Alloy Particle Size Research Articles

Numerical optimization of cold gas dynamic spray process parameters through response surface methodology

ABSTRACT Copper-Zinc and its alloys are extensively used for the corrosion protection of the metal substrate surfaces like steel. Cold gas dynamic spraying (CGDS) is a material coating technique in which metal particles directly adhere to the substrate surface at a relatively low temperature. Numerical simulation (CFD) is a better alternative to understanding CGDS as compared to experimental data due to less expenditure and less energy consumption in CFD. Optimisation of CGDS can be done either by varying the process parameters or by improving the design of the de-Laval nozzle. In this study, the Response Surface Methodology (Central Composite Design) was used to optimise cold spray deposition efficiency by using a 2-D axisymmetric model by varying the process parameters such as carrier gas temperature, stand-off distance, and particle size. Various models were used to predict the critical velocity and erosion velocity. All the process parameters under consideration were found significant in analysing the model by ANOVA. Copper-Zinc Alloy (C93200) particle size is varied from 2.96 µm to 87.04 µm and carrier gas temperature is varied from 287.78K to 708.22K. With the increase in carrier gas temperature and particle size diameter, critical velocity decreases resulting in improved deposition efficiency.

Tuning the performances of smoke-light signaling agents by Zn-Mg alloys

In this study, the thermal behavior, combustion behavior, and smoke/light signal effects of smoke-light signaling agents were regulated using Zn-Mg alloys with different Mg contents (10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, 50 wt%, 70 wt%) and particle sizes (100–200 mesh, 200–325 mesh, >325 mesh) under an oxygen balance of −20. The Zn-Mg alloy’s morphology and phase composition were characterized using SEM/EDS and XRD. The thermal performance was analyzed with TG/DSC, while the combustion process was recorded using high-speed camera and infrared thermal imaging. The visible light spectrophotometer and smoke chamber experiment tested the smoke and light effects. The results showed that increasing Mg content raised the combustion temperature to over 1400 °C, enhanced luminous intensity to over 5000 cd, reduced solid residue to under 6 %, and shortened combustion time from 7.9 s to 2.24 s. Smaller particle sizes also improved these effects. Alloys with higher Zn content produced denser smoke but had higher solid residue. This study demonstrates the potential for precise control over combustion and smoke-light effects by adjusting alloy composition and particle size, making Zn-Mg alloys promising candidates for future pyrotechnic formulations.

Coupling geometric and electronic engineering over RuNi ultrafine alloys for fast boosting hydrolytic dehydrogenation of NH3BH3

Developing a suitable catalyst for ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) hydrolysis and clarifying the catalytic mechanism are essential and challenging at present. In this work, RuNi nanoalloys are supported on an N/O co-coped glucose-derived carbon (g-C) with the adsorption-NaBH4 reduction method. Attributed to the particular geometric and anchoring effects, as well as the improved hydrophilicity of the multi-level porous support, the RuNi alloys are highly and firmly confined in the framework of g-C. Specifically, the optimal Ru0.25Ni0.75@g-C with an average alloy particle size of 1.4 nm exhibits pleasurable specific hydrogen evolution rate (437,990 mL min−1 gRu−1) and turnover frequency (1612.37 min−1) in NaOH aqueous solution (1.5 M) at 303 K, superior to the corresponding monometallic counterparts (i.e., Ni@g-C and Ru@g-C) and many previous results. In addition, apart from satisfactory durability, the optimal alloy catalyst delivers an encouraging apparent activation energy (28.1 kJ mol−1). Our work not only explains the geometric and electronic effects on the catalytic performance but also offers a promising catalyst for hydrogen release from liquid-phase AB.

MOF-derived Cu based materials as highly active catalysts for improving hydrogen storage performance of Mg-Ni-La-Y alloys

Higher initial (de)hydrogenation temperature and sluggish kinetics are the main bottlenecks to develop Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys with high hydrogen capacity. One of the effective methods of solving these problems is introducing additives to enhance (de)hydrogenation kinetics and decrease particle sizes to lower (de)hydrogenation temperatures. In this work, Mg85-Ni10-La4.5-Y0.5 alloy doped with Cu@C nanoparticles is prepared, which could enhance (de)hydrogenation kinetics via introducing Cu nanoparticles as a catalyst and reduce the alloy particle sizes via acting as a grinding agent to lower (de)hydrogenation temperature. The results indicate the dehydrogenation temperature of the modified Mg85-Ni10-La4.5-Y0.5 composite could be decreased to 308.5 °C, absorb 4.73 wt% H2 at 220 °C within 1 min and release 5.01 wt% H2 within 4 min at 300 °C. Moreover, the capacity retention could be maintained around 98.8% after 10 cycles at 300 °C, superior than those of Mg85-Ni10-La4.5-Y0.5 and milled-Mg85-Ni10-La4.5-Y0.5. DFT results and characterizations suggest that in-situ formed Mg2Cu could accelerate the dissociation of Mg-H bonds and the presence of amorphous carbon in Mg-Ni-La-Y-Cu system will further synergistically improve the (de)hydrogenation kinetics of Mg85-Ni10-La4.5-Y0.5. Reduced particle sizes under the aid of carbon frameworks also help introduce boundaries of the particles and shorten hydrogen diffusion pathways.

Effects of Al2O3 and Cr2O3 on the microstructure and properties of Mo alloys prepared via vacuum sintering

The dilemma of strength and ductility of Mo alloy at ultra-high temperature (above 1300 °C) limits its application in space reactors and other high-temperature environments. Single oxide enhancement has been unable to meet these use requirements. In this research, a strategy of synergistic reinforcement of Mo alloys with nanosized Al2O3 and Cr2O3 ceramic particles was proposed. A 300−400 nm Mo alloy powder was prepared by liquid‒solid doping, and in situ self-generated nanosized oxides were obtained. The grain size of vacuum sintered Mo alloy was very fine, at only 5.3 μm, which was one tenth of the particle size of commercial Mo alloy. Al2O3 and Cr2O3 particles were distributed in the grains of the Mo matrix, which effectively prevented the growth of Mo grains during vacuum sintering and reinforced the Mo alloy. The maximum flow stress of the Mo–Al2O3–Cr2O3 alloy reached 367 MPa at 1000 °C/1 s−1, which was better than that of the single-oxide reinforcement. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the Mo–Al2O3–Cr2O3 alloy was 862 MPa, which was twice that of pure Mo. The preparation process is simple and available for industrial production. Synergistic strengthening of multiple oxides will be the best strategy for strengthening refractory alloys in the future.

Potential of (La-)NiCu catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of 4-(2-furanyl)-3-buten-2-one into fuels: Investigation of support and La addition

Aiming at the valorization of furfural-derived compounds, the potential of (La-)NiCu catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of 4-(2-furanyl)-3-buten-2-one has been assessed. The impact of support acidity and the effects of modifying the support with La have been explored. While catalysts with non-acidic supports solely lead to hydrogenation, the acid sites enable furanic ring opening. Additionally, changing the support alters the metal-support interaction strength, with stronger interactions reducing the NiCu alloy particle size and increasing activity. Furthermore, according to Density of States calculations, La further enhances the hydrodeoxygenation activity by increasing the adsorption strength. Also, for the acidic supports, it increases the relative abundance of NiCu alloy on the support surface, further increasing the specific activity. The La-NiCu-Al catalyst demonstrated was the best performing catalyst at 200 °C and 40 bar H2, achieving a high conversion rate of 77 mol kgcat−1 h−1 with a combined selectivity of 29 % towards octane and BTHF at 99 % conversion, and stability over 5 hours Time-On-Stream. Additionally, isopropyl alcohol proved to be an excellent hydrogen donor, as the external H2 pressure does not substantially impact the catalyst activity and selectivity, but H2 itself proved to be important for the catalyst stability.

Tailoring hydrophilicity and electronic interactions and transfer: Enhancing hydrogen production through size-tuned CuNi alloys

Investigating eco-friendly, effective, and economical cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution remains a significant challenge. In this research, different methods were utilized to synthesize CuNi nanoalloys of varied particle sizes supported on Al-doped SrTiO3 (Al-STO), delving into the effects of CuNi alloy particle size, catalyst material hydrophilicity, and charge dynamics on photocatalytic efficiency. The study meticulously examined how different particle sizes of CuNi alloys impacted the photocatalytic activity of Al-STO, noting that larger CuNi alloy nanoparticles significantly enhance and stabilize photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, achieving a rate of 58.14 µmol/h. A detailed comparative analysis was also conducted, focusing on the nanoalloys' distribution, elemental composition, and optical characteristics, thereby elucidating the critical role of particle size in influencing the physicochemical properties of CuNi nanoalloys. Furthermore, comprehensive Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to confirm the robust interactions between the alloy and support, as well as the electronic synergies within the CuNi alloy components. These interactions are shown to greatly affect charge transfer efficiency and the adsorption energy of the reactants, such as water molecules. This investigation paves the way for adopting non-precious bimetallic cocatalysts in efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production, offering valuable insights for future clean energy research endeavors.

Stabilization of permalloy nanoparticles for syringe printable inductors

Additive manufacturing has the potential to fabricate custom parts with complex shapes. For syringe printing, there is a possibility for printing filaments consisting of different materials on a single tool. Additively manufactured electronics is a major field of investigative research, where filaments contain nanoparticles to tailor properties, such as metal to improve magnetic permeability. This study investigates syringe printing parts with high magnetic permalloy (Ni80Fe20) nanoparticle content (>35 vol%) and the properties of inductors printed from these inks. Two different metal alloy particle sizes of 250 nm and 30 nm are synthesized to observe the effect of particle size on stability. Zeta potential and settling behavior are observed to discern how coating procedures enhance particle stability in water. Permalloy nanoparticle inks are concentrated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to increase viscosity and glycerol to decrease evaporation rates while printing. It is found that PEG and glycerol stabilize 30 nm permalloy nanoparticles in addition to increasing ink viscosity. Permalloy nanoparticle inks are printed into toroid shapes demonstrating the feasibility of fabricating useful three-dimensional magnetic structures. These inductors exhibited an inductance of 180 nH at 30 MHz.

NiCu-based catalysts for the low-temperature hydrodeoxygenation of anisole: Effect of the metal ratio on SiO2 and γ-Al2O3 supports

The effects of the metal ratio of NiCu catalysts on the low-temperature hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole were assessed on a neutral SiO2 and an acidic γ-Al2O3 support. The activity of SiO2-supported catalysts increases with the Ni content in the NiCu phase, related to Ni’s hydrogenation capacity. In contrast, on a γ-Al2O3 support, the activity decreases with the Ni content. Overall, Al2O3-supported catalysts, exhibiting a smaller NiCu alloy particle size, are more active than SiO2-supported ones. In terms of selectivity, SiO2-supported catalysts mainly hydrogenate anisole to methoxycyclohexane, while, particularly at higher conversions, γ-Al2O3-supported catalysts are able to further convert methoxycyclohexane to cyclohexane, demonstrating the importance of acid sites for low-temperature HDO. The Ni/Cu ratio also steers the selectivity, but not the catalyst stability. Deactivation phenomena are only support dependent: while on SiO2-supported catalysts, active site sintering occurs, attributed to weak stabilization of metal particles by the support, acid catalyzed coking is the main cause of deactivation on the γ-Al2O3-supported catalysts.

Production of jet fuel range hydrocarbons using a magnetic Ni–Fe/SAPO-11 catalyst for solvent-free hydrodeoxygenation of jatropha oil

A novel, multifunctional Nix–Fe/SAPO-11 catalyst was synthesized and characterized, and its activity was evaluated for the solvent-free hydrodeoxygenation of jatropha oil. The catalyst has a spherical structure and moderate acid strength, and exhibited excellent cyclization and deoxidation activity. The inclusion of iron facilitated the dispersion of active components. Consequently, the iron-nickel alloy particle size remained small, resulting in an optimal distribution of the product. The composition of the products is linear alkanes (59.83%), isoparaffins (4.16%), aromatics (8.41%), and naphthenes (12.03%), where jet fuel components are relatively high, accounting for 55.04% of C8–C16 hydrocarbons. Interestingly, the iron present in the catalyst allowed the use of an external magnetic field for the rapid separation and recycling of the catalyst. Despite multiple uses, the recycled catalyst maintained high activity following five cycles, with hydrocarbon content consistently above 85%. The synergic effect of the metallic and acid sites of the catalyst, let to realize one-pot hydrodeoxygenation, isomerization, aromatization, and cracking of substrate forming bio-jet fuel range hydrocarbons.

Fe(81-x-y)Si9B10CxCry amorphous magnetic powder fabricated by gas-water coupled rapid-setting sedimentation atomization

In this study, Fe(81-x-y)Si9B10CxCry (x = 0, 2, and y = 0, 2, at.%) amorphous powders with high sphericity were prepared using a gas-water coupled rapid-setting sedimentation atomization (GWC) device. The morphology and internal structure of the Fe(81-x-y)Si9B10CxCry amorphous powder are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the alloy composition and particle size have a significant effect on the sphericity and glass forming ability (GFA) of amorphous powders. The Fe79Si9B10C2 and Fe77Si9B10Cr2C2 amorphous powders under 45 μm have formed a completely amorphous structure. However, the Fe81Si9B10 amorphous powders above 30 μm were partially crystallized. Among the three groups of amorphous powder samples, the Fe81Si9B10 amorphous powder with the highest saturation magnetization, the Fe77Si9B10Cr2C2 amorphous powder had the lowest core losses and the Fe79Si9B10C2 amorphous powder exhibited the best comprehensive performance.

Fe-Si alloys production and alumina extraction from coal fly ash via the vacuum thermal reduction and alkaline leaching

The comprehensive utilization of coal fly ash (CFA) has attracted extensive attentions owing to increasing awareness of environmental protection and secondary resource recycling. In this paper, a vacuum thermal reduction followed by magnetic separation and alkaline leaching was employed to produce FeSi alloys and extract alumina from CFA. The effects of Fe/Si ratios on the reduction of silica-containing phases in CFA and the magnetic separation of FeSi alloys were investigated. The results show that the reduction of metakaolinite and quartz in CFA was strengthened by increasing the Fe/Si ratios from 1.0 to 2.0, which makes the mean particle size of FeSi alloys increased from 14.11 μm to 20.54 μm. The magnetic separation efficiency of FeSi alloys was mainly depended on the Fe/Si ratios. As the Fe/Si ratios increased from 1.0 to 1.4, the magnetic separation efficiency increased from 79.68% to 89.03%; however, it decreased to 82.90% as the Fe/Si ratios further increased to 2.0. Meanwhile, the alumina extraction from non-magnetic fraction using the alkaline leaching was also studied. It is proved that the leaching rate of alumina can reach 96.95% under the optimal conditions. Compared with the traditional routes, the proposed process shows a good prospect for environmentally friendly utilization of CFA.

Influence of heat treatment on the phase transformation, thermodynamical parameters, crystal microstructure, and of Cu-Al-X (X: Cr, Ti) shape memory alloys

Shape memory alloys are known for their ability to return to their original shape under the influence of external factors (temperature, magnetic field and mechanical stress). Although NiTi-based alloys come to mind first when the shape memory effect is mentioned, CuAl-based alloys are very popular alternatives. The low cost of copper-based alloys is the biggest reason to study. In this study, the heat treatment effects of Cu-Al-X (X: Cr, Ti) (% weight) on some thermodynamic parameters, crystal structure and microstructure of shape memory alloy were investigated at three different temperatures (973 K, 1073 K and 1173 K). The changes in the thermal transformation of the samples were determined by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and the changes in the crystal structure were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and optical microscope device. According to DSC measurement, the temperature hysteresis of the samples decreased after the heat treatment. Besides, as the entropy change decreased, the thermal stability of the samples increased. It can be seen that the particle size of the CuAlCr alloy decreased with increasing temperature. The particle size of the CuAlTi alloy increased with increasing temperature. SEM and optical images showed that chromium (Cr) was more dissolved in the alloy compared to titanium (Ti) into CuAl alloy.

Effect of Zn on performance of Ni/SiO2 for hydrodeoxygenation of anisole

Herein, SiO2 supported metallic Ni (Ni/SiO2) and bimetallic Ni-Zn (NixZn/SiO2) (x represents the Ni/Zn atomic ratio) catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and their activities were tested in vapor phase hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole under 0.1 MPa. The characterization results show that Ni-Zn alloy forms in NixZn/SiO2 after reduction at 550 °C, and a suitable Ni/Zn atomic ratio (30) leads to smaller alloy particle size and consequently more H2 adsorption amount than others. In the HDO reaction, the formation of Ni-Zn alloy facilitates the direct deoxygenation pathway and suppresses CO methanation and C−C bond hydrogenolysis, which is ascribed to the isolation effect of the Ni atoms by the oxophilic Zn ones. Ni30Zn/SiO2 gives not only higher anisole conversion but also higher selectivity to benzene than Ni/SiO2. Therefore, the introduction of a suitable amount of oxophilic Zn in Ni/SiO2 promotes the HDO of anisole to benzene. Finally, we propose that the Ni30Zn/SiO2 deactivation is related to the oxidation of Ni-Zn alloy and carbon deposition on the catalyst surface.

Ruthenium-doping-induced strong electromagnetic loss in FeCo nanoparticles by orbital hybridization and electron transmission

Ferromagnetic metal/alloy particles are widely used in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. Doping is an effective means of modulating the electromagnetic properties of magnetic metals and alloys. In this study, (Fe3Co7)1−xRux nanoparticles with different Ru doping contents are prepared using a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted liquid-phase reduction process. First-principles calculations reveal that strong electron-orbit hybridization occurs between Ru-4d and Fe/Co-3d owing to the strong spin-orbit coupling effect of Ru-4d orbital electrons. This generates a space charge distribution and carries a magnetic moment of 1.80 hbar/2. The use of Ru doping results in a reduction in FeCo alloy particle size from 1.5 µm to 200 nm, slight decrease in the saturation magnetization from 179 to 152 emu/g, and increase in the electrical conductivity from 2.79 × 10-4 to 6.62 × 10-4 S·cm-1. The dielectric and magnetic loss values vary from 0.22 to 0.95 and 0.06–0.37, respectively, in the 2–18 GHz frequency range. Ru doping-induced dipole polarization relaxation, exchange resonance, and increased conductivity loss are the primary reasons for the enhanced electromagnetic loss of the material. When the level of Ru doping x reaches 0.10, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) increases from − 21.5 to − 41.9 dB. Thus, (Fe3Co7)1−xRux is a promising material for electromagnetic loss due to its tunable composition, size, conductivity, magnetic properties, and excellent electromagnetic loss capability.

Synthesis of Platinum-Rare Earth Metal Alloy Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells are based on noble metals and can be promoted by development of alloys of platinum with e.g. late transition metals such as Ni and Co.[1,2] It has been reported that Pt alloys with rare earth (RE) metals exhibit remarkable activity and high stability towards the oxygen reduction reaction.[3] Due to the very low standard reduction potentials and high oxophilicity of rare earth metals, preparation platinum alloys in form of nanoparticles meets great challenges for chemical routes of co-reduction. A one-step method is recently developed to prepare Pt−RE nanoalloys from a mixture of solid state precursors consisting of metal halides in their hydrate forms, a suitable nitrogen-rich compound and a carbon support.[4,5] The synthesis involves in situ formation of a carbon-nitrogen network, onto which the two metals are atomically dispersed. The coordination with nitrogen sites stabilizes the metals, which, upon thermal decomposition under a mild reducing atmosphere, leads to the formation of Pt-RE nanoalloys. The carbon support is introduced either as carbon blacks or carbon supported platinum powder. The pre-formed, either in or ex situ, platinum nanoparticles, facilitates the reduction of rare earth metals thermodynamically driven by the negative alloying free energy. A series of pure crystal phases such as Pt5RE (e.g. La, Ce, Nd), and Pt3RE (e.g. Y, Gd, Tb) have been synthesized in form of carbon supported nanoparticles with tunable metal loadings and alloy particle sizes. One of the typical catalysts is the Pt5Ce/C in a metal to carbon ratio of 30 wt% and an average alloy particle size of ca. 5.5 nm which exhibits an area specific activity of 3.7 times and a mass activity of 1.9 times higher than those of the Pt/C analogue. Further understanding and improvement of the process are in progress and the updated results will be presented in this talk.[1]. J. K. Norskov et al., Nature Chemistry 1, 37-46 (2009)[2]. X. Q. Huang et al., Science 348, 1230-1234 (2015)[3]. M. Escudero-Escribano et al., Science 352, 73-76 (2016)[4]. Y. Hu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 953–961 (2020)[5]. Y. Hu et al., Chem. Mater. 33, 2, 535–546 (2021)

Effect of alloy particle size and stencil aperture shape on solder printing quality

PurposeReflow solder joint quality is significantly affected by the ability of the solder to perfectly fill pad space and retain good solder joint shape. This study aims to investigate solder joint quality by quantitatively analyzing the stencil printing-deposited solder volume, solder height and solder coverage area.Design/methodology/approachThe dispensability of different solder paste types on printed circuit board (PCB) pads using different stencil aperture shapes was evaluated. Lead-free Type 4 (20–38 µm particle size) and Type 5 (15–25 µm particle size) solder pastes were used to create solder joints according to standard reflow soldering.FindingsThe results show that the stencil aperture shape greatly affects the solder joint quality as compared with the type of solder paste. These investigations allow the development of new strategies for solving solder paste stencil printing issues and evaluating the quality of solder joints.Originality/valueThe reflow soldering process requires the appropriate selection of the stencil aperture shape according to the PCB and the solder paste according to the particle-size distribution of the solder alloy powder. However, there are scarce studies on the effects of stencil aperture shape and the solder alloy particle size on the solder paste space-filling ability.

Self-Assembly Ultrathin Fe-Terephthalic Acid as Synergistic Catalytic Platforms for Selective Hydrogenation

Self-Assembly Ultrathin Fe-Terephthalic Acid as Synergistic Catalytic Platforms for Selective Hydrogenation

The optimization of porosity and particle size for micron-size porous silicon in high energy pre-lithiated silicon-graphite composite for Li-ion batteries

To improve the capacity and energy density for Li-ion batteries, the composite of silicon and graphite has been regarded as the most promising alternative for next-generation anodes. However, the utilization of silicon has been limited by its large volume change and high manufacturing cost of nano silicon. Herein, the micron-size porous silicon is coated on the graphite and then encapsulated in carbon to form p-Si/G@C composite, in which the porosity and particle size of porous silicon are regulated by the element ratio and particle size of AlSi alloy. We find that the porous silicon with higher porosity and the smaller particle size shows better cycle stability and rate performance for p-Si/G@C electrode. Especially, by optimizing the porosity and particle size for porous silicon in the composite, the obtained p-0.8 μm Si 20 /G@C exhibits an initial reversible capacity of 649.4 mA h/g, the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 81.85% and the outstanding cycle stability with the capacity retention of 83.1% after 500 cycles. With simple pre-lithiation, the ICE could be significantly increased to 97.16% and the cycle capacity becomes more stable. This rationally designed p-Si/G@C possesses the advantages of low production cost, simple synthesis process, which shows significant potential for practical use. The particle size and porosity of porous silicon are simultaneously optimized to obtain silicon-graphite composite with superior electrochemical properties. • The particle size and porosity of porous Si in Si-graphite composite are optimized. • More pores and smaller particle sizes of porous Si result in better performance. • Pre-lithiation improves the ICE and cycle stability of Si-graphite composite.

Evaluation of crystallite size and micro-strain during mechanical milling process of composite material AA6005A+ 10% nano-TiC

Powder metallurgy process (by high-energy mechanical milling) was used to obtain a nanostructured aluminum matrix composite. Powders of the AA6005A alloy (particle size <63 μm) was utilized as matrix, and 10% by weight of nano-sized TiC particles (20-30 nm) as reinforcement. Composite powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microstructural changes produced during the milling process, such as modification of crystallite size and micro-strain of matrix lattice were determined using the three Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis models: UDM (Uniform Deformation Model), USDM (Uniform Stress Deformation Model) and UDEDM (Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model). The results show that crystallite size decreases and micro-strain increases sharply in the first few hours of milling and then both parameters remain stable until 10 hours. The three W-H models present a coefficient of determination R2 close to the unit indicating that are suitable to determine crystallite size and lattice micro-strain of nanostructured composite obtained.