Particle Size Of Bentonite Research Articles

Determination of CEC value (Cation Exchange Capacity) of Bentonites from North Aceh and Bener Meriah, Aceh Province, Indonesia using three methods

Research on determination of value CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) Bentonite North Aceh and Bener Meriah with three methods has been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of CEC bentonite North Aceh and Bener Meriah. The methods used in this research were pH equilibrium, BaCl2/MgSO4 and the adsorption of methylene blue. These three methods used to determine, compare, and calculation of the CEC value and determine the effect of particle size of bentonite on the value of the CEC. Bentonite North Aceh and Bener Meriah sieved with particle sizes of 80, 100, 150, 200, 250 mesh. The results showed that determination of the value of CEC bentonite North Aceh using BaCl2/MgSO4 with a particle size of 250 mesh is the value of the highest, reaching 79.09 meq/100 g.

Investigation of Oleate-Diethylamine-Epichlorohydrin Copolymer as a Clay Swelling Inhibitor for Shale Oil/Gas Exploration

Oleate graft copolyammonium (OGCA) was prepared and its performance as a shale inhibitor was evaluated by bentonite linear expansion test, anti-swelling experiments, mud ball experiments in water-based drilling fluid. Anti-swelling results shows that anti-swelling rate of OGCA reaches up to 89.7% and OGCA has strong inhibitive capability to bentonite hydration swelling confirmed by the result of mud ball experiment. From the results it was found that both OGCA and modified starch have an excellent synergetic defiltration effect on the water-based drilling fluid. The good performance of OGCA as a shale inhibitor should be contributed to its good capacity of controlling the particle size of bentonite. The inhibition mechanism of the polyamine salt was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope.

Preparation and Application of a New Crosslinked Polyammonium as a Shale Inhibitor.

Despite the fact that a number of traditional shale inhibitors have been utilized widely in drilling operations, the same additive may be unfavorable for different drilling due to environmental protection requirements which limit scales of use. Hence, a series of polyammonium compounds was prepared from dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin, and melamine (DEM). To concentrate our efforts, we used both standard and extra methods to investigate the inhibitive properties of a melamine crosslinking agent using mud balls immersion tests, linear expansion measurements, laser particle distribution measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The anti-swelling rate of DEM-8 reached up to 92.3% when its concentration reached 0.8%. DEM-8 has strong inhibitive capability to bentonite hydration swelling. DEM-8 can affect the bentonite particle size at a large scale. It may adsorb on the surface of clay through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction by an anchoring effect and a hydrophobic effect. Compared with a blank solution, DEM-8 displays high inhibitive ability against the hydration and swelling of clay. The mud ball is more stable in DEM-8 solution and its swelling degree is very low compared with that of the control test. The inhibition mechanism of DEM-8 to shale can be deduced in that hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, and anchoring effect help to control the hydration and swelling.

Statistical design and kinetic and thermodynamic studies of Ni(II) adsorption on bentonite

The adsorption of the bentonite toward Ni(II) from aqueous solution was studied to obtain optimum conditions, equilibrium model, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Statistical method was used to evaluate maximum amount of adsorbed Ni (II). In this work, pH of solution during stirring, contact time, initial Ni (II) concentration, particle size of bentonite and amount of bentonite were considered as effective parameters which should be examined. The increase of temperature has negative effect on the Ni(II) adsorption. The equilibrium data were correlated well with Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models the correlation coefficients of which are (R 2) 0.994 and 0.971, respectively. This model indicates heterogeneous and chemical absorption or ion exchange process. The values of thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° of nickel adsorption reveal that it is a spontaneous, exothermic and associative process. The experimental data fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic very well with correlation coefficient (R 2) more than 0.995.

Graft Copolymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide and Acrylic Acid on Bentonite Colloids for In-Depth Fluid Diversion

A new cost-effective in-depth fluid diversion has been developed and reported. In this paper, the diverting agent is prepared successfully from natural bentonite particles that were modified with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and acrylic acid (AA) copolymers. First, bentonite particles were intercalated with small precursor molecules that contained functional groups. These precursors were used to reduce the bentonite particle size and introduce a vinyl group for subsequent polymerization. Then, poly(NIPAM-co-AA) was grafted onto hydrophilic bentonite through a free radical polymerization process. The grafted bentonite morphology, microstructure, and thermal stability were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, XRD, and TGA measurements. The particle dispersion stability and rheological properties have been investigated by using a turbidimeter and rheometer. Sand packs and core flooding tests were conducted to investigate the injectivity and determine permeability reductions. Exper...

Preparation and application of a glucose graft copolyammonium as shale inhibitor

In the paper, a shale inhibitor, glucose graft copolyammonium (GGPA), was prepared and evaluated by bentonite linear expansion test, anti-swelling experiments, mud ball experiments. The drilling fluid properties were evaluated. Anti-swelling results shows that anti-swelling rate of 0.8% GGPA reaches up to 94.5%. Mud ball experiment and drilling fluid evaluation showed that GGPA has strong inhibitive capability to bentonite hydration swelling. GGPA can control the particle size of bentonite. The inhibition mechanism of the polyamine salt was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results demonstrate that the GGPA can be adsorbed on clay surface through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds by an anchoring effect and a hydrophobic effect.

CARACTERIZACIÓN REOLÓGICA DE SOLUCIONES DE GELATINA CONBENTONITA Y ́ACIDO TÁNICO

This work aimed to study the effect of bentonite particle size, on the rheological properties of gelatin solutions with glycerol, bentonite, and tannic acid....

Removal of phosphate from water using six Al-, Fe-, and Al-Fe-modified bentonite adsorbents

This study was part of a larger effort that involves evaluating alternatives to upgrading secondary treatment systems in the United Arab Emirates for the removal of nutrients. In this study, six modified bentonite (BNT) phosphate adsorbents were prepared using solutions that contained hydroxy-polycations of aluminum (Al-BNT), iron (Fe-BNT), and mixtures of aluminum and iron (Al-Fe-BNT). The adsorption kinetics and capacities of the six adsorbents were evaluated, and the adsorbents were used to remove phosphorus from synthetic phosphate solutions and from treated wastewater. The experimental adsorption kinetics results were well represented by the pseudo–second-order kinetic model, with R2 values ranging from 0.99 to 1.00. Similarly, the experimental equilibrium adsorption results were well represented by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, with R2 values ranging from 0.98 to 1.00. The adsorption capacities of the adsorbents were dependent on the BNT preparation conditions; the types, quantities and combination of metals used; BNT particle size; and adsorption pH. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities of the six adsorbents ranged from 8.9–14.5 mg P/g-BNT. The results suggested that the BNT preparations containing Fe alone or in combination with Al achieved higher adsorption capacities than the preparations containing only Al. However, the Al-BNT preparations exhibited higher adsorption rates than the Fe-BNT preparation. Three of the six adsorbents were used to remove phosphate from secondarily treated wastewater samples, and the removal results were comparable to those obtained using synthetic phosphate solutions. The BNT adsorbents also exhibited adequate settling characteristics and significant regeneration potential.

Effect of Particle Size of Bentonite on Rheological Behavior of the Drilling Mud

Control of the particle size and concentration of particulates in mud is critical in developing a mud system that yields good well stability and prevents fluid invasion. Bentonite is an essential component of drilling fluid in water-based systems and the results of testing carried out on the drilling fluids suit the requirements of American Petroleum Institute (API) standards and Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA, 1975) specifications. Therefore, this study deals with the investigation of the rheology of water-based mud using bentonite of different grain sizes (38, 63, 75, and 106 μm) at different concentrations (4, 5, 6, and 7.5%). Four samples of water-based mud were prepared of different grain sizes (38, 63, 75, and 106 μm) at a concentration of 4% and the rheological behavior was recorded; this was repeated at different concentrations (5, 6, and 7.5%) and the particle size distribution was demonstrated for all grain sizes. This article illustrates that the components of flow, plastic viscosity, and yield point are absolute flow properties. They reflect the colloidal and surface-active behavior of solids present in drilling fluids. Both properties affect the apparent viscosity as measured by a Fann VG meter (Fann, Houston, TX).

Stability changes of Saudi bentonite suspension due to mechanical grinding

Raw bentonite (RB) from Saudi Arabia was grinded at different time (30, 60 and 120min) to evaluate stability changes of bentonite suspension due to induced progressive mechanical grinding. The mean particle size as well as the surface area and the zeta-potential (ζ) of the ground samples (G30, G60 and G120) were analyzed. Using the zeta-potential values, the maximum total interaction (VT/kTmax) between bentonite particles were calculated using DLVO theory to study the effect of grinding time on the stability of bentonite suspensions. The zeta potential of bentonite suspension in presence of different NaCl concentration was also investigated before and after mechanical grinding.With increasing grinding time the bentonite retained its crystalline structure as indicated from FTIR spectroscopy experiments. A reduction in the mean particle size of bentonite leading to increasing the specific surface and the ζ-potential by grinding continued up to about 60min. After 60min of grinding (120min), the mean particles size increased, so the surface area and the zeta potential decreased as a result of particles starting a reaggregation process in which adhesion forces act. The zeta potential of ground bentonite suspension (G30, G60 and G120) in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl has higher values compared to RB. As the time of grinding increases, the (VT/kTmax) increases from 1102 for RB suspension to 2476 KT for G60 suspension; that is, the maxima of the total interaction energies increases≈2.5 times more than that of the RB suspension. In conclusion the grinding of Saudi bentonite is easier to make down as a stable suspension than raw bentonite and that it displays better physical and chemical properties for new application purposes.

The Factors on Removal of Zinc Cation from Aqueous Solution by Bentonite

The removing zinc cation from aqueous solution by Ca-bentonite and Na-exchanged bentonite was studied. The factors such as the initial concentration of Zn2+, the liquid-to-solid ratio, pH, adsorption time, stirring speed, coexisting ions, temperature and bentonite particle size were investigated. The results show that the adsorption process of bentonite accorded with the Freundlich isotherm model, the removal of Zn2+ by Ca-bentonite and Na-exchanged bentonite reached equilibrium in 2 h, and adsorption of Na- bentonite was superior to Ca-bentonite. The adsorption rate of zinc increased with increasing pH, temperature, stirring speed, time span and with decreasing bentonite particle, the initial concentration of Zn2+ and the liquid-to-solid ratio. In mixed solution which contains Pb2+and Cr6+, Pb2+ has no influ- ence on the removal of Zn2+ by both the bentonites while Cr6+can decease it.

The role of bentonite particle size distribution on kinetic of cation exchange capacity

Natural bentonites are not fairly usable in processes where high cation exchange capacity is needed. In order to improve the cation exchange capacity of natural bentonite, alkali materials such as sodium carbonate are used in the activation process. Various factors affect the activation rate. One of the most important parameters that influence the kinetic of the activation process is particle size of starting raw materials. Therefore, in this study the effect of particle size distribution of starting material on sodium bentonite manufacturing was investigated in presence of sodium carbonate. The alkali treatment was isothermally carried out and the cation exchange capacity of activated clay was determined by methylene blue test. The values of activation energy and frequency factor, as number of active sites, were calculated. The kinetic results indicated that the activation mechanism in presence of sodium carbonate is controlled by density of active sites. The optimum activation time was computed for each condition, and FTIR, XRD and TG measurements were carried out to confirm qualitatively the kinetic results at optimum conditions.

Application of Clay for Petrochemical Wastewater Pretreatment

Abstract Petrochemical industry wastewater is contaminated with nitrogen and phosphorous compounds, mainly ammonium and ammonium nitrogen, and therefore needs treatment before it is released in the watercourse. Usually, petrochemical wastewater treatment is carried out following the ion exchange principle. One of the possibilities of petrochemical wastewater pretreatment is using bentonite clays. Bentonite decreases the concentration of ions in the incoming wastewater and, as a consequence, the ion exchanger placed subsequently works more efficiently. The experiment was carried out with alkali-activated granulated bentonite and acid-activated granulated bentonite. In this work, bentonite particle size, the quantity and the type of bentonite, as well as the time of the contact of bentonite and wastewater were optimized. It was found that the highest percentage of ion removal of 83% for ammonia ions and 71% for phosphate ions was accomplished when the model solution was treated with a mixture of acid- and alkali-activated bentonite for 5 minutes.

Effect of particle size on the diffusion behavior of some radionuclides in compacted bentonite

For performance assessment of bentonite buffer material in geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste, the particle size of bentonite and its effect on the diffusion behavior of radionuclides in compacted bentonite were studied. Bentonite samples with different particle sizes were prepared, and characterized by the BET and EGME methods for specific surface areas, by the laser diffraction/scattering particle size analysis for particle size distribution, and by SEM observations. Apparent and effective diffusion coefficients of tritiated water (HTO), Cl − ions and Cs + ions in compacted bentonite were also determined using bentonite samples with different particle sizes. With HTO and Cl − ions, there were higher diffusion coefficients in fine grained samples, but opposite particle size effects were observed with Cs + ions. These findings cannot be explained by the conventional pore water diffusion model, and suggest a different diffusion process for Cs + ions and also at higher dry density region.