Particular Type Of Behaviour Research Articles

Self-Governing Hybrid Societies and Deception

Self-governing hybrid societies are multi-agent systems where humans and machines interact by adapting to each other’s behaviour. Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have brought an increasing hybridisation of our societies, where one particular type of behaviour has become more and more prevalent, namely deception. Deceptive behaviour as the propagation of disinformation can have negative effects on a society’s ability to govern itself. However, self-governing societies have the ability to respond to various phenomena. In this paper we explore how they respond to the phenomenon of deception from an evolutionary perspective considering that agents have limited adaptation skills. Will hybrid societies fail to govern deceptive behaviour and reach a Tragedy of The Digital Commons? Or will they manage to avoid it through cooperation? How resilient are they against large-scale deceptive attacks? We provide a tentative answer to some of these questions through the lens of evolutionary agent-based modelling, based on the scientific literature on deceptive AI and public goods games.

Assortative mating in Gastropoda: A meta-analysis

The term ‘assortative mating’ denotes situations when the choice of a mating partner is nonrandom and the phenotypes across mate pairs are correlated, either positively or negatively. Assortative mating has been registered as a particular type of behaviour in many taxa of animals, including various vertebrate and invertebrate species. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of published data concerning assortative mating in various taxa of Gastropoda. In total, we found 36 published peer-reviewed papers that consider the size-assortative mating in Gastropoda. 32 species belonging to different taxonomic groups of this class were studied, which provided 58 cases for further analysis. The range of estimates of the strength of assortment between individuals for species included into our meta-analysis (46 cases) is very wide: from –0.155 (Brephulopsis cylindrica) to +0.966 (Veronicella sloanii). Integrally, for the studied species of Gastropoda, the average weighted estimate of the strength of assortment between the sizes of copulating individuals was 0.381 ± 0.014. It revealed that virtually all the points representing individual studies form a funnel-shaped dispersion on a scatterplot that lies along the line representing the estimate of the generalized mean rgen = 0.343 and uniformly fill the funnel-shaped space between the lines of 95% confidence interval of the correlation coefficient for a given sample size adjusted for the overall mean. The distribution of the estimates of the correlation coefficient between copulating individuals among the various gastropod species has a shape close to the normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov's d = 0.061; P > 0.20). Moreover, most estimates are concentrated within a range from 0.2 to 0.6. We found that the probability of obtaining reliable estimates of the correlation coefficient between the sizes of copulating individuals is dependent upon the number of pairs used in the analysis (binary logistic regression: χ2 = 8.92; df = 1; P = 0.0028). It can be argued that the existence of the negative size-assortative mating in Gastropoda has not yet been proved. On the other hand, if only statistically significant cases of size-assortative mating are considered (37 cases out of 58, or 63.7%), the average weighted estimate of the strength of assortment between sizes of copulating mollusks is 0.439 ± 0.015 (95% confidence interval: 0.409–0.468). If we consider the mating system and the environment simultaneously, the positive size-assortativity is most pronounced among the gonochoristic snails living in the aquatic environment (0.448 ± 0.021) while among the aquatic hermaphroditic species it is the weakest (0.315 ± 0.028). Terrestrial hermaphrodites (land snails and slugs) take the middle position. The numerous examples of the assortative mating with respect to different morphological traits, either quantitative or qualitative, have been described in various species of aquatic and land snails.

Descriptive multiscale modeling in data-driven neuroscience

Multiscale modeling techniques have attracted increasing attention by philosophers of science, but the resulting discussions have almost exclusively focused on issues surrounding explanation (e.g., reduction and emergence). In this paper, I argue that besides explanation, multiscale techniques can serve important exploratory functions when scientists model systems whose organization at different scales is ill-understood. My account distinguishes explanatory and descriptive multiscale modeling based on which epistemic goal scientists aim to achieve when using multiscale techniques. In explanatory multiscale modeling, scientists use multiscale techniques to select information that is relevant to explain a particular type of behavior of the target system. In descriptive multiscale modeling scientists use multiscale techniques to explore lower-scale features which could be explanatorily relevant to many different types of behavior, and to determine which features of a target system an upper-scale data pattern could refer to. Using multiscale models from data-driven neuroscience as a case study, I argue that descriptive multiscale models have an exploratory function because they are a sources of potential explanations and serve as tools to reassess our conception of the target system.

The relationship between teacher candidates' fear of missing out levels and behavior on social media

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between teacher candidates' fear of missing out and their behavior on social networking sites. The study was designed with general and relational screening method, one of the quantitative research methods. The study group consists of 218 teacher candidates studying at the School of Education in Trakya University during the spring term of 2020-2021. Mann-Whitney U and Spearman Rank-Order correlational tests were used in the analysis of the data, alongside descriptive statistics. Findings indicate that the overall FoMO levels of the teacher candidates were below average. No difference was found in terms of FoMO according to gender. Finally, a low-level positive and significant relationship was found between the variable of FoMO and monthly frequency of user actions such as photo sharing and story posting. However, no significant relationship was found between FoMO levels and frequency of live broadcasts or status updates. In the light of the findings, it can be said at least in the specific context of teacher candidates that FoMO is related to particular types of behavior on social networking sites.

Relating is an Operant: A Fly Over of 35 Years of RFT Research

Relational Frame Theory (RFT) is the simplest form of operant theory since it claims nothing more than a particular type of behavior, arbitrarily applicable derived relational responding, is an operant. While the theory is simple, its implications are not, and adoption has been slow until recently. RFT was first formally described in 1985 and in the 35 years since, hundreds of studies have been conducted on relational learning from an operant point of view. The present paper briefly summarizes that history and examines some of its key claims. So far, the empirical program delineated by RFT has held up remarkably well. Future directions are delineated that will enable a more comprehensive evaluation of the importance of the RFT research program, and a more thorough exploration of its profound implications.

WHISTLEBLOWING IN HIGHER EDUCATION – REMARKS DE LEGE LATA AND DE LEGE FERENDA

The purpose of this article is to provide external and internal legal protection against adverse employment-related activities available to employees of higher education institutions in Poland, who disclose information of public significance to which they have access, risking this disciplinary and professional liability. The article focuses on the consequences of a particular type of behavior, which is commonly referred to as „reporting irregularities“ or „whistleblowing.“ Since an academic teacher‘s employment relationship in Poland is such that the employer, when terminating the employment relationship, must state the reason for such a decision. Although academic teachers are required to comply with the Act on Higher Education and Science of 2018 and the Labor Code in the unregulated area, it should not be forgotten that there are additional legal requirements specific to their status.

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Este estudo se debruça sobre os downshifters - indivíduos que fazem a opção por desacelerar seus ritmos de vida, buscando equilíbrio entre trabalho e lazer e estilos de vida mais frugais de forma a minimizar os efeitos das sociedades industriais capitalistas urbanas. Explora um tipo particular de comportamento em um estrato social específico - um grupo social formado por famílias que têm filhos em uma escola Waldorf, em Florianópolis, Brasil. Foi possível perceber que os aspectos formadores de movimento altera não só indivíduos, mas também as famílias inseridas no espaço educacional que se apresenta como resistência ao sistema educacional tradicional. Os Waldorf assumem premissas do downshifting. Sob a ótica da contracultura, formam um grupo coeso de classe média que tende a restringir sua rede social àqueles que compartilham o mesmo estilo de vida; suas ações cooperativas fomentam sentimentos de pertencimento e solidariedade que ajudam a legitimar estilos de vida alternativos em uma sociedade consumista.

Behavior Modification Techniques – An Awareness Study

Behaviour modification refers to the techniques used to try and decrease or increase a particular type of behaviour or reaction. This might sound very technical, but it is used very frequently by all of us. Parents use this to teach their children right from wrong. Therapists use it to promote healthy behaviours in their patients. The purpose behind behaviour modification is not to understand why or how a particular behaviour started. Instead, it only focuses on changing behaviour, and there are different methods used to accomplish it.

Inventory of Perception of Safety in an Urban Educational Campus

Past research studies have shown that perception of safety is affected by personal as well as spatial variables. Architects have control over spatial variables and can help design safer spaces by appropriating the spatial variables. Various studies have explored the relationship between crime and the physical environment. It has been noted that certain settings are conducive to particular types of behavior that precipitate criminal activity. Safety of the users is an important aspect to be considered in architectural design and campus planning of educational institutes. Safer environments can encourage the fair use of the spatial resources and for a longer duration. Hence it is essential to understand the spatiality of crimes and vulnerable spaces. With this objective, case study research was carried out at an educational institute in Pune. In depth interviews with the key informants such as security personnel, police, administrators were carried out. Structured interviews with students and teachers were carried out. Appleton’s model of Prospect Refuge Theory [1975] was used to analyze the spatiality of crime. The mapped places revealed association of crime with certain types of spatial characteristics and the theory was corroborated. In the contemporary times, the safety concerns are growing and active devices and manual control being implemented. But sensitive architectural design can help in achieving better surveillance over spaces and help curtail the occurrence of crime.

Specific 50-kHz vocalizations are tightly linked to particular types of behavior in juvenile rats anticipating play.

Rat ultrasonic vocalizations have been suggested to be either a byproduct of physical movement or, in the case of 50-kHz calls, a means to communicate positive affect. Yet there are up to 14 distinct types of 50-kHz calls, raising issues for both explanations. To discriminate between these theories and address the purpose for the numerous 50-kHz call types, we studied single juvenile rats that were waiting to play with a partner, a situation associated with a high number of 50-kHz calls. We used a Monte-Carlo shuffling procedure to identify vocalization-behavior correlations that were statistically different from chance. We found that certain call types (“split”, “composite” and “multi-step”) were strongly associated with running and jumping while other call types (those involving “trills”) were more common during slower movements. Further, non-locomotor states such as resting and rearing were strongly predictive of a lack of vocalizations. We also found that the various sub-types of USVs can be clustered into 3–4 categories based on similarities in the way they are used. We did not find a one-to-one relationship between any movements and specific vocalizations, casting doubt on the motion byproduct theory. On the other hand, the use of specific calls during specific behaviors is problematic for the affect communication hypothesis. Based on our results, we suggest that ultrasonic calls may serve to coordinate moment-to-moment social interactions.

Why do people with dementia pretend to know the correct answer? A qualitative study on the behaviour of toritsukuroi to keep up appearances.

Toritsukuroi is a particular type of behaviour intended to save face or preserve appearances. Clinicians often observe toritsukuroi in people with dementia, but current knowledge about this behaviour is based on clinicians' empirical knowledge rather than on observational studies. This study was designed to clarify which behaviours are related to toritsukuroi based on neuropsychological examinations. The subjects were 91 outpatients with dementia. Verbal responses, with the exceptions of 'I don't know' and erroneous answers, were recorded by certificated clinical psychologists and analyzed by qualitative study procedures. A qualitative study was separately conducted by two researchers to identify themes and types of reactions. The themes found through content analysis were organized and labelled by a senior psychiatrist. Among the patients, 41.8% verbally responded in way to 'keep up appearances'. Six distinct thematic categories were identified through conventional content analysis: (i) refuting sudden questions; (ii) disclosing trait; (iii) disclosing experience; (iv) demonstrating slight hesitation; (v) appealing to indifference; and (vi) other. All the responses that we defined as being toritsukuroi reflect a denial of acquired cognitive impairment. Further study is needed to clarify the association between toritsukuroi and either cognitive function or disease specificity.

Who Stays, Who Switches: Different Segments of Internet Service Customers

High-tech services providers such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are facing many challenges and high switching rates remain one of the top concerns. Despite significant research done in the area of switching intention in the marketing literature, customer segmentation and its relationship with switching intention appears to be overlooked. This study aims to fill this gap in the Telecommunication industry by exploring the switching intention and perceptions of different ISP customers. Data was obtained from 2,059 Internet users located in all regions of Thailand via an online survey. This study identified three major distinctive groups of ISP customers based on their Internet usagewhich were classified as light, medium and heavy users. This study also explored the differences among light, medium and heavy users in terms of age groups, employment status, gender and area of employment. The motivations associated with particular types of behaviour of each segment are also discussed.

Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics in free-ranging mammals: new records for odontocetes and a general review

Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics has been documented in several free-ranging marine and terrestrial mammals but still remains undocumented and poorly understood for most species. This study describes observations of adults carrying dead calves and juveniles in 7 odontocetes (toothed cetaceans) species and discusses the subject in mammals in general. Observations are based on 14 events from 3 oceans and constitute the 1st records for Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ), spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ), killer whales ( Orcinus orca ), Australian humpback dolphins ( Sousa sahulensis ), and sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ), as well as presenting additional records for Risso’s dolphins ( Grampus griseus ) and short-finned pilot whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ). Information on how the adults supported and carried the dead conspecifics, on the gender of both adults and dead young, and on the age class of the dead young, is presented. Moreover, a comparison with terrestrial mammals, including a compilation of published literature, and a discussion on possible hypotheses to explain this particular type of behavior are given. The present study helps to corroborate that adults mourning their dead young is a common and globally widespread behavior in long-lived and highly sociable/cohesive species of mammals.

The Zest for Patient Empowerment.

Patient Empowerment (PE) can be considered as an active and self-determining role of patient than a passive recipient of health related services. It encourages the provider-patient relationship to blossom and helps in clearing patients' doubts, confusion and fears to bring in clarity, relief and assurance. For the active involvement of the patient's in own health management they need to be awakened, motivated, educated and enlightened to enable them to exercise their rights. Active patient involvement in the decision-making achieves favourable health outcome. In an empowerment based approach, the focus is not on defining a particular type of behaviour, but on how the behaviour is defined as a goal to be achieved by a particular individual. As a result of their empowerment process, the patients can better self-manage their illness and their lives. Thus empowerment of the patients will positively help medical uprising of the community by creating an educated, health aware, informed and health conscious mass.

What Do People Find Incompatible With Causal Determinism?

Four studies explored people's judgments about whether particular types of behavior are compatible with determinism. Participants read a passage describing a deterministic universe, in which everything that happens is fully caused by whatever happened before it. They then assessed the degree to which different behaviors were possible in such a universe. Other participants evaluated the extent to which each of these behaviors had various features (e.g., requiring reasoning). We assessed the extent to which these features predicted judgments about whether the behaviors were possible in a deterministic universe. Experiments 1 and 2 found that people's judgments about whether a behavior was compatible with determinism were not predicted by their judgments about whether that behavior relies on physical processes in the brain and body, is uniquely human, is unpredictable, or involves reasoning. Experiment 3, however, found that a distinction between what we call "active" and "passive" behaviors can explain people's judgments. Experiment 4 extended these findings, showing that we can measure this distinction in several ways and that it is robustly predicted by two different cues. Taken together, these results suggest that people carve up mentally guided behavior into two distinct types-understanding one type to be compatible with determinism, but another type to be fundamentally incompatible with determinism.

On generating and exploring the behavior space of complex models

AbstractThis paper introduces a novel approach for (i) exploring the spectrum of behaviors system dynamics models could generate and (ii) identifying and selecting exemplar simulation runs that are representative in terms of their dynamics and their origin in the input space. Our overall approach consists of two phases: a first phase of iterative behavior‐based sampling and simulation; and a second phase of behavior‐based classification or clustering, input‐space identification and selection of representative exemplars. For this approach, we introduce new ways to characterize the dynamic complexity of simulation runs, develop a new iterative output‐oriented sampling approach, and combine classification, clustering, data visualization and machine learning techniques. Using two well‐known system dynamics models, we show how our approach enables one to generate a wide spectrum of behaviors and group runs based on their type of behavior, and identify distinct areas in the input space based on the particular type of behavior they generate. Copyright © 2016 System Dynamics Society

Identified Serotonin-Releasing Neurons Induce Behavioral Quiescence and Suppress Mating in Drosophila.

An animal's responsiveness to external stimuli and its various types of endogenously generated, motivated behavior are highly dynamic and change between states of high activity and states of low activity. It remains unclear whether these states are mediated by unitary modulatory systems globally affecting brain activity, or whether distinct neurons modulate specific neuronal circuits underlying particular types of behavior. Using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, we find that activating large proportions of serotonin-releasing neurons induces behavioral quiescence. Moreover, distinct serotonin-releasing neurons that we genetically isolated and identified negatively affect aspects of mating behavior, but not food uptake. This demonstrates that individual serotoninergic neurons can modulate distinct types of behavior selectively.

Commentary: towards more responsibility in ICT

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide a commentary to the conceptual article by Norberto Patrignani and Diane Whitehouse, The Clean Side of Slow Tech. This article explores what can be easily overlooked in Information Communication Technology (ICT): the uncomfortable truth relating to the production, use and disposal of modern communication technology. Design/methodology/approach – In it, the author picks up on the main ideas that were argued, specifically that there is a need to take a closer look at the production, use and disposal of modern communication technology. Findings – Connecting resource production, use and disposal and its affect on climate change will require those who are in the position to make changes to come up with solutions that also consider values, beliefs and norms that lead to particular types of behaviour. Research limitations/implications – ICT has had an enormous impact on people’s lives. However, there has been primarily focus on its life-accelerating attributes. Slowing down the process of production may open up possibilities for sustainable ICT development. Practical implications – The commentary, combined with Patrignani and Whitehouse’s paper may provide a resource for those responsible in training future ICT professionals. Social implications – If today’s society, and this includes users and producers of ICT, intends to go beyond the mere rhetoric about sustainability, individuals will need to take on a new kind of responsibility that covers the entire life cycle of technology. Originality/value – This commentary is intended to provide an additional viewpoint to the topic of sustainable ICT production.

The Daily Pattern of Main Activities in the Gelada Baboon (Theropithecus gelada)

The aim of this work was to observe and analyse the main daily activities in the group of geladas kept in the ZlĂ­n Zoo. The experimental group was formed by three males (one of them was a dominant alfa male) and four females who were in the reproductive cycle at the observation period. The behavioural study included five recurrent observations which took place in March 2014. The observations revealed that geladas spent most of the time feeding (44.1%) and performing comfort behaviour (24.6%). About 7.7-10.4% of the total time the geladas spent moving, resting and observing the neighbourhoods. The settled and stable social hierarchy within the group prevented greater incidence (0.7%) of aggressive behaviour. Occurrence of other types of activities was low - play (1.7%), climbing the trees (0.5%) and sexual behaviour (2.3%). The work also studied how the incidence of a particular type of behaviour changed over time within the day. A certain pattern in behavioural activities was apparent because their incidence tended to be similar on all observation days. Foraging activities were the greatest (44.80 ± 3.64 observations) between 15.00 and 16.00, resting (8.00-9.80 observations) between 12.00 and 14.00 and comfort behaviour (23.20 ± 2.82 observations) in the morning.

The Moral Foundations of Criminal Liability

This paper seeks to provide a theoretical account of the moral foundations of criminal liability. It does not seek to provide a general theory of criminalization. Rather, it aims to identify some moral principles and concepts which serve as a foundation and justification for criminalization and the imposition of criminal liability. Central to these moral foundations are the principles of ‘individual autonomy’, ‘individual rights’, ‘the principle of welfare’ and the ‘harm principle’. This chapter undertakes to explore this issue through addressing the general question of ‘what is a crime?’ This question involves examining why a particular type of behaviour is considered to be criminal by the law, or what considerations need to be taken into account in order to render a particular type of behaviour criminal, and to consequently justify the imposition of criminal liability.