Amorphous Carbon Particles Research Articles

Characterization of indoor and outdoor atmospheric pollutants impacting architectural monuments: the case of San Jerónimo Monastery (Granada, Spain)

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of atmospheric gaseous pollutants as well as composition, size, and morphology of particulate matter have been investigated at the monastery of San Jeronimo in Granada (Southern Spain). Complementary micro- and nano-analytical techniques were applied; elemental and mineralogical composition and morphological characteristics of particulate matter were investigated combining electron probe microanalysis at the single particle level, and bulk aerosol samples were analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microclimatic conditions at the monastery were monitored, and gas concentrations were assessed by means of diffusion tubes subsequently analyzed with ion chromatography. Results revealed high abundances of soil dust particles (aluminosilicates, calcite, dolomite, quartz), salt aerosols (chlorides, sulfates and ammonium-rich salts), and NO2 and SO2 both outdoors and indoors. Amorphous black carbon particles had surprisingly high abundances for Granada, a non-industrialized city. The composition of indoor particles corresponds to severe weathering affecting the construction materials and artworks inside the church; moreover their composition promotes a feedback process that intensifies the deterioration. Chemical reactions between chloride-rich salts and pigments from paintings were confirmed by TEM analyses. Indoors, blackening of surface decorative materials is fostered by particle re-suspension due to cleaning habits in the monastery (i.e. dusting). This is the first air quality study performed in a monument in the city of Granada with the aim of developing a strategy for preventive conservation.

Halides on Carbonaceous Materials for Enhanced Capture of Hg0: Mechanistic Study

Use of amorphous carbon particles impregnated with halides has been demonstrated to be very effective for the capture of elemental mercury (Hg0) from power plant flue gases. Despite the fact that the halides employed are not oxidants, the Hg0 captured is found to be in an oxidized form. Although this approach has been widely accepted for the control of mercury emissions, the mechanism responsible for enhancing Hg0 capture and subsequent oxidation is not well-understood. We investigated the chemistry of halogenated carbonaceous materials and propose a mechanism that appears to be able to explain both the enhancement of Hg0 capture and its subsequent oxidation. Interaction of microcrystalline graphitic structures in amorphous carbon with halide ions results in the formation of charge-transfer compounds, with halide ions withdrawing electrons from the graphitic lattice, making the carbon particle a stronger Lewis acid and resulting in the enhancement of its ability to attract electrons from the highly polari...

Friction and wear properties of rice husk ceramics under dry condition

The friction and wear behaviors of rice husk (RH) ceramics, prepared by carbonizing the mixture of rice husk and phenol resin at 900 °C in N2 gas environment, sliding against high carbon chromium steel (JIS SUJ2), austenitic stainless steel (JIS SUS304), and Al2O3 under dry condition were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The test results show that the friction coefficient of RH ceramics takes very low values 0.05–0.08 and 0.06–0.11 sliding against SUJ2 and SUS304, respectively, and much higher values around 0.14–0.23 against Al2O3. It was also shown that SUJ2 provides the lowest specific wear rate values below 10−9 mm2/N, while, those of SUS304 and Al2O3 mostly stayed between 10−9 to 10−8 mm2/N range. The worn surfaces of counterparts were observed with optical microscopy and analyzed using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron diffraction. It was suggested that the tribological behaviors of RH ceramics are closely related with the formation of a transferred film, consisted of amorphous silica and carbon particles, on a counterpart surface. The transferred film was formed readily on SUJ2 balls, whereas for SUS304 the presence of the film was subject of the sliding conditions. Moreover, formation of the transferred film could not be detected on Al2O3 counterparts.

High-Pressure Shock Tube Studies on Carbon Oxidation Reactions with Carbon Dioxide and Water

The heterogeneous reactions of solid carbon reacting with gaseous carbon dioxide and steam have been studied under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. The high-pressure shock tube facility at the University of Illinois at Chicago was used to perform experiments with post-shock pressures ranging from 40 to 412 atm, temperatures ranging between 1404 and 2534 K, and nominal reaction times of 1 ms. Amorphous carbon particles were injected into the shock tube by means of a particle injector specifically designed for these experiments. The carbon particles were injected into the shock tube containing mixtures of varying concentrations of H2O or CO2 in Ar as balance. The overall reaction rates have been calculated and compared to rates of previous theoretical and experimental values. The wide temperature range of the experimental conditions allowed for the observation of both reaction- and transport-limiting regimes. Using theoretical techniques for computing the species transport properties, the transition temperatures where transport dominates the reaction were determined and match the experimental results.

COLLAPSE OF MOLECULAR CLOUD CORES WITH RADIATION TRANSFER: FORMATION OF MASSIVE STARS BY ACCRETION

Most early radiative transfer calculations of protostellar collapse have suggested an upper limit of ∼40 M☉ for the final stellar mass before radiation pressure can exceed the star's gravitational pull and halt the accretion. Here we perform further collapse calculations, using frequency-dependent radiation transfer coupled to a frequency-dependent dust model that includes amorphous carbon particles, silicates, and ice-coated silicates. The models start from pressure-bounded, logatropic spheres of mass between 5 M☉ and 150 M☉ with an initial nonsingular density profile. We find that in a logatrope the infall is never reversed by the radiative forces on the dust and that stars with masses ≳100 M☉ may form by continued accretion. Compared to previous models that start the collapse with a ρ ∝ r−2 density configuration, our calculations result in higher accretion times and lower average accretion rates with peak values of ∼5.8 × 10−5M☉ yr−1. The radii and bolometric luminosities of the produced massive stars (≳90 M☉) are in good agreement with the figures reported for detected stars with initial masses in excess of 100 M☉. The spectral energy distribution from the stellar photosphere reproduces the observed fluxes for hot molecular cores with peaks of emission from mid- to near-infrared.

The contribution of carbon nanoparticles to the interstellar optical extinction

The contribution from different types of nanocluster is examined as being responsible for the inhomogeneous broadening in the normalized interstellar extinction curve. These are (i) molecules of aromatic hydrocarbons, (ii) particles of amorphous (diamond-like) carbon, (iii) particles of glassy carbon, (iv) particles of amorphous carbon encapsulated in glassy carbon and (v) particles of amorphous carbon containing graphitized inclusions. It is shown that particles of encapsulated amorphous carbon together with particles of glassy carbon may contribute to the absorption band at 217.5 nm (5.67 eV) for a ratio between the size of the amorphous carbon core to its overall exterior in the range 0.6–0.8. Particles of amorphous diamond-like carbon containing graphitized inclusions may contribute both to the 217.5-nm absorption band and to the absorption band located at ∼400 nm (3.09 eV).

Continuous synthesis of carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles with a minimum production of amorphous carbon

The continuous synthesis of carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles is described using an inductively coupled radio frequency thermal plasma torch. The synthesis uses the simultaneous vaporization of iron powder and a liquid carbon source in the plasma jet. It was found that the process parameters could be adjusted to minimize the amorphous carbon content in the product. It could be achieved using either aliphatic alcohols (processed in Ar plasma) or hydrocarbons (processed in Ar–O 2 plasma). In such circumstances the oxygen etches any amorphous carbon particles produced. Complete reduction of amorphous carbon was achieved when ethanol was used as a carbon feedstock.

Effects of H 2 plasma pretreated Ni catalysts on the growth of carbon nanotubes

Presented in this study are the effects of pretreatment temperature during H 2 plasma on synthesizing the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). A H 2 and CH 4 gas mixture with a 9:1 ratio was used as a precursor for the synthesis of MWCNTs on Ni-coated TiN/Si (1 0 0) substrates. The structure and composition of Ni catalyst nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) techniques. The present findings showed that denser Ni catalyst nanoparticles and more vertically aligned MWCNTs could be effectively achieved at higher pretreatment temperature during H 2 plasma. The results of Raman spectra and TEM indicate that the morphologies of MWCNTs transform from amorphous carbon to a crystalline graphite structure or finite-sized graphite structure, depending on the pretreatment temperature during H 2 plasma. In addition, TEM results suggest that H 2 plasma pretreatment can effectively reduce the amorphous carbon and carbonaceous particles. A decrease in the number of defects and optimized morphologies therefore is believed to play a significant role in improving the field-emission characteristics observed in the future.

Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by pyrolysis of solid Ni(dmg) 2

We describe the high yield synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the determination of the optimum production conditions. The method involves the catalytic pyrolysis of solid Ni(dmg) 2 under an Ar atmosphere. The obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The data revealed the formation of MWCNTs surrounded by a varying quantity of byproducts such as amorphous carbon and metallic particles, depending mainly on the reaction temperature. Pyrolysis of Ni(dmg) 2 at 900 °C results in the production of nanotube material with the highest degree of crystallinity.

Purification and separation of carbon nanocapsules as a magnetic carrier for drug delivery systems

Nanoparticles of iron carbides wrapped in multilayered graphitic sheets (carbon nanocapsules) were synthesized by electric plasma discharge in an ultrasonic cavitation field in liquid ethanol. The as-prepared material contained carbon nanocapsules but also included impurities such as amorphous carbon, graphite balls and flakes. These impurities must be removed to allow the development of applications for the carbon nanocapsules and, it is necessary to develop a suitable purification method to obtain samples of monodispersed carbon nanocapsules. Two purification methods were used. The first used a hydrogen peroxide solution and acid etching to remove the amorphous carbon and iron particles. These impurities were easily oxidized and dissolved in the solution and the graphite layers of the carbon nanocapsules were not damaged. The second used magnetic separation using permanent magnets to remove the graphite balls and flakes. Here, centrifugation was applied to separate the purified carbon nanocapsules around 100–200 nm in size.

Flame Synthesis of Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes Using CH4‐H2 Fuel Blends

Flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has the potential to become a cost effective, energy efficient and scalable method for large‐volume commercial synthesis. The in‐flame concentration of key particulate inception intermediates, i.e., CH3, C2H2, C3H3, and C5H5 can be tailored using hydrogen fuel blends to optimize and enhance the yield of flame synthesis processes. Additionally, synthesis of CNTs using hydrogen fuel blends (coal or biomass derived gases) creates new opportunities for efficient coal utilization and bi‐product synergism of coal‐fired power plants. This article reports an investigation on the synthesis of CNTs using H2 doped CH4 flames. For a baseline study, nanostructures formed in diffusion flames of 100% CH4 at different fuel flow rates have been analyzed. Initially the yield of nanomaterials increases with the increase in H2 doping in the fuel mixture. However, at higher H2 concentration (>10%) and flow velocity (Jet Exit Reynolds number >200), formation of nanostructures diminishes and H2‐CH4 flames produce amorphous carbon and soot particles. The maximum yield of nanostructures occurs at 95‐5% CH4‐H2 fuel compositions and 8.37E–07 m3/s (corresponding Jet Exit Reynolds number = 200). Raman analyses of the pristine samples show the existence of distinctive multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) D and G bands at 1321 cm−1 and 1595 cm−1, respectively. Infrared absorption measurements of vibrational line characteristics of CNTs also reveal the presence of C‐H bonds.

The Influences of H2Plasma Pretreatment on the Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition

The effects of H2flow rate during plasma pretreatment on synthesizing the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition are investigated in this study. A H2and CH4gas mixture with a 9:1 ratio was used as a precursor for the synthesis of MWCNT on Ni-coated TaN/Si(100) substrates. The structure and composition of Ni catalyst nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The present findings showed that denser Ni catalyst nanoparticles and more vertically aligned MWCNTs could be effectively achieved at higher flow rates. From Raman results, we found that the intensity ratio of G and D bands (ID/IG) decreases with an increasing flow rate. In addition, TEM results suggest that H2plasma pretreatment can effectively reduce the amorphous carbon and carbonaceous particles. As a result, the pretreatment plays a crucial role in modifying the obtained MWCNTs structures.

Structure‐Dependent Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Spun carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers have great potential for conducting and sensing applications owing to their unique, tunable electrical properties. Here we report the electron transport properties of neat, well-aligned CNT fibers spun from arrays of millimeter-long CNTs. The conductivity of asspun CNT fibers is around 595.2 S cm at room temperature, and its variation with temperature shows a semiconductive behavior from 300 to 75.4 K. The electron transport was found to follow a three-dimensional (3D) hopping mechanism. Importantly, it was found that chemical treatments may significantly affect the conductivities of as-spun fibers. Oxidizing the CNT fibers in air or HNO3 increased the conductivities, while covalent bonding of Au nanoparticles to the CNT fibers remarkably improved conductivity and changed conduction behavior. Conversely, annealing CNT fibers in Ar+ 6% H2 at 800 °C or under the CNT array growth conditions at 750 °C led to a dramatic decrease in conductivity. Owing to their conjugated and highly anisotropic 1D structures, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a fascinating new class of electronic materials from both theoretical and applied standpoints. The excellent conductivities of CNTs and their ability to carry very high current density, along with their high thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and mechanical strength, make CNTs uniquely promising for a broad range of applications, including building blocks for nanoscale electronic devices, microsensors for bio-agents and chemicals, and power cables for space shuttles. The electrical resistivity q of individual CNTs has been measured under ballistic conductions to be as low as 10 X cm for single-walled and 3× 10 X cm for multiwalled CNTs, respectively, indicating that CNTs may be better conductors than metals such as copper at room temperature. However, in most cases, due to the presence of various defects or impurities formed during the CNT growth, the conductivities of individual CNTs are often much lower than those under ballistic conduction with nanotubes free of defects. The electron transport in CNT assemblies is different from that in individual nanotubes. It has been reported that singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWNT) fibers, either synthesized directly by vertical floating chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods or extruded from a super-acid suspension, exhibit room-temperature resistivities in the range of 1 × 10 to 7 × 10 X cm, which is nearly 100 times higher than the resistivities of single nanotubes. The resistivities of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) fibers are typically one or two orders of magnitude higher than that of SWNT fibers. Such large differences between single nanotubes and fiber assemblies may arise from a high impurity content (such as amorphous carbon and catalytic particles) in the fibers, which may profoundly affect electron transport by causing significant scattering, and contact resistances between nanotubes. Therefore, two approaches can be used to improve the electrical conductivity of CNT fibers: 1) minimize the contact resistances between nanotubes by improving the alignment of CNTs and by increasing the lengths of individual tubes; 2) improve the conductivity of individual CNTs by post-synthesis treatments. Itwas the objective of the study reported here to use these two approaches to produce CNT fibers with high conductivity and to study the fundamental conduction mechanisms of the CNT fibers. Thin and clean CNT fibers (typically 3 lm in diameter) were spun from arrays of well-aligned, millimeter-long CNTs, which were synthesized using ethylene CVD on a Fe catalyst film. By measuring the resistance of CNT fibers at temperatures from 300 K to 75.4 K, we investigated the electronic properties of as-spun fibers and their possible conducting mechanisms. It was also found that the conductivity of CNT fibers could be tuned through mild post-treatments. The spun CNT fibers were post-treated with five different procedures: 1) Annealing in air at 480 °C for half an hour in an attempt to clean off the amorphous carbon, whose oxidation temperature is often around 400 °C. 2) Oxidizing in dilute 5 M HNO3 solution at 40 °C to cause a weak chemical C O M M U N IC A TI O N

Dielectric Properties of PMMA/Soot Nanocomposites

Dielectric analysis (DEA) of relaxation behavior in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) soot nanocomposites is described herein. The soot, an inexpensive material, consists of carbon nanotubes, amorphous and graphitic carbon and metal particles. Results are compared to earlier studies on PMMA/multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) composites and PMMA/single-walled nanotube (SWNT) composites. The beta relaxation process appeared to be unaffected by the presence of the soot, as was noted earlier in nanotube composites. The gamma relaxation region in PMMA, normally dielectrically inactive, was "awakened" in the PMMA/soot composite. This occurrence is consistent with previously published data on nanotube composites. The dielectric permittivity, s', increased with soot content. The sample with 1% soot exhibited a permittivity (at 100 Hz and 25 degrees C) of 7.3 as compared to 5.1 for neat PMMA. Soot increased the dielectric strength, deltaE, of the composites. The 1% soot sample exhibited a dielectric strength of 6.38, while the neat PMMA had a value of 2.95 at 40 degrees C. The symmetric broadening term (alpha) was slightly higher for the 1% composite at temperatures near the secondary relaxation and near the primary relaxation, but all samples deviated from symmetrical semi-circular behavior (alpha = 1). The impact of the soot filler is seen more clearly in dielectric properties than in mechanical properties studies conducted earlier.

Separating weak-localization and electron-electron-interaction contributions to the conductivity of carbon nanostructures

The effect of the modification of curvilinear carbon nanostructures (nanotubes) on their electrical properties has been studied. The samples were prepared using a special method of synthesis, which excluded the formation of amorphous carbon particles in multiwalled carbon nanotubes and in expanded graphite. Such materials exhibit a quadratic growth in the positive magnetoconductivity in the fields of up to B ∼ 1 T, which is not observed in the samples synthesized by usual methods.

Resistance of a Nanocarbon Material Containing Nanotubes

The results of the experimental studies of resistivity of a nanocarbon material (NCM), which contains carbon nanotubes (CNT), and also the amorphous carbon particles and nanographite are presented. The main efforts were aimed at the ascertaining the mechanism of NCM conduction with regard to their phase composition.

The effects of hydrogen plasma pretreatment on the formation of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

The effects of H 2 plasma pretreatment on the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by varying the flow rate of the precursor gas mixture during microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) have been investigated in this study. Gas mixture of H 2 and CH 4 with a ratio of 9:1 was used as the precursor for synthesizing CNTs on Ni-coated TiN/Si(1 0 0) substrates. The structure and composition of Ni catalyst nanoparticles were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). Results indicated that, by manipulating the morphology and density of the Ni catalyst nanoparticles via changing the flow rate of the precursor gas mixture, the vertically aligned CNTs could be effectively controlled. The Raman results also indicated that the intensity ratio of the G and D bands ( I D/ I G) is decreased with increasing gas flow rate. TEM results suggest H 2 plasma pretreatment can effectively reduce the amorphous carbon and carbonaceous particles and, thus, is playing a crucial role in modifying the obtained CNTs structures.

Effect of purification treatment on adsorption characteristics of carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are novel materials with porous-rich structures and superior adsorption characteristics. In this report, multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different diameter were synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Amorphous carbon particles were highly removed by thermal oxidation process. Microwave digestion acidic procedure was used to dissolve metal catalysts and open tip of carbon nanotubes. The opened-end multi-walled carbon nanotubes are expected to be much more porous with more gas adsorption sites. The results indicated that the BET surface area decreases with their increasing of diameter of MWCNTs. The effective surface area of carbon nanotubes processed by thermal annealing treatment can increase with the increasing temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C and 450 °C. Similarly, effective surface area of carbon nanotubes processed by microwave digestion acidic treatment can also increase with increasing processing time. Nitric acid can effectively absorb microwave energy and rapidly dissolve impurities in the carbon nanotubes during digestion process. The surface area increased about 30% with 20 min microwave digestion treatment time. However, microwave digestion acidic and thermal annealing treatments not only remove metallic catalysts and amorphous carbon particles and also increase effective surface area and the extent of purification of carbon nanotubes.

Ultrathin Single–Layered Membranes from Double–Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Substantive work has been carried out on microscopic and one–dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), owing to their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties and their attractive application potential. Macroscopic CNTs are also essential for diverse applications, such as composites, conductors, sensors, and catalyst templates. After the first preparation of 40 cm long single–walled CNT (SWCNT) strands, macroscopic CNT yarns have been fabricated by spinning well–aligned CNT arrays, directly spinning and pulling of CNTs in a reaction furnace, and chemical infiltration of CNTs. However, for applications with large two–dimensional lateral surface areas, such as field–emission displays, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, it is desirable to grow or transfer nanotubes directly onto an appropriate surface to form film–like structures with a controlled thickness. As a relatively new form of nanotubes, double–walled CNTs (DWCNTs) have attracted great research interest in recent years because of their unique coaxial structure and promising mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties compared to SWCNTs and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs). Recent advances in the large–scale synthesis of DWCNTs have made them attractive for a variety of applications. DWCNT “buckypapers”, about 2.5 cm in diameter and more than tens of micrometers in thickness, were obtained by infiltrating purified DWCNTs. We have previously developed a two–step purification protocol to obtain pure and clean DWCNT films, which retain their film–like structures after H2O2 and HCl treatments. It is well known that the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique can produce mono– and multilayered organic–molecule membranes, with controlled thicknesses ranging from about 1 nm up to tens of micrometers. LB films consisting of microscopic SWCNTs have indeed been fabricated from organic solutions. In this communication, we report a novel and simple approach, similar to the LB technique, to controllably fabricate two–dimensional DWCNT membranes of only a few tens of nanometers in thickness. The raw DWCNT samples, containing several to tens of thin layers, were prepared by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, described in detail in our recent paper. The black and sticky films with a thickness of several micrometers are comprised mainly of DWCNT bundles, together with amorphous carbon and catalyst particles coated with several layers of graphenes. Ultrathin DWCNT membranes could be obtained via a post–purification treatment and the generation process is illustrated in Figure 1. The raw DWCNT films (DWCNT–1) were first immersed into a H2O2 solution (30 %) for 72 h (DWCNT–2), which was followed by treatment in HCl solution (37 %) (DWCNT–3). The treated samples were then rinsed in distilled water until a pH value of 7 was reached. Addition of a few drops of ethanol or acetone to the purified DWCNT in water led to the rapid flotation of a DWCNT film to the water surface, which subsequently extended to a large thin film. The resulting film can be collected easily from the water surface with any substrate, such as a silicon wafer, copper grid, foil, or hollow metal ring, for further characterization and use. The thickness of the DWCNT film was effectively reduced by the H2O2 and HCl purification processes as the amorphous carbon and metal catalyst particles were successfully removed. The resulting membranes are so thin that they appear to be fully transparent. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization, which showed a single–layered structure and, thus, these films differ significantly from the as–prepared DWCNT samples. In order to understand the fundamentals behind the property changes of the DWCNT surface during the purification C O M M U N IC A IO N S

High-Concentration Trimethyl Phosphate-Based Nonflammable Electrolytes with Improved Charge–Discharge Performance of a Graphite Anode for Lithium-Ion Cells

We developed trimethyl phosphate (TMP)-based nonflammable electrolytes with a high TMP content exceeding 70% to increase the safety of lithium-ion cells with a graphite anode. TMP exhibits good oxidation stability and poor reduction stability at the graphite anode; therefore, we focused our efforts on suppressing TMP reduction decomposition at the graphite anode during charging. We selected a graphite material, named STG, with a surface partly coated by amorphous carbon particles to improve the TMP reduction stability. A new ternary mixed additive, vinylene carbonate vinyl ethylene carbonate cyclo hexane, was developed to exert a synergistic effect to improve the charge–discharge performance of the STG anode in TMP-based electrolytes. We further found that a high-concentration lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide , of was effective for suppressing TMP decomposition at the STG anode surface. Consequently, we were able to realize excellent cycling performance of an STG anode with over 70% TMP nonflammable electrolytes by applying the above approaches. This is the first report of such excellent performance of a graphite anode with high-content TMP-based nonflammable electrolytes.