The effects of Yb2O3 powder particle size, namely, 2000, 16, and 8 nm, on the physical and acoustic properties of a high-temperature-vulcanization (HTV) silicone (Q) rubber have been investigated in order to develop an acoustic lens material with a low sound velocity (c) and acoustic attenuation coefficient (α). The Yb2O3-doped HTV Q rubber with the large particle size of 2000 nm showed a density (ρ) of 1.6×103 kg/m3, with c = 828 m/s, characteristic acoustic impedance (Z) = 1.32×106 kg·m-2·s-1, α= 1.32 dB·mm-1·MHz-1, and an α-figure of merit (FOM) (α×c) of 1090 at 5 MHz at 37 °C. For the Yb2O3-doped Q rubber with the small particle size of 8 nm, ρ= 1.57×103 kg/m3, c = 864 m/s, Z = 1.36×106 kg·m-2·s-1, α= 0.68 dB·mm-1·MHz-1, and α-FOM = 590. The 16 nm Yb2O3-doped Q rubber had intermediate values of α= 0.88 dB·mm-1·MHz-1 and α-FOM = 760. These results show that there is a clear dopant particle size dependence on the acoustic properties of Yb2O3-doped HTV Q rubbers. The 8-nm-doped HTV Q rubber also showed an excellent mechanical properties for practical application. Microstructure observation revealed that the low-α rubber shows a uniform Yb2O3 nanopowder distribution in the HTV Q rubber matrix.