Particle Size Of Chitosan Nanoparticles Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl starch composite films reinforced by chitosan nanoparticles of different sizes

Edible films have provided a breakthrough in reducing environmental pollution caused by non-degradable plastics. The present work aims to prepare novel biodegradable films with improved mechanical and barrier properties. Three different sizes of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were prepared based on ionic gelation by changing the mass ratio of chitosan (CS): tripolyphosphate (TPP). Two concentrations of CSNPs (5 wt% and 10 wt%) were incorporated into a blend of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) to create CSNP-reinforced composite films. The physicochemical, mechanical, and barrier properties of the CSNP-reinforced films were evaluated to determine the effects of particle size on the HPMC/HPS composite films. Both concentrations of CSNPs improved the hydrophobic properties, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and permeability of the films. The contact angle of CSNP-reinforced films was increased from 51.9° to 77.3°. The temperature at which thermal decomposition occurred was increased by about 10 °C. The maximum increase in elongation at break was 19.57%, without reducing the tensile strength of the films. The water vapor permeability of the reinforced films was reduced by up to 32.99%. In addition, the particle size of CSNPs had a significant effect on the properties of the composite films. Compared with larger CSNPs, adding small CSNPs (CS: TPP mass ratio = 3:1) into the HPMC/HPS matrices can form a denser network structure of films, which can better enhance the barrier properties and mechanical properties.

Antimicrobial Activity, Physical Properties and Sealing Ability of Epoxy Resin-Based Sealer Impregnated with Green Tea Extract-Chitosan Microcapsules: An In-Vitro Study

Aim: To assess the effect of prepared green tea-chitosan microcapsules on the antibacterial efficiency against Enterococcus faecalis, the physical properties, and the sealing ability of resin-based endodontic sealer impregnated with these microcapsules. Materials and Methods: Green tea extract (GTE) and chitosan solution were prepared, then GTE was dissolved into this solution followed by precipitation of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) loaded with GTE. Microcapsulation of GTE-CSNPs was performed and the solution was prepared (3 % w/v concentration). Characterization of microcapsules was conducted using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The release of GTE at different pH values was evaluated. GTE-CSNPs solution was added to an epoxy resin-based sealer and the antibacterial activity was evaluated via direct contact test. The physical properties of the modified sealer were evaluated according to American Dental Association (ADA) specifications. Sealing ability was evaluated stereomicroscopically. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: FTIR and Zeta potential ensured the attachment between GTE and Chitosan. The particle size of CSNPs and GTE-CSNPs was around 20 nm, while microcapsules were greater than 1000 nm. A significantly higher percentage of GTE was released at pH 5 than pH 7.4, (𝑃 < 0.001). After sealer modification, the antibacterial evaluation showed significant decrease in optical density (𝑃 < 0.001). Also, the setting time, film thickness and microleakage were significantly decreased, however, the solubility was significantly increased (𝑃 < 0.001) but still within the acceptable limit of ADA specifications. Conclusions: GTE-Chitosan microcapsule is a proper natural candidate for improvement of sealer’s properties.

Investigations of curcumin release from chitosan nanoparticles by ultrasound waves and TPP concentration effects

The major active agent of the turmeric plant, which has extensive pharmacological activities, is curcumin, a dietary polyphenolic compound. As a potential medium for drug delivery, a nanoparticle chitosan polymer has been created. Chitosan is a low-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible and secure polymer used to produce nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles have been prepared using the process of ionic crosslinking. The mean particle size of chitosan nanoparticles was 180-200 nm in the range and curcumin encapsulation efficiencies were 82%. Ultrasound is a non-invasive means to administer medicines to the darkest areas of the human body. Cumulative release was studied in order to study how ultrasound allows curcumin to be extracted from chitosan nanoparticles. The effect of ultrasound and tripolyphosphate concentration on the release behavior of curcumin from chitosan nanoparticles is discussed in this paper. Using the ultrasound wave, drug release from chitosan nanoparticles was improved.

A review on factors affecting chitosan nanoparticles formation

Chitosan has been widely used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industries, due to its biodegradable, biocompatible, low toxicity, and mucoadhesive properties. Chitosan nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for delivery of drugs, herbal products, proteins or peptides and genes. The particle size of chitosan nanoparticles has an important effect on their properties in its pharmaceutical application. Smaller particle size can entrap higher concentration of therapeutic agents, improve drug stability and its bioavailability, and provide sustained delivery. Although diverse efforts have been made to obtain the chitosan nanoparticles and its potential pharmaceutical applications, optimization of the fabricating conditions and the comprehensive properties of the resultant chitosan nanoparticles is still an ongoing important study subject. In this review, we will describe several factors that affect chitosan nanoparticle formation specifically in ionic gelation method, such as chitosan characteristic, i.e. degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, and the ratio of chitosan-crosslinker, type and concentration of crosslinker, mixing procedure, and condition. We will also give an overview of the characterization process of the chitosan nanoparticles.

Formulation and evaluation of antifungal agent in a hydrogel containing nanoparticle of low molecular weight chitosan

The research aimed to formulate and prepare hydrogel of low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles with the help of antifungal agents such as clotrimazole and Nystatin for the topical application. Using the ionic gelation process, placebo and nanoparticles containing drugs were prepared. By cationic interaction is suitable for pH, and gel sodium tripolyphosphate is used as a crosslinker which cross-links the chitosan particles to form the gel, interaction between drug and polymer was observed during the formulation development. Formulated nanoparticle with chitosan and nystatin and clotrimazole showed the mean diameter 273.7nm, 983nm, and 501nm. Clotrimazole and Nystatin had encapsulation capacity was about 74.6% and 63.0%, respectively. In vitro drug release at pH 4.7 chitosan molecules are examined for the version of clotrimazole and nystatin.it has noticed that both the formulation shows sustained drug release about 12 hours. Using SEM, nanoparticles are directed for surface morphology character; it shows that nanoparticles are smooth and spherical in structure. Chitosan itself has the antimicrobial property; it was carried out for the antifungal activity against the fungus Candida Albicans along with the prepared formulations drugs for the comparative study. And the result showed that clotrimazole had maximum fungal growth inhibition next followed by the nystatin and chitosan is least. This inhibitory effect was due to the parameter such as zeta potential and particle size of chitosan nanoparticles. And it shows the least antifungal activity of nanoparticles, which are formulated from the TMC. Hence CTZ and Chitosan were formulated and applied as a natural antifungal agent into nanoparticle to increase the fungal activity. According to the ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines, stability studies are conducted to prove no degradation of the drug. The prepared formulation of chitosan nanoparticles based hydrogel incorporated with clotrimazole and nystatin are promising and significant properties for the efficient treatment of topical fungal infections

Effect of initial concentration of chitosan on the particle size of chitosan nanoparticle

Various applications of chitosan lead to the growing interest of researchers to synthesise chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) which exhibit enhanced properties. However, it is very challenging to synthesise CNP due to the many parameters involved in the synthesis process which can affect the size of CNP. This work aims to synthesise CNP and investigate the effect of initial concentration of chitosan on the particle size of CNP. CNP was produced via ionic gelation process with varying initial concentration of chitosan (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1% w/v). Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed the peak of amide shifted from 1629 cm-1 to 1635 cm-1, which confirmed the formation of CNP. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental analysis revealed the presence of phosphorus in CNP. The particle sizes of CNP were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the average particle size of CNP increased from 46.7 nm to 225.33 nm with the increase in initial concentration of chitosan from 0.3 to 2.1% w/v due to the agglomeration of CNP, as proven from the TEM images.

Removing of heavymetals from water by chitosan nanoparticles

Chitosan was prepared by deacetylation of chitin. The prepared chitosan has characterized bymolecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and ash %. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared byionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions. The structure and particle size of chitosan nanoparticles have confirmed via FTIR analysis and TEM imaging.The chitosan nanoparticles were used in water treatment to remove metal ions from sample contains 20 ppm from each Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Cu+2.The optimum conditions for this study were at 2 g/l of chitosan nanoparticles, pH 7 and 30 min of mixing time. Chitosan showed the highest performance under these conditions with removing percent 99.94% 80.85% 90.49% and 95.93% from Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Cu+2 respectively.

Characterization and toxicology evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles on the embryonic development of zebrafish, Danio rerio

In the present study, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared, characterized and used to evaluate the embryonic toxicology on zebrafish (Danio rerio). The average particle size of chitosan nanoparticles was 84.86nm. The increased mortality and decreased hatching rate was found in the zebrafish embryo exposure to normal chitosan particles and chitosan nanoparticles with the increased addition concentration. At 120h post-fertilization (hpf), the rate of mortality were 25.0 and 44.4% in the groups treated with chitosan nanoparticles and normal chitosan particles at 250mg/L, respectively. At 72hpf, the hatching rate in the groups treated with normal chitosan particles were lower (P<0.01) at 300 and 400mg/L than those of the corresponding control groups, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between the groups treated with chitosan nanoparticles and the control groups across all the addition concentrations. More abundant typical malformation of embryos was observed in the groups treated with normal chitosan particles compared with those treated with chitosan nanoparticles. The LC50 (medium lethal concentration) of chitosan nanoparticles was 280mg/L at 96hpf and 270mg/L at 120hpf. As for normal chitosan particles, the LC50 was 257mg/L at both 96hpf and 120hpf. The TC50 (medium teratogenic concentration) of the zebrafish treated with chitosan nanoparticles and normal chitosan particles were 257mg/L and 137mg/L, respectively. It indicated that the chitosan nanoparticles were relatively more secure compared with normal chitosan particles.

Possible Synergistic Effect and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Quercetin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induce Hepatotoxicity in Rats

This study was conducted to prepare chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs), to determine their properties and to evaluate the synergistic protective role of CNPs alone or in combination with quercetin (Q) against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 12 groups (7 rats/group) and were maintained on their respective diet for 3 weeks as follow: control group, the group treated with CCl4 (100 mg/kg b.w twice a week); the groups received CNPs at low and high doses (140 and 280 mg/kg b.w); the group received Q (50 mg/kg b.w); the groups received CNPs at the low or high doses plus Q and the groups treated with CCl4 plus Q and/or CNPs at the two tested doses. Blood and liver samples were collected at the end of experiment period for biochemical and histological studies. The results indicated that chitosan showed deacetylation degree of 17.5% and 19.2% and the molar mass average of monomer was 168.35 g/mol and 169.1 g/mol by UV and IR methods respectively. The particle size of CNPs was around 100 nm with a rough surface. The in vivo results revealed that CCl4 induced biochemical and histological changes typical to those reported in the literature. Animals treated with CNPs at the two tested doses alone or in combination with Q were comparable to the control. CNPs alone or plus Q succeeded to induce significant improvements in the biochemical parameters and histological picture of the liver in rats treated with CCl4. This improvement was in dose-dependent manner for CNPs and was more pronounced in the group treated with the high dose plus Q. It could be concluded that both CNPs and Q could induce protection against hepatotoxicity. Consequently, CNPs was a promise candidate as drug delivery in liver diseases treatments.

Chitosan nanoparticles loaded antibiotics as drug delivery biomaterial

Herein we describe the preparation, characterization and utilization of of chitosan nano particles for the intracellular delivery of the poorly cell-penetrating antibiotic e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Chlortetracycline hydrochloride and Gentamycin sulfate to improve their treatment of bacterial infections. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via the ionic gelation of chitosan with tri polyphosphate anions. Several parameters were studied to obtimize the particle size of chitosan nanoparticles, here we select the concentration of chitosan and the concentrations of sodium tri poly phosphate (TPP) as obtimizing parameters and the other factors stay constant such as pH of solution and ultrasonication time. Chitosan nanoparticles formed characterized by using FT-IR and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that chitosan nanoparticles and its loaded antibiotics kill and inhibits the growth of gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria tested due to nanoparticles structures, and the antibacterial activity increased with increasing the anti biotic content.

The Effect of Ultrasound Wave on Levothyroxine Release from Chitosan Nanoparticles

A nanoparticle polymer has been developed as a potential platform for drug delivery. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared with tripolyphosphate (TPP) by the ionic crosslinking method. The particle size of chitosan nanoparticles was in the range of 190-250 nm and encapsulation efficiencies of levothyroxine were 85%. The particle size was determined by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Shape and surface morphology were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). They revealed fairly spherical shape of nanoparticles. A non-invasive way to deliver drugs to the deepest parts of the human body is ultrasound. To study how ultrasound causes levothyroxine to be released from chitosan nanoparticles, cumulative release was examined. In this report, we explore the effect of ultrasound and tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration on release behavior of levothyroxine from chitosan nanoparticles. The drug release from chitosan nanoparticles was enhanced using the ultrasound wave.

Preparation and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles and magnetic chitosan nanoparticles as delivery systems using Box–Behnken statistical design

Chitosan nanoparticles and magnetic chitosan nanoparticles can be applied as delivery systems for the anti-Alzheimer drug tacrine. Investigation was carried out to elucidate the influence of process parameters on the mean particle size of chitosan nanoparticles produced by spontaneous emulsification. The method was optimized using design of experiments (DOE) by employing a 3-factor, 3-level Box–Behnken statistical design. This statistical design is used in order to achieve the minimum size and suitable morphology of nanoparticles. Also, magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized according to optimal method. The designed nanoparticles have average particle size from 33.64 to 74.87nm, which were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Drug loading in the nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has been done according to the presented optimal method and appropriate capacity of drug loading was shown by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Chitosan and magnetic chitosan nanoparticles as drug delivery systems were characterized by Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Mid Infrared spectroscopy (DR-FTMIR).

Effects of processing parameters on particle size of ultrasound prepared chitosan nanoparticles: An Artificial Neural Networks Study

The pharmacokinetic properties of chitosan nanoparticles have been shown to mainly depend on its particle size. The aim of this study was to concurrently evaluate and model the effective parameters, namely, chitosan concentration, buffer pH, amplitude and time of sonication, on the particle size of chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan solutions were prepared and sonicated with different values for the above mentioned parameters. The data were then modeled using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results illustrated that all four input parameters affect the size of prepared chitosan nanoparticles. While a reverse effect was observed between the size and the buffer pH as well as time and amplitude of sonication, the concentration was found to directly influence the particle size. The optimum condition to obtain the minimum size of nanoparticles in the range of 50–200 nm was found to be high values of pH and sonication time (i.e. approximately 4.9 and 500 s, respectively) and amplitude values of more than ~55.

Formulation of Vanillin Cross-Linked Chitosan Nanoparticles and its Characterization

Chitosan nanoparticles were successfully prepared by chemical cross-linking with vanillin. The nanoparticles were spherical in shape with smooth surface, and the average particle size of chitosan nanoparticles was 141 nm. The formulation of chitosan nanoparticles is based on Shiff reaction between aldehyde group of vanillin and amino group of chitosan. Chitosan nanoparticles prepared by crosslinking with vanillin are promising vehicle for the drug delivery of various anticancer drugs in the chemotherapy of cancers.