Food Particles Research Articles

Sabellid tubes from the deep shelf off Liguria (Italy): A modern analogue for distal Skolithos Ichnofacies?

Dense associations of vertical trace fossils are typically used as a proxy for nearshore palaeoenvironments. Here we challenge this assumption by reporting dense associations of vertical tubes occupying vast areas of the deep shelf off Liguria (Italy) at depths ranging from 56 to 85 m. The tubes, produced by the suspension-feeding sabellid Bispira riccardi, are J-shaped and extend for ∼5–10 cm above the seafloor. Optical microscopy, SEM imagery and elemental maps evidence that the tubes consist of (1) an outer agglutinated layer consisting of clay- and silt-sized particles, (2) an intermediate mineral layer enriched in manganese, and (3) an inner, sulfur-rich organic layer. The tubes serve to obtain shelter and resuspend food particles, representing a modern reference for understanding palaeoethology of morphologically similar trace fossils. The Ligurian ichnoassociation is comparable to the Skolithos Ichnofacies, but it departs from the typical nearshore environment of the Ichnofacies. The characteristics of the studied ichnoassociation are explained by the significant turbidity of the Ligurian shelf, which favours domichnial, suspension-feeding strategies that are typical of the Skolithos Ichnofacies. As such, the sabellid tubes from the Ligurian Sea are palaeontologically important to identify similar current-swept, high-turbidity settings in the fossil record.

Imaging of Trapped Contents in Plastic Seals via Optical Coherence Tomography

Food contents such as coffee powder, sugar, flour, cheese particles etc. trapped in plastic seals of packaged products can eventually result in air leak and potential contamination of contents due to entry of air or bacteria. This is an ongoing industry-wide problem for which no straightforward inspection solution has been identified. Backscattered light is used by optical coherence tomography (OCT) to provide cross-sectional images of micro-layers of tissues and other samples. OCT is akin to “optical ultrasound” in its utilising light waves instead of sound waves for image acquisition. As a relatively new NDT technique for non-biomedical applications, OCT might be suitable for assessment of seal integrity by revealing the presence of contents trapped within the laminates of the seal structure. This experimental study uses an OCT system (Lumedica OQ Labscope) using broadband light of 840 nm centre wavelength and capable of attaining depth resolution of 7 µm and lateral resolution of 15 µm. Our imaging results indicate that OCT can clearly show the presence of trapped powder and food particles in transparent and translucent plastic seals. Attempts to image trapped contents in opaque metallized plastic seals are largely unsuccessful. However, distortion of geometrical profile in the opaque seals can be observed by OCT and might serve as an indirect indicator of the defect.

A Giant Esophageal Epiphrenic Diverticulum Causing Dysphagia, Fungal Infection and Aspiration Pneumonia in an Elderly Patient.

Esophageal epiphrenic diverticulum is a rare condition. We present a case of a 70-year male with no known comorbidities who presented with dysphagia, cough, fever, and weight loss for 3 months. CT chest with contrast showed an out-pouching arising from the distal dorsal oesophagus, 15.6 cm long with 0.9 cm neck, containing food particles causing compression and consolidation of adjacent lung segments. His upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a large diverticulum arising at 30 cm from incisors with overlying ulcerated and necrotic mucosa. A biopsy of diverticular mucosa showed fungal hyphae and spores and was negative for malignancy. The patient was given antifungals and showed significant improvement of symptoms but considering the huge size of the diverticulum, he was referred to a thoracic surgeon. Key Words: Epiphrenic diverticulum, Dysphagia, Aspiration pneumonia, Fungal infection.

Comparative Evaluation of Micro Tensile Bond Strength and Microleakage of Ionoseal Glass-Composite as a Fissure Sealant Material, Following Four Different Enamel Surface Pretreatments.

Sealants are employed to prevent carious lesion initiation and to arrest caries progression by providing a physical barrier that inhibits accumulation of microorganisms and food particles in pits and fissures. The two most common materials used for sealing pits and fissures are resins and glass-ionomers. Ionoseal from VOCO company is one of the light curing glass-ionomer composite cements, whose mechanical properties should be investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the micro tensile bond strength and micro leakage of Ionoseal with different surface pretreatments. This in vitro experimental study was conducted on five groups of 95 sound human premolars. Each group consisted of five teeth for the micro tensile test and 14 teeth for the micro leakage test. The groups regarding the materials and the methods used were defined as Group 1: 35% phosphoric acid + total etch adhesive + Ionoseal, Group 2: universal adhesive+Ionoseal, Group 3: 35% phosphoric acid + Ionoseal,Group 4: Ionoseal, and Group 5 (control group): 35% phosphoric acid+Embrace fissure sealant. On the pre-pared buccal enamel of each tooth, a 5 mm block of the sealing material was created and thermo cycled. The specimens were serial sectioned to a cross section of about 1×1mm and loaded in a tensile pressure (0.5 mm/min) until failure occurred. For the micro leakage test, the sealing material was placed into the prepared occlusal fissures and teeth were thermo cycled, and then immersed in 5%methylene blue. A section was made buccolingually; the dye penetration rate was measured based on Williams and Winter criteria under a stereomi-croscope. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Mean micro tensile bond strength was significantly different between the groups (p< 0.001), and was significantly higher in Group 1. There was no significant difference between the frequency of modes of failure (p= 0.81). The rate of micro leakage was significantly different between the five groups (p< 0.001) and in Group 1 and 3; it was significantly lower than the other three groups. Ionoseal can be used successfully as a fissure sealant material. Etching the enamel surface with phosphoric acid is necessary and the use of a bonding agent before Ionoseal placement improves results.

Fissured tongue in geriatric female patient with diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia: a case report and review of literature

Tongue is a sensitive muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays an important role in speech, taste and deglutition. Fissured tongue is one of the conditions commonly encountered in routine dental practice, characterized by grooves and fissures covering the dorsal surface of the tongue. This condition is asymptomatic, until food particles trapped in the grooves which leads to inflammation and halitosis. Some studies proposed that a polygenic mode of inheritance is associated with the development of tongue grooves. Common systemic illnesses associated with this condition are hypertension, diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia. Proper knowledge of the association between these conditions and fis- sured tongue may help the dentist to treat this disorder at an early stage.

Effect of pit-and-fissure sealants on postbrushing simulation - A photogenic study.

Pit-and-fissure sealants of the occlusal surfaces for the posterior teeth are well susceptible to develop dental caries compared to the smooth surfaces due to its complex morphology, which makes dental hygiene a challenging fact which give rise to increased plaque accumulation. The use of pit-and-fissure sealants is to provide inhibition toward microorganisms and aggregation of food particles, thereby inhibiting caries initiating and preventing caries progression. The study aimed to assess the effect of pit-and-fissure sealants postbrushing simulation through photography. For this photogenic original study, eight teeth were selected, with two groups each and four teeth present in each of the groups. Brushing simulator machines are well-established methods for analyzing the efficacy of toothbrushes. A total of 10,000 cycles were accounted for by the machine with linear X-axis and Y-axis = 2500 in each group. The clockwise and counterclockwise = 2500 in each group. From the research, it can be concluded that Group A is found to be more effective than Group B, where Group A is Clinpro sealant and Group B is YuSeal. This pit-and-fissure sealant application is very important in clinical practice to prevent the tooth from getting decayed. This research helps us to establish the amount of reduction in both the groups of sealants postbrushing as various brushing patterns influence the retention of pit-and-fissure sealants.

Pontic design and its effects on the health of the gingiva

A pontic is an artificial tooth that substitutes a lost natural tooth, preserves its function, and typically fills the space left by the actual crown. Sanitary/hygienic and modified sanitary/hygienic designs do not contact the alveolar mucosa. On the other hand, ridge lap, modified ridge lap, ovate, modified ovate, and conical are designs that maintain contact with the mucosa. The ideal biological properties to be taken into consideration while designing pontics are periodontal health, access for oral hygiene, no food trapping and occlusal harmony. Accumulation of dental plaque has been implicated in the onset of gingival and periodontal disease as well as caries in the vicinity of the fixed restoration. The connection of the pontic to the supporting crowns must be constructed in such a way as to make a flushable area in the direction of the gingiva, in order to ensure that this area can be cleaned by toothbrushing and flossing but not the large triangular spaces that make it easy for food particles to cling. Modified ridge lap and ovate types, out of all the pontic shapes described below, exhibit convex cleansable faces. Ovate pontics are most effective for use in anterior regions, while the modified ridge lap design can be utilized predominantly in fixed partial denture designs posteriorly. The important etiological factor for gingivitis, periodontitis and peri-implantitis is bacterial colonization which is impacted by the individual's immunologic response and genetic predisposition in addition to dental care practices and pontic design. It is believed that no matter what the material of the pontic is, it must provide a highly polished intaglio surface to help floss slide through and make contact with the full base of the pontic in order to minimize plaque accumulation.

Local-scale feedbacks influencing cold-water coral growth and subsequent reef formation

Despite cold-water coral (CWC) reefs being considered biodiversity hotspots, very little is known about the main processes driving their morphological development. Indeed, there is a considerable knowledge gap in quantitative experimental studies that help understand the interaction between reef morphology, near-bed hydrodynamics, coral growth, and (food) particle transport processes. In the present study, we performed a 2-month long flume experiment in which living coral nubbins were placed on a reef patch to determine the effect of a unidirectional flow on the growth and physiological condition of Lophelia pertusa. Measurements revealed how the presence of coral framework increased current speed and turbulence above the frontal part of the reef patch, while conditions immediately behind it were characterised by an almost stagnant flow and reduced turbulence. Owing to the higher current speeds that likely promoted a higher food encounter rate and intake of ions involved in the calcification process, the coral nubbins located on the upstream part of the reef presented a significantly enhanced average growth and a lower expression of stress-related enzymes than the downstream ones. Yet, further experiments would be needed to fully quantify how the variations in water hydrodynamics modify particle encounter and ion intake rates by coral nubbins located in different parts of a reef, and how such discrepancies may ultimately affect coral growth. Nonetheless, the results acquired here denote that a reef influenced by a unidirectional water flow would grow into the current: a pattern of reef development that coincides with that of actual coral reefs located in similar water flow settings. Ultimately, the results of this study suggest that at the local scale coral reef morphology has a direct effect on coral growth thus, indicating that the spatial patterns of living CWC colonies in reef patches are the result of spatial self-organisation.

Benthic foraminifera in high latitude contourite drift systems (North Atlantic: Björn, Gardar and Eirik drifts)

Benthic foraminifera colonize a wide range of marine environments including contourite drift systems. Contourites form elongated sedimentary bodies deposited under persistent contour-parallel bottom currents, and certain suspension-feeding foraminifera benefit from the entrained nutrient load. Their distribution patterns have been shown to be highly valuable for reconstructing ocean circulation at mid-latitudes. However, comparable faunal studies from the high-latitude North Atlantic, a crucial region for global ocean circulation and the widespread deposition of contourites drifts, are missing. This study examines foraminiferal faunas >250 μm from surface samples of the Björn and Gardar drifts in the Iceland Basin and the Eirik Drift south off Greenland. It serves as baseline for understanding the biogeographic patterns of benthic foraminifera from high latitude contourites.The results show that four types of suspension-feeding species characterize different hydrodynamic environments. Bottom currents <3 cm s−1 at the Björn Drift sustain assemblages rich in the finely branching, erect species Saccorhiza ramosa and Rhizammina algaeformis, which capture food particles with a pseudopodial net. The northern Gardar Drift displays intermediate flow velocities up to 10 cm s−1 and is determined by tubular branching and facultative suspension-feeding species such as Rhabdammina abyssorum. Assemblages with abundant Rhabdammina abyssorum and Hoeglundina elegans colonize the southern detached and finer grained Gardar Drift. The Eirik Drift off Greenland with flow velocities of 12 to 22 cm s−1 displays a fauna different from the contourites of the Iceland Basin. Assemblages with attached Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Heterolepa broeckhiana largely determine the benthic community. Also attached species, but composed primarily of Cibicides lobatulus, Cibicides refulgens, and Cibicidoides pachyderma, settle at the Greenland continental margin in high energy areas with velocities up to 40 cm s−1.

Hydrodynamic role of substrate attachment in shaping the suspension‐feeding current created by the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata

AbstractAs in lamellibranch bivalves, individuals of the common Atlantic slippersnail Crepidula fornicata beat cilia on their gill filaments to produce a suspension‐feeding current. Having only one shell and no siphons with which to direct water flow, however, individuals of C. fornicata must adhere to a solid substrate to facilitate normal feeding. Thus, what hydrodynamic role does substrate attachment play in producing, regulating, and directing the suspension‐feeding current for this species? Here, a combined particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics study was conducted to address this question. Three findings were obtained: (1) Juveniles of C. fornicata (shell length 6.0–10.6 mm) whose foot was attached to a solid surface generated a strong, fan‐like exhalant current and an almost equally strong, convergent inhalant current, both being spatially well extended; (2) juveniles of C. fornicata that were prevented from adhering to any surface also generated a strong, fan‐like exhalant current but a much weaker and spatially limited inhalant current; and (3) whether or not they were attached to a solid surface, juveniles of C. fornicata had almost the same performance or system characteristics of the ciliary water pump, including the relationship between flow pressure rise Δp across the ciliary zone and volume flow rate Q, pump resistance Δp/Q, and pressure coefficient for laminar flow Cp,l. These results indicate that the primary hydrodynamic effect of substrate attachment in C. fornicata is to form a complete inhalant chamber with a narrowed opening, such that negative flow pressure develops in the inhalant chamber, and a strong, convergent, spatially well‐extended inhalant current is generated to effectively bring in food particles from farther distances and to reduce refiltration of the outflowing water. Finally, ecological trade‐offs are discussed regarding the two distinct shell configuration strategies: (1) that of the single‐shelled C. fornicata, with only a naturally formed exhalant chamber and opening but not a morphologically defined inhalant chamber and opening, and (2) that of two‐shelled bivalves, with naturally formed exhalant and inhalant chambers.

Case Report on Dengue Induced Myocarditis

Background: Due to the wide range of clinical symptoms, myocarditis is a difficult diagnosis. Myocarditis can range from mild to severe, resulting in congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and death. It predicts morbidity and mortality in dengue-infected patients. Case presentation: we presented a 12year old child who came to the pediatric department brought by mother with a chief complaint of high grade Fever insidious onset since 5 days, Episodes of vomiting non projectiles, non-foul smelling contain food particles since 5 days and pain in abdomen more in right hypochondrial region, non-radiating. He has a no previous history of hospitalization.During a physical examination Head to toe examination reveals few abnormalities; the kid is slim and skinny, with a dreary appearance. He is frail and uncooperative.. Though it found that he develop acute myocarditisand the patient treated with antibiotic, antacid , antipyretic, antidiuretic as well as antiemetic.Conclusion: Dengue-induced myocarditis is a serious condition. Through direct virus activity on cardiomyocytes, dengue virus can induce unusual symptoms such as acute myocarditis, cardiogenic shock, and death. Physicians caring for dengue patients should be aware of this potential result. Elevated cTn-I predicts length of stay and in-hospital death in dengue-infected patients. Diabetes, hypertension, low blood bicarbonate, high serum creatinine, and any echocardiographic abnormalities were all linked to poor outcomes in dengue-infected people.

Application of Automatic Colony Counter in the Detection of Dairy Products

Objective: To improve the counting efficiency and realize the traceability of raw data. The applicability, accuracy, precision and repeatability of the automatic colony counter were verified by experiments, Determine the applicability of colony count in the detection of dairy products and raw and auxiliary materials. Methods: The plate pouring method and test piece method are selected for verification test, including psychrophilic bacteria, aerobic spores, thermophilic aerobic spores, lactic acid bacteria count, total number of colonies, coliform, mold, yeast, Staphylococcus aureus and other items. The manual count is compared with the automatic colony counter to determine its feasibility, applicability and accuracy. Results: The colony count of normal Petri dish without background interference was compared with that of 3M test piece. The paired t-test was carried out by visual method and instrument method, <I>P </I>= 0.17, greater than 0.05. There was no significant difference in statistical results, and the colored medium had no significant effect on automatic counting. The counting effect of the instrument is poor when there are needle shaped colonies, the color of colonies is close to that of the culture medium, the contour of colonies is not obvious, the colonies spread greatly and the edges of colonies are irregular, there are food particles and colonies in the culture medium at the same time, or the color of colonies is close to that of food particles, which can not meet the accuracy requirements. Conclusion: For samples with uniform texture, the accuracy and precision of automatic colony counting are relatively good, the work efficiency is high, the operation time of experimental personnel is saved, and the original experimental data and images can be stored in the instrument for a long time. It is a counting method worthy of popularization in the laboratory. However, for the samples and culture medium with interference in the test verification, appropriate measures can be taken to change the counting conditions and manually correct the counting results of the instrument, but the counting efficiency will be reduced, and the laboratory can choose to use it according to the situation.

Modulation of tumor-associated macrophages in colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Intestinal macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the small and large intestine, which maintain intestinal homeostasis by clearing invading bacteria and dead cells, secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inducing tolerance to symbiotic bacteria and food particles. In addition, as antigen-presenting cells, they also participate in eliciting adaptive immune responses through bridging innate immune responses. After the intestinal homeostasis is disrupted, the damaged or apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells cannot be effectively cleared, and the infection of exogenous pathogens and leakage of endogenous antigens lead to persistent intestinal inflammation. Long-term chronic inflammation is one of the important causes of colitis-associated carcinogenesis (CAC). Tumor microenvironment (TME) is gradually formed around tumor cells, in which tumor associated macrophage (TAMs) is not only the builder, but also regulated by TME. This review just briefly summarized the role of intestinal macrophages under physiological and pathological inflammatory and cancerous conditions, and current therapeutic strategies for intestinal diseases targeting macrophages.

Surface crawling and pedal surface collecting in aquatic gastropods: A case of scientific amnesia

Aquatic gastropods, both freshwater and marine, often crawl along the water surface with the sole of the foot facing upward. Differential regulation of the activity of cilia on the sole turns the gliding mechanism into pedal surface collecting, by which food particles floating on the water are collected on the sole. Over the last 300 years, surface crawling and pedal surface collecting have been studied in numerous species, but the accumulated knowledge has fallen victim to scientific amnesia. Today, pedal surface collecting usually is considered a unique behaviour that evolved in the family Ampullariidae (Caenogastropoda), which includes the genus Pomacea with some of the globally worst invasive pests. Consequently it may appear feasible to tackle invasive Pomacea species specifically by delivering molluscicides via the water surface. Based on a review of our forgotten literature, I here argue that such an approach would have potentially devastating, unintended effects on native gastropod faunas.

A skew in poo: Biases in primate fecal isotope analysis and recommendations for standardized sample preparation.

Feces are a treasure trove in the study of animal behavior and ecology. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis allows to assessthe dietary niches of elusive primate species and primate breastfeeding behavior. However, some fecal isotope data may unwillingly be biased towardthe isotope ratios of undigested plant matter, requiring more consistent sample preparation protocols. We assess the impact of this potential data skew in 114 fecal samples of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) by measuring the isotope differences (Δ13 C, Δ15 N) between bulk fecal samples containing larger particles (>1 mm) and filtered samples containing only small particles (<1 mm). We assess the influence of fecal carbon and nitrogen content (ΔC:N) and sample donor age (subadult, adult) on the resulting Δ13 C, Δ15 N values (n = 228). Additionally, we measure the isotope ratios in three systematically sieved fecal samples of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus), with particle sizes ranging from 20 μm to 8 mm (n = 30). We found differences in fecal carbon and nitrogen content, with the smaller fecal fraction containing more nitrogen on average. While the Δ13 C values were small and not affected by age or ΔC:N, the Δ15 N values were significantly influenced by fecal ΔC:N, possibly resulting from the differing proportions of undigested plant macroparticles. Significant relationships between carbon stable isotope ratios (δ13 C) values and %C in large fecal fractions of both age groups corroborated this assessment. Δ15 N values were significantly larger in adults than subadults, which should be of concern in isotope studies comparing adult females with infants to assess breastfeeding. We found a random variation of up to 3.0‰ in δ13 C and 2.0‰ in nitrogen stable isotope ratios within the chimpanzee fecal samples separated by particle sizes. We show that particle size influences isotope ratios and propose a simple, cost-effective filtration method for primate feces to exclude larger undigested food particles from the analysis, which can easily be adopted by labs worldwide.

Hairy Tongue and Associated Risk Factors among Outpatients in Faculty Dentistry of Damascus University: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: The term hairy tongue was first coined by Amatus Lusitanus in the year 1557 as self-renewing hairs on the tongue. It is characterized by the presence of elongated filiform papillae of the dorsum of the tongue, which gives a hairy appearance, depends on two components: elongated filiform papillae and discoloration of the dorsal tongue as the result of both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The hair-like projections in hairy tongue are thought to develop from a lack of adequate desquamation on the dorsal tongue. This prevents the breakdown of keratin layers on the dorsal tongue leads to their accumulation, known as hyperkeratosis. This occurs on the tips of the filiform papillae and leads to their elongation to be a suitable environment for bacterial growth by trapping microscopic food particles and bacteria themselves to thrive on the fermentation of amino acids and produce porphyrins, resulting in a black or brown color.Materials and Methods: The study design was case - control sample, among patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine at the Faculty of Dentistry at Damascus University during the period from February 2021 to January 2022.Patients (n = 20). Individuals with hairy tongue were included in the study. Tongue examination was performed according to WHO clinically without biopsy, then data were collected through the attached questionnaire in both case and control groups. It included demographic information and complete history of the patients. Results: We found that the prevalence of hairy tongue increased with male gender, and was more common with fissured tongue 15%, we reported 70% of hairy tongue patients had the lesion in the posterior third of the tongue. There was a true statistically significant correlation between the hairy tongue and predisposing as 70% smoking, 80% poor oral hygiene, 20% use oxidizing mouthwashes, 45% xerostomia and 30% use antibiotics for a long time. Although we reported 90% of hairy tongue patients had no pain, but we recorded 35% had a metallic taste and tickling sensations, 25% had burning sensation, and 55% had halitosis. There was not real statistically significant correlation between the colour of the hairy tongue and gender but on the other hand we showed that 30% black hairy tongue patients were smokers, 45% brown hairy tongue patients drank large amount of tea and coffee, and 25% creamy hairy tongue patients used medications.Conclusion: To conclude, hairy tongue is an asymptomatic condition involving the posterior third of the tongue, which can be easily diagnosed by clinical examination and triggered by predisposing factors. A thorough detailed history is always necessary to obtain an accurate diagnosis to investigate the risk factors for establishing the successful treatment of hairy tongue.

S2654 Severe Rectal Bleeding due to Foreign Body Ingestion

Introduction: Foreign body ingestion is often seen in children and the elderly. Food particles such as chicken or fish bones are the most often ingested foreign bodies; however, most patients do not recall ingestion. Clinically, most foreign bodies pass through the GI tract without issue, however, complications occur in roughly 1% of cases. Complications of foreign body ingestion include bleeding, bowel obstruction, and perforation. We present a case of a 95-year-old female presenting with bright red blood per rectum found to have foreign body impaction with ulceration in the rectosigmoid region. Case Description/Methods: A 95-year-old female with past medical history of diverticulosis and GERD presented with a complaint of rectal bleeding. She had experienced 7 episodes of voluminous bright red blood per rectum with diffuse crampy abdominal pain. She had no history of previous GI bleeds. Her most recent colonoscopy was 25 years prior with diverticulosis only. DRE was positive for bloody stool and her hemoglobin was 10g/dL with a baseline of approximately 13. CT scan showed rectosigmoid wall thickening consistent with inflammation, diverticula and a metallic-like object in the proximal sigmoid colon (Figurea). The patient was started on piperacillin-tazobactam and prepared for flexible sigmoidoscopy occurring next morning. Endoscopy revealed areas of multiple diverticula, surrounding ulceration and bleeding in the rectosigmoid colon (Figureb); cold biopsy was taken of the ulceration. A foreign body was found in the sigmoid colon (Figurec) and was successfully removed with a Roth Net. The foreign body appeared to be swallowed chicken bone. Biopsy showed cellular debris and colonic mucosa with acute and chronic inflammation. Pathology identified the object as a bone fragment. Discussion: The differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding is broad, but rarely is foreign body obstruction in the rectosigmoid region considered. The object must traverse 25 feet of small bowel prior to ulcerating the colon. The most common sites of complication occur at the ileocecal and rectosigmoid regions due to luminal narrowing and anatomic angulation. If complication occurs, 10-20% of foreign bodies can be removed endoscopically; 1% or less require surgical intervention. Intestinal strictures, cancer, diverticular disease, and hernias increase risk of complications after foreign body ingestion. Diverticulosis was the only identifiable risk factor in our patient case making it a unique clinical presentation.Figure 1.: Images from left to right (1a) foreign body as seen on admission CT (1b) sigmoid colon ulceration with diverticula seen proximal (1c) foreign body as seen on approach.

Paedomorphosis and sexuality in Eulohmanniidae (Acari, Oribatida): surprising diversity in a relictual family of oribatid mites

The distinctive oribatid mite family Eulohmanniidae has been known almost exclusively from the type species of Eulohmannia, E. ribagai (Berlese, 1910), which is widely distributed in the northern Hemisphere where it inhabits fine humus, typically beneath forest litter and moss. We describe the morphological ontogeny of E. ribagai based primarily on material from New York—supported by specimens from Canada, Europe, and Asia—and correct errors in the literature. Ancillary biological notes relate to phenology, feeding biology, and reproduction; most important is the discovery of apparent sexual populations in the Pacific Northwest in this otherwise thelytokous (‘parthenogenetic’) species. Feeding seems to be preceded by secretion of a thick globule that captures food particles in the ventriculus, but this needs verification. Related nomenclatural actions include the clarification of purported synonyms and the proposal of species-rank for E. ribagai bifurcata Fujikawa. The latter was described as having several traits, including the purported presence of opisthonotal glands, that a study of type specimens show to reflect errors of observation or interpretation. A new diagnosis of Eulohmannia is informed also by preliminary observations on two as-yet undescribed species from Asia, one of which is apparently sexual, and the other paedomorphic in being monodactylous. We propose a new genus, Paedolohmannia n. gen., with P. metzi n. sp. as type, based on type material from Oregon, USA and additional material from California and Washington. The paraprocts of this species are formed by the adanal segment in all post-larval instars; it is only the second unequivocal example in Oribatida of the anal segment failing to appear during anamorphic development. This species also appears to be sexual, so it is unlikely that thelytoky was an ancestral trait of the family. Based on new information, the diagnosis for Eulohmanniidae is adjusted and expanded. Published inferences on the relationships of the family with other members of the paraphyletic infraorder Mixonomata, variously based on morphological and molecular methods, are reviewed and found inconsistent. While properly considered a relictual taxon, Eulohmanniidae is more diverse than previously thought, with the northeast Palaearctic and northwest Nearctic being regions especially deserving of more thorough sampling and genetic analysis.

571. ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION AFTER LOBECTOMY: PADLOCK CLIP TO THE RESCUE

Abstract Esophageal perforation or fistula is a devastating condition with diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to its rapid progression to mediastinitis or peritonitis, septic shock and multiorgan failure. Iatrogenic perforation is the commonest in this era. We hereby report a case of esophagopulmonary fistula following a right lower lobectomy which was successfully treated with endoscopic clipping. A 52-year-old man presented with productive cough and weigh loss for 2 weeks. Initial workup in another center revealed right lung lower lobe lesion and a right lower lobectomy was done. Saliva and food particle were noted in chest drain on post-operative day 2 due to esophageal perforation. Re-thoracotomy, washout and esophageal repair was done. An open window thoracostomy was created for further drainage and parenteral nutrition was initiated. Histology of the lobectomy specimen revealed actinomycosis of right lung. However, there was persistent leak from the esophagus with suspicion of esophagopulmonary fistula. He was then transferred to our center for further treatment. OGDS revealed a 5mm defect at right lateral wall mid thoracic esophagus, about 28cm from incisor, with healthy and supple surrounding mucosa. Contrast study revealed esophagopulmonary fistula. Esophageal defect was successfully closed with over-the-scope padlock clip (Steris). Repeat contrast study 1 week later revealed resolution of fistula. Sepsis and source control, nutritional support with restoration of gastrointestinal tract intergrity are key steps in the management of esophageal perforation. Endoscopic treatment is efficacious, less invasive, and with the advantage of organ preservation. Endoscopic clipping is safe and effective in selected group of patients with esophageal perforation or fistula.

Tiempo necesario para que las bacterias ruminales se adapten a los cambios en la dieta del ganado confinado: Revisión

The system of production in animals’ feedlot is an excellent strategy for periods of food scarcity and lack of space. In feedlot, concentrated diets with high levels of fast-digesting carbohydrates are used. This review was carried out with the objective of addressing the effect of feedlot diets on the ruminal bacterial population in cattle finished in feedlot. Ruminal bacteria respond rapidly to dietary changes, since they reproduce at intervals of less than 60 minutes. The time of colonization of ruminal bacteria indicates the speed that adhere and penetrate into the food. Rumen microorganisms can be associated with food particles at different times. The particle size of food is one of the important factors for degradation, since it determines the attack surface for microorganisms and directly influences the time of colonization of the food. There is a linear relationship between the body size of the animals and the rumination rate, evidencing that it relates the size of the rumen or digestive tract with the body weight of the animals. Restriction and ladder adaptation protocols are the most used by nutritionists in beef cattle in feedlot The inclusion of additives and probiotics is a valid strategy to improve utilization, as long as it is used at appropriate levels. To minimize the negative effects of changes in diets, it is necessary to gradually adapt the ruminal microbiota, either by the adaptation protocols by ladder or by restriction. Both protocols typically improve health and maximize the performance of animals with 14 days of adaptation.