is justified.

Comp-TCAM: An Adaptable Composite Ternary Content-Addressable Memory on FPGAs

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) having software-like reconfigurability and hardware-like performance are adopted as developing platforms to implement complex systems, i.e., software-defined networks (SDNs). Ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) is not present in modern FPGA, but rather it is used as a softcore where needed. The hardware structure of an FPGA is flexible but rigid; the elemental structure is fixed and can be used in a limited number of ways. Existing FPGA-based TCAMs exhaust one particular type of memory when a large size is implemented, resulting in a shortage of memory for the rest of the system. Our proposed architecture uses only those memory elements of FPGA that are redundant and not used by other parts. In this letter, the proposed architecture, comp-TCAM, combines both block RAM (BRAM) and lookup table RAM (LUTRAM) to implement the TCAM architecture; that eliminates the dependency on the type of memory and is adaptable to the requirement of the system. Evaluation results show the feasibility, scalability, and effectiveness of the proposed TCAM architecture compared to the existing TCAM architectures. The hardware resource utilization on Xilinx VIrtex-7 FPGA is reduced by 41.6% compared to state-of-the-art FPGA-based TCAM with no harm to the system’s performance providing a throughput of 21.06 Gbits/s.

Mental Time Travel in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Current Gaps and Future Directions.

Mental Time Travel in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Current Gaps and Future Directions.

Acute alcohol and cognition: Remembering what it causes us to forget.

Addiction has been conceptualized as a specific form of memory that appropriates typically adaptive neural mechanisms of learning to produce the progressive spiral of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior, perpetuating the path to addiction through aberrant processes of drug-related learning and memory. From that perspective, to understand the development of alcohol use disorders, it is critical to identify how a single exposure to alcohol enters into or alters the processes of learning and memory, so that involvement of and changes in neuroplasticity processes responsible for learning and memory can be identified early. This review characterizes the effects produced by acute alcohol intoxication as a function of brain region and memory neurocircuitry. In general, exposure to ethanol doses that produce intoxicating effects causes consistent impairments in learning and memory processes mediated by specific brain circuitry, whereas lower doses either have no effect or produce a facilitation of memory under certain task conditions. Therefore, acute ethanol does not produce a global impairment of learning and memory, and can actually facilitate particular types of memory, perhaps particular types of memory that facilitate the development of excessive alcohol use. In addition, the effects on cognition are dependent on brain region, task demands, dose received, pharmacokinetics, and tolerance. Additionally, we explore the underlying alterations in neurophysiology produced by acute alcohol exposure that help to explain these changes in cognition and highlight future directions for research. Through understanding the impact that acute alcohol intoxication has on cognition, the preliminary changes potentially causing a problematic addiction memory can better be identified.

Compromises of integration, specificity and emotional content of self-defining memories in patients with opioid-use disorder

ABSTRACTAutobiographical memory plays a major role in the construction of identity. A particular type of memory has been described as more relevant in pursuit of personal goals: self-defining memory (SDM). In patients with opioid-use disorder (OUD), SDM recall has not yet been investigated despite deficits in the retrieval of autobiographical memories. This study aims to characterise SDM recall in OUD patients. Patients (N = 25) and non-dependent individuals (N = 25) were told to recall five SDM and to rate the emotion (valence and arousal) triggered during the retrieval. Specificity, valence, theme, integration and distance in time of the SDM were analysed while controlling for anxiety and depression levels. The SDM construction of the OUD patients was characterised by a lower specificity, more neutral memories and a lower integration, while emotions triggered during retrieval did not differ between the two groups. This may reflect an unsuccessful attempt to disconnect from one’s own emotions in the OUD patients. This emotional disconnection and the difficulty of addressing meaning of past events may be due to substance use history coupled with the use of emotional strategies of avoidance. The implications for substance abuse relapse are discussed.

Emotion Regulation among Young Indian Women:The Role of Accessing Happy Memories

Although emotion regulationhas gained attention in positive psychology, research among Indians has been scant. In this study, 150 women at a university in Delhi responded to a survey. It asked their frequency of deliberately recalling a happy memory as a strategy to influence mood, when they were most likely to initiate this strategy, their extent of social engagement while doing so, and the particular type of memory they recalled. Participants were also asked how much this strategy improved their mood and reduced stress. Finally, they were asked to rate themselves on overall health, amount of recent stress, coping ability with stress, and life satisfaction. Frequency of accessing a happy memory related significantly to both mood uplift and stress reduction after recall, and life satisfaction. Intriguingly, the tendency to engage in this strategy while socializing was negatively correlated with life satisfaction and self-reported health. Future avenues of research were suggested.

A CREB1 Gene Polymorphism (rs2253206) Is Associated with Prospective Memory in a Healthy Cohort.

Prospective memory (PM) is generally defined as remembering to perform intended actions in the future and is important for functioning in daily life. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) plays an important role in cognitive functions. In this study, we hypothesized that genetic variation in the CREB1 gene is associated with PM. We genotyped a CREB1 promoter polymorphism rs2253206 and tested it for association with PM in 619 healthy subjects. PM performance was measured using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), the Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory (CAPM), and the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST). Generalized linear model analysis was conducted for each PM test independently using different inheritance models to identify any associations (p < 0.05). After multiple testing adjustments, a significant association was found between the rs2253206 genotype and PM performance for CAPM instrumental activities of daily living measure (p = 0.016). These results suggest that the rs2253206 polymorphism in the CREB1 gene locus is associated with PM in healthy individuals and contributes to knowledge on the genetics of this particular type of memory.

Sharing specific “We” autobiographical memories in close relationships: the role of contact frequency

ABSTRACTSharing memories in conversations with close others is posited to be part of the social function of autobiographical memory. The present research focused on the sharing of a particular type of memory: Specific memories about one-time co-experienced events, which we termed Specific We memories. Two studies with 595 total participants examined the factors that lead to and/or are influenced by the sharing of Specific We memories. In Study 1, participants reported on their most recent conversation. Specific We memories were reportedly discussed most often in conversations with others who were close and with whom the participant had frequent communication. In Study 2, participants were randomly assigned either to increase or to simply record the frequency of communication with a close other (parent). Increases in the frequency of reported sharing of Specific We memories as well as closeness to the parent resulted. Mediation analyses of both studies revealed causal relationships among reported sharing of Specific We memories and closeness. We discuss the relevance of these results for understanding the social function of autobiographical memory.

Cognitive Training Program for Thai Older People with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Population of Thailand is growing rapidly to ageing society. Cognitive abilities change throughout life and decline in ageing depends on the particular type of memory. Cognitive slowing is the change of old age, which affects the individual's capacity to perform activity and quality of life. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a deficit in cognitive function in memory, but does not effect to the daily functioning. However MCI is related in developing to Alzheimer's disease (AD) or other types of dementia commonly found in old age. This research focuses on the elderly people in Thailand with mild cognitive impairment for improving their cognitive function by forming web applications for computers, laptops or tablets. The purpose of this study is to develop a new computer-based program, containing cognitive training software for Thai elderly with mild cognitive impairment. The cognitive training program contains of six categories, involving visuospatial skill, working memory, abstraction, sequencing, categorization and orientation. The validity, reliability, and efficacy of the intervention of the cognitive training program will also investigate. The outcome of using this program will be used for future development of an effective intervention technique for Thai elderly with MCI.

The interplay between Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity

Synaptic plasticity, a change in the efficacy of synaptic signaling, is a key property of synaptic communication that is vital to many brain functions. Hebbian forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity—long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)—have been well studied and are considered to be the cellular basis for particular types of memory. Recently, homeostatic synaptic plasticity, a compensatory form of synaptic strength change, has attracted attention as a cellular mechanism that counteracts changes brought about by LTP and LTD to help stabilize neuronal network activity. New findings on the cellular mechanisms and molecular players of the two forms of plasticity are uncovering the interplay between them in individual neurons.

Reacquisition, reinstatement, and renewal of a conditioned taste aversion in preweanling rats

Pavlovian extinction is defined as a reduction of the conditioned response (CR) as a consequence of repeated and nonreinforced presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS). This phenomenon has been explained through two nonexclusive associative hypotheses. One of them proposes that the CS-unconditioned stimulus (US) association is weakened during extinction, while the second one explains extinction by the formation of a new inhibitory association between the CS, and the US (CS-noUS) which competes with the excitatory one acquired at conditioning (CS-US). Research supporting this second hypothesis is based on the demonstration that the CR can be recovered after extinction. However, in preweanling rats, renewal, and reinstatement treatments have failed to recover a conditioned fear response, suggesting that extinction during this ontogenetic period may involve erasure of the CS-US association. The goal of the present study was to explore whether this conclusion can be extended to the extinction of a conditioned taste aversion by evaluating infant rats in three different procedures (reacquisition, ABA renewal, and reinstatement). The results are consistent with the idea that extinction of a taste aversive memory during infancy involves relearning about the relationship between the CS and the US, with the initial CS-US association remaining relatively intact. Extinction of a taste aversive memory and a fear memory may involve different biological mechanisms during infancy. The conclusion that the only psychological mechanism for extinction during infancy is unlearning should be confined to a particular type of memory.

Neuropsychological Assessment of Memory in Preschoolers

Memory is of fundamental importance for cognitive, social, and educational function, making it a target for neuropsychological assessment. The subject of this review is one particular type of memory, namely, episodic memory of unique events and experiences. Episodic memory allows for rapid, even one-trial learning of new information and retention of it for later retrieval. It depends on a particular neural substrate that undergoes a protracted developmental course. The review features discussion of some of the challenges associated with valid assessment of this specific form of memory in the preschool period, as well as a description and critical evaluation of available standardized measures. It also features description of two new approaches to assessment of episodic memory and their sensitivity to memory-specific deficits in the preschool years and in infancy. The review ends with introduction of the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test, designed as a measure of episodic memory in the preschool years and beyond.

Visual Short-Term Memory Compared in Rhesus Monkeys and Humans

Change detection is a popular task to study visual short-term memory (STM) in humans [1-4]. Much of this work suggests that STM has a fixed capacity of 4 ± 1 items [1-6]. Here we report the first comparison of change-detection memory between humans and a species closely related to humans, the rhesus monkey. Monkeys and humans were tested in nearly identical procedures with overlapping display sizes. Although the monkeys' STM was well fit by a one-item fixed-capacity memory model, other monkey memory tests with four-item lists have shown performance impossible to obtain with a one-item capacity [7]. We suggest that this contradiction can be resolved using a continuous-resource approach more closely tied to the neural basis of memory [8, 9]. In this view, items have a noisy memory representation whose noise level depends on display size as a result of the distributed allocation of a continuous resource. In accord with this theory, we show that performance depends on the perceptual distance between items before and after the change, and d' depends on display size in an approximately power-law fashion. Our results open the door to combining the power of psychophysics, computation, and physiology to better understand the neural basis of STM.

Teaching &amp; Learning Guide for: Once Upon a Time: Explaining Cultural Differences in Episodic Specificity

Teaching &amp; Learning Guide for: Once Upon a Time: Explaining Cultural Differences in Episodic Specificity

Making synaptic plasticity and memory last: mechanisms of translational regulation

Synaptic transmission in neurons is a measure of communication at synapses, the points of contact between axons and dendrites. The magnitude of synaptic transmission is a reflection of the strength of these synaptic connections, which in turn can be altered by the frequency with which the synapses are stimulated, the arrival of stimuli from other neurons in the appropriate temporal window, and by neurotrophic factors and neuromodulators. The ability of synapses to undergo lasting biochemical and morphological changes in response to these types of stimuli and neuromodulators is known as synaptic plasticity, which likely forms the cellular basis for learning and memory, although the relationship between any one form synaptic plasticity and a particular type of memory is unclear. RNA metabolism, particularly translational control at or near the synapse, is one process that controls long-lasting synaptic plasticity and, by extension, several types of memory formation and consolidation. Here, we review recent studies that reflect the importance and challenges of investigating the role of mRNA translation in synaptic plasticity and memory formation.

Mister Rogers' Neighborhood…

Addiction has been conceptualized as a specific form of memory that appropriates typically adaptive neural mechanisms of learning to produce the progressive spiral of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior, perpetuating the path to addiction through aberrant processes of drug-related learning and memory. From that perspective, to understand the development of alcohol use disorders, it is critical to identify how a single exposure to alcohol enters into or alters the processes of learning and memory, so that involvement of and changes in neuroplasticity processes responsible for learning and memory can be identified early. This review characterizes the effects produced by acute alcohol intoxication as a function of brain region and memory neurocircuitry. In general, exposure to ethanol doses that produce intoxicating effects causes consistent impairments in learning and memory processes mediated by specific brain circuitry, whereas lower doses either have no effect or produce a facilitation of memory under certain task conditions. Therefore, acute ethanol does not produce a global impairment of learning and memory, and can actually facilitate particular types of memory, perhaps particular types of memory that facilitate the development of excessive alcohol use. In addition, the effects on cognition are dependent on brain region, task demands, dose received, pharmacokinetics, and tolerance. Additionally, we explore the underlying alterations in neurophysiology produced by acute alcohol exposure that help to explain these changes in cognition and highlight future directions for research. Through understanding the impact that acute alcohol intoxication has on cognition, the preliminary changes potentially causing a problematic addiction memory can better be identified.

Working memory and prefrontal cortex

Several different types of memory have recently been proposed, some of which are believed to operate within specific areas in the brain. In this article, we will discuss the relationship between the prefrontal cortex and working memory, which is a recently proposed type of short-term memory. The tight relationship between the prefrontal cortex and working memory has been supported by recent human and animal studies. This relationship provides good evidence that a particular type of memory is related to a particular brain structure, and can be used as an important model for understanding the neuronal mechanisms of memory. In this article, we will present a modular model based on recent neurophysiological results and discuss for spatial working memory processes in the prefrontal cortex.