Particle Size Distribution Analysis Research Articles

The mechanochemistry of lanthanum dihydride (LaH\(_{2}\)) with hydrogen (H\(_{2}\)) using the ball-mill process and the effect of oxidation on the resulting products

The complex behavior of LaH2 during ball milling was investigated in this study, with its mechanical, chemical, and morphological changes explored. The relationship between milling time and hydrogen pressure reduction was uncovered through detailed experiments, reflecting the dynamic nature of the process. A transient yet significant event was observed upon unsealing the milling jar post-milling: the emergence of a minor fire ember, indicative of the interplay between mechanical forces and chemical reactivity within the LaH2 powder. Profound changes in the structure, composition, and shape were unraveled using advanced techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and particle size distribution analysis. The resulting powder exhibited a dual-phase composition of lanthanum dihydride (LaH2, 68.1% to 71.5%) and lanthanum oxide (La2O3, 28.5% to 31.9%), reflecting a dynamic chemical equilibrium during milling. Particle size distribution analysis revealed a notable increase in average diameter to 6420 nm, accompanied by a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.831, signifying a broadening compared to the initial LaH2 powder. The morphological evolution of the powder was elucidated through SEM imaging, showing predominantly spherical and rounded forms, indicating extensive particle agglomeration and plastic deformation during milling. Additionally, the formation of oxide layers on the powder surface, intertwined with pronounced particle agglomeration, was highlighted through EDX mapping, shedding light on the mechanical aspects of morphological evolution during milling. These findings contribute to our understanding of LaH2 behavior under extreme mechanical and chemical conditions and have implications for materials processing, hydrogen storage technologies, and broader applications in materials science and engineering.

A Novel image processing technique for weighted particle size distribution assessment

The objective of the study was to create a reliable method that could be used to evaluate the particle size distribution of samples and pre-mixes in real-world situations, particularly those consisting of typical formulation blends. The goal was to use this method to assess the uniformity of the samples and ensure that they met the required quality standards. The researchers aimed to create a method that could be easily incorporated into the manufacturing process, providing a practical and efficient solution. This study demonstrates the use of ImageJ software to analyze the particle size distribution (PSD) of powders. The technique produces qualitative data from microscopy images and quantitative data from analysis of parameters including average diameter, D 10, D 50 , D 90, and standard deviation. The method was tested with various treatments, showing differentiating outcomes in all cases. The alternate technique provides a rapid and cost-effective method for PSD analysis, surpassing the limitations of sieve analysis. Extensive testing of the method, using a variety of sample types, including typical formulation blends, was performed. The results suggest that the method can effectively assess the morphology of changing materials during batch manufacturing and characterize uniformity in blends. The methodology has the capability to identify attributes related to PSD that are typically required to be monitored during manufacturing. The technique allows for accurate and reliable quantification of the attributes through image capture technology. The technique has future potential and has important implications for material science, powder rheology, pharmaceutical formulation development, and continual process monitoring.

Effect of milling atmosphere on stability and surface properties of ZnO/vermiculite hybrid nanocomposite powders

The zinc acetate dihydrate and anhydrous zinc chloride were used as precursors for the sonochemical preparation of the zinc oxide/vermiculite and organically modified zinc oxide/vermiculite_chlorhexidine nanocomposite materials. The nanocomposites were mechanically processed via a high-energy ball milling for 30 min at 300 rpm using two types of atmospheres an air or a nitrogen. Changes in temperature and pressure inside the grinding vessels were measured during mechanical processing in an air atmosphere. The ZnO(Cl)/V_30/300 sample reached the highest pressure (1161 mbar) and temperature (30.3 °C) in the milling vessels and for the ZnO(ac)/V_CH_30/300 sample the highest temperature difference was measured at the beginning and at the end of the milling (7 °C). The phase transformation, chemical composition and particle size of the hybrid nanocomposite materials were investigated using X-ray diffraction method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, carbon phase analysis and particle size distribution analysis. Changes in morphology and particle arrangement were characterised using scanning electron microscopy. The effect of mechanical processing in a protective atmosphere on surface properties such as specific surface area, surface conductivity and ζ-potential were demonstrated in relation to the type of precursor used for the preparation of ZnO nanoparticles in the structure of hybrid nanocomposite materials.

Optimization of Biodiesel Production Process Using MoO3 Catalysts and Residual Oil: A Comprehensive Experimental 23 Study.

The study aimed to utilize MoO3 catalysts, produced on a pilot scale via combustion reaction, to produce biodiesel from residual oil. Optimization of the process was conducted using a 23 experimental design. Structural characterization of the catalysts was performed through X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and particle size distribution analyses. At the same time, thermal properties were examined via thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Catalytic performance was assessed following process optimization. α-MoO3 exhibited a monophasic structure with orthorhombic phase, whereas α/h-MoO3 showed a biphasic structure. α-MoO3 had a larger crystallite size and higher crystallinity, with thermal stability observed up to certain temperatures. X-ray fluorescence confirmed molybdenum oxide predominance in the catalysts, with traces of iron oxide. Particle size distribution analyses revealed polymodal distributions attributed to structural differences. Both catalysts demonstrated activity under all conditions tested, with ester conversions ranging from 93% to 99%. The single-phase catalyst had a long life cycle and was reusable for six biodiesel production cycles. The experimental design proved to be predictive and significant, with the type of catalyst being the most influential variable. Optimal conditions included α-MoO3 catalyst, oil/alcohol ratio of 1/15, and a reaction time of 60 min, resulting in high biodiesel conversion rates and showcasing the viability of MoO3 catalysts in residual oil biodiesel production.

Hydraulic property variations with depth in a loess mudstone landslide

In areas where loess is distributed, landslides represent a significant geohazard with severe implications. Among these events, loess-mudstone landslides are particularly prevalent, posing substantial risks to the safety and property of local residents, and moisture plays a pivotal role as a key factor in causing these disasters. In this study, the hydraulic properties of the soils along the longitudinal section of an ongoing loess-mudstone landslide are investigated through the variation of soil water characteristic curves, which are subsequently fitted by utilizing van Genuchten model. Moreover, a comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted on the loess, mudstone, and loess-mudstone mixtures to facilitate analysis, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, particle size distribution (PSD) analysis, along with fundamental geotechnical tests for parameter determination. It is found that mudstone and loess have distinct SWCC distribution. The SWCC of loess at various depths exhibits a similar distribution pattern due to the occurrence of landslide. The SWCC distribution of loess-mudstone mixture displays a transitional trend between the SWCC of mudstone and that of loess, and the water retention capacity increases as the mudstone content increases. The experimental findings have demonstrated notable agreement between each other and exhibited a satisfactory level of concurrence with the observed phenomena in geological surveys.

Tetrakispyrazolylethene: Protonation-Induced Emission.

Tetrakispyrazolylethene (1) was synthesized from pyrazole and hexachloroethane through a one-step substitution reaction. The increase of emission was detected both in solid and aqueous THF solution, compared with that in anhydrous THF. While the former originates from the crystal packing, the latter is attributed to the protonation-induced emission, independent of aggregation, based on the optical measurement under varying concentrations and particle-size distribution analysis.

Experimental study on the dynamic strength characteristics of combined heavy metals contaminated soil with nZVI treatment

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), a high-performance nanomaterial, can treat heavy metal contaminants and is extensively employed for in-situ treatment of groundwater and contaminated subsoil. However, there are few studies that indicate trends in the dynamic strength parameters of nZVI-treated soils to assess site safety. In this study, three heavy metal contaminants, Zn(II), Pb(II), and Ni(II), were selected to contaminate virgin soil. The heavy-metal-contaminated soil was treated with nZVI at two concentrations (a low dose and high dose of 0.5% and 2%, respectively) of the soil's dry mass. Analyses of particle size distribution revealed a consistent shift towards larger particles upon nZVI treatment, and the percentage of sand gradually increased. Heavy metal contamination decreased the liquid and plastic limits of the virgin soil, while those of the treated soil increased with nZVI content. The dynamic triaxial results showed significantly lower maximum dynamic shear modulus for MS, MS-LdN, and MS-HdN than for NS. The damping ratios of all samples showed an S-shaped trend. Thus, nZVI has the potential to create cemented structures and immobilize heavy metals. However, its effectiveness is significantly modulated by the initial water content of the soil. While the application of nZVI proves beneficial in immobilizing heavy metal contaminants, careful consideration is imperative under dynamic loading conditions.

Product development and characterization of the Ayurvedic herbo-mineral-metallic compound- Hridayarnava Rasa

BackgroundHerbo-mineral-metallic formulations are an inseparable part of the Ayurveda system of traditional medicine. Hridayarnava Rasa (HR) is a preparation containing metals like copper, sulphur, and mercury in processed forms and other herbs that do not produce toxic effects and adverse drug reactions when taken in appropriate dosage. Ayurveda practitioners use it in treating cardiac diseases like hypertension, cardiotoxicity and many more. The rasa-aushadhis possess characteristics such as rapid efficacy, little dosage required, and extensive therapeutic applicability. Hridayarnava Rasa [AFI Part-1, 20:55] has been employed for the treatment of various diseases from ancient times. A systematic study of these formulations manufacturing is required to maintain their quality, safety, and efficacy is a need of time to protect the immense faith of patients in Ayurveda. ObjectivesThe present study aimed to prepare HR as per standard operating procedures mentioned in the classical text and to characterize it physio-chemically using advanced analytical techniques. Materials and MethodsHR was prepared and physicochemical analyses and assay of elements by ICP-AES were carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FEG SEM, EDAX), CHNS-O analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Particle size distribution analysis (PSD) was carried out. ResultsThe XRD analysis of HR showed the presence of unreacted sulphur and sulfides of copper and mercury. FEG SEM revealed the particles in the form of aggregates as nanocrystallites in the range of 100–1000 nm. Elemental analysis showed the presence of copper, sulphur, and mercury in major, along with traces of iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. In FTIR analysis, 18 peaks were observed, which strongly suggests the presence of various organic groups. In the TGA, four peaks were seen, which can be attributed to sulphur volatilization and oxidative changes in mercury. In PSD analysis, 50% of the material was found below 16.40 μm. ConclusionTo establish a piece of fundamental knowledge and ensure uniformity of these rasa-aushadhis, it is imperative to conduct an analysis of their characteristics as per classical texts and modern analytical techniques. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the significance of each procedural step included in the preparation process. The inferences drawn are helpful as an essential aid for quality assurance and standardization of this herbo-mineral-metallic formulation.

Partial replacement of hydrogenated oil with beeswax oleogel in whipped cream: Effect on crystallization behavior and foam stability

Long-term consumption of hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) in whipped-frozen products has been linked to harmful health effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of beeswax oleogel as a partial replacement for HPKO in whipped cream. The effect of substitution rate on the lipid crystallization behavior, whipping characteristics, and foam stability of whipped creams was investigated. As the oleogel replaced 30–90% HPKO, the solid fat content decreased, and the growth pattern of the fat crystals shifted from two-dimensional disc-like to one-dimensional linear. Particle size distribution and microrheology analysis revealed that 30% or 60% oleogel substitution facilitated partial coalescence of fat, leading to in a higher elasticity index in emulsions. These results promoted overrun, firmness, and homogeneous bubbles in whipped creams. However, an oleogel substitution rate of 90% resulted in an excessively low overrun and collapse of foam structure. This study proposes an effective solution for constructing a frozen-aerated system that enhances fat partial coalescence and improves foam performance.

Research on the Grinding Process of Superhard Particles in the Fluidized Bed Opposed Jet Mill Based on the CFD-DEM Methodology

The process of superhard particle breakage in the grinding zone of the fluidized bed opposed jet mill is investigated using the CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method) coupling method with the Tavares UFRJ Breakage Model in the present study. The effects of structural and operational parameters, such as target plate structure, nozzle position, air inlet velocity, and feed rate, on the equipment stress distribution, airflow velocity, pressure field, particle velocity, and cumulative particle size distribution are thoroughly studied to determine the optimal structural and operational parameters. Experimental validation is conducted, including scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of particle morphology and analysis of particle size distribution of ground product particles. The simulation results indicate that the wear rate of the structure without a target plate is lower than that of the structure with a target plate in the grinding central zone. Therefore, the structure without a target plate is chosen for further investigation. The cumulative particle size distribution after grinding is influenced by nozzle position, air inlet velocity, and feed rate. The particle D50 is positively correlated with nozzle spacing and feed rate, while it is negatively correlated with air inlet velocity. The optimal grinding effect is achieved when the distance between the nozzle and the center of the grinding zone ranges from 52.5 mm to 72.55 mm, the air inlet velocity is 950 m/s, and the feed rate is 10.5 g/s. Through experimental investigation, it has been observed that when the feed rate is 10 g/s, the particle size distribution becomes more uniform. Furthermore, consistent trends in the cumulative particle size distribution in the experiment and simulation results can be found, which validates the present numerical model. It was observed that particles at low feed rates retain certain angular edges, while particle roundness increases at high feed rates.

Study on the Interaction of Polymeric Chemical Additives with Phase Change Materials in Air Lime Renders.

The interaction of microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) with polymeric chemical additives in an air lime binding matrix was studied. These polymer-based additives included an adhesion booster (derived from starch) and a superplasticizer (polycarboxylate ether). Two different PCMs with melting points of 18 °C and 24 °C were assayed. The microcapsules were composed of melamine, with paraffin-based PCM cores. Measurements of zeta potential, particle size distribution, adsorption isotherms, and viscosity analyses were performed to comprehend the behavior of the polymer-based additives within the air lime matrix and their compatibility with PCMs. Zeta potential experiments pointed to the absence of a strong interaction between the lime particles and the microcapsules of PCMs. At the alkaline pH of the lime mortar, the negative charge resulting from the deprotonation of the melamine shell of the microcapsules was shielded by cations, yielding high positive zeta potential values and stable dispersions of lime with PCMs. The polycarboxylate ether demonstrated the ability to counteract the increase in mixing water demand caused by the PCM addition in the lime matrix. The dispersing action of the superplasticizer on the lime particles was seen to exert a collateral dispersion of the PCMs. Conversely, despite the positive values of zeta potential, the addition of the starch-based additive resulted in the formation of large PCM-lime clumps. Air lime renders incorporating 5, 10, and 20% PCMs by weight with various dosages of these chemical additives were experimented with until the optimal formulation for the specific application of the mortars as renderings was achieved. This fine-tuned formulation effectively tackled issues commonly associated with the addition of PCMs to mortars, such as poor adhesion, crack formation, and reduced fluidity.

Study of Advanced Techniques for Inquisition, Segregation and Removal of Microplastics from Water Streams: Current Insights and Future Directions

The present research covers different analytical methods utilized for the diagnosis and characterization of microplastics (MPs) in water and wastewater, such as particle size distribution analysis, and focuses on the sources and forms of MPs in receiving environments. First, we look at the most recent collection techniques, which include a variety of spectroscopic, chromatographic, and microscopic approaches used to identify and measure microplastics in water samples. We then investigate separation techniques designed to separate microplastics from diverse environmental matrices. This involves applying existing methods of separation based on density, such as centrifugation, flotation, and sedimentation, as well as more recent ones, like the use of microfluidic devices and materials for selective adsorption. Lastly, we look into removal methods aimed to reduce the buildup of microplastics in aquatic environments. These include enzymatic breakdown, coagulation/flocculation, and filtering, among other physical, chemical, and biological techniques.

Water-Extended Low-Density Granite-Based Geopolymer for Low-Temperature Well Cementing Applications: The Impact of Precursor Selection and Particle-Size Distribution

Summary Well cementing in areas close to the seabed remains a challenge due to unique conditions such as cold temperatures and weaker formations, leading to delayed cement hardening, extended drilling operation, and well integrity issues. Considering Portland cement’s limitations in cold areas and significant CO2 emissions through its manufacturing process, the need for more sustainable alternatives is highlighted. A low-density geopolymer through the water-extended approach was developed based on a previous study on low-temperature applications. Utilizing granite-based materials, this study optimizes the mix design by refining precursor particle sizes, using high-calcium blast furnace slag (BFS), and incorporating an amorphous potassium silicate activator. The research methodology includes sets of well cementing evaluations such as viscosity measurements, pumpability tests, and mechanical strength assessments. In addition, characterization techniques such as particle-size distribution (PSD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and isothermal calorimetry were used. These tests were crucial in understanding the material’s behavior under the specified application conditions. The findings reveal that the proposed geopolymer mix exhibits acceptable hardening time and mechanical strength development at lower temperatures, making it suitable for the challenging conditions of cold shallow-depth cementing. The study proves the feasibility of using high water content for geopolymers with acceptable properties and the novelty of its approach in the optimization of precursor particle sizes and the addition of higher calcium BFS. The geopolymer’s performance, even with a high water/solids ratio, highlights its versatility as a potential sustainable and efficient alternative to Portland cement.

Comprehensive investigation of recycled PVC powder.

This study constitutes a comprehensive investigation centred on comprehending the behaviour and characteristics of recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) powders. The overarching objective is to successfully conclude the initial research phase, during which PVC-coated fabric offcuts undergo a transformation into PVC powder while achieving complete separation from polyethylene terephthalate fibres. The study entails a qualitative description of the morphology of PVC powder particles, employing an optical microscope to distinguish the diverse shapes exhibited by these particles. The optical microscope observations of PVC powder reveal a distinct array of non-spherical particles characterized by flat, elongated shapes. These high-magnification images unveil the intricate morphological features of the particles, highlighting their irregular shapes. Subsequently, a quantitative analysis of PVC particle size distribution is performed, comparing results from optical microscopy with those obtained through mechanical sieving. The qualitative and quantitative findings obtained provide robust evidence supporting the correlation and confirm that most particles are smaller than 600 µm (93.6%) using an optical microscope and the sieving process (96.39%). The greatest fraction (83.44%) is in the size range between 200 and 600 µm. Assessing flowability, another significant aspect in the evaluation of powders, provides insights into its behaviour and interparticle interactions. The flowability results indicate a Compressibility Index of approximately 26.84%, which suggests poor flowability. This means that the powder is likely to encounter difficulties in flowing freely. This finding is in line with the Hausner ratio, which measures 1.37. This investigation of recycled PVC powder will offer insights into the potential applications and processing considerations of this powder. More concretely, the use of recycled PVC powder shows promise as a viable alternative to conventional PVC resin in plastisol formulations, offering the potential to maintain the properties of the final PVC product without adverse effects.

Separation and Characterization of Nickel Hydroxide from Waste Solution Using Ca(OH)2 Precipitation in Chloride Media

Nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) is a valuable compound derived from nickel, widely utilized across various fields because of its versatile properties. This study aimed to characterize as-prepared β-Ni(OH)2 via chemical precipitation using various analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a β-Ni(OH)2 hexagonal crystalline structure, validating the successful precipitation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra exhibited main characteristic peaks of (υOH) and υ(NiO), corresponding to the formation of nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2). Subsequently, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a prominent peak for Ni2+ oxidation, confirming the successful precipitation of nickel hydroxide at pH 6.5, which identifies the existence of impurities, such as chlorine and calcium, from the waste matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs demonstrated stratified granules with a nearly pure brucite crystalline phase, typical of β-Ni(OH)2. Furthermore, the surface morphology revealed a coarse texture and uneven clustering, suggesting possible elevated oxide levels on the Ni surface. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of nickel (Ni) and oxygen (O), with Ca impurities attributed to the chemical precipitation process. Particle size distribution analysis estimated an average particle size of 2.0 µm. Additionally, the precipitation of nickel was investigated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Ni was observed in decreasing order, 62.7 g/L, 0.8 g/L, and 0.501 g/L in the pregnant leach, precursor solution, and solid precipitate (cake), respectively. The separation of Ni(OH)2 through the precipitation process from the waste (acidic chloride media) enabled efficient recycling and re-use of nickel, which provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the highly efficient utilization of waste (acidic chloride media).

Thermodynamic Investigations for Combustion-Assisted Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate Powders

The study investigates the combustion-assisted synthesis of lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) powders for potential CO2 capture applications. Technical-grade lithium carbonate and metallic silicon powders were used as starting materials. Synthesis conditions were explored across temperatures ranging from 500 to 900 °C and different holding durations. Thermodynamic modeling using FactSage 8.2 software suggested that Li4SiO4 production is feasible at temperatures of 700 °C and higher with metallic silicon as the silicon source, which was confirmed experimentally. Characterization of the synthesized powders involved X-ray diffraction, specific surface area determination, particle size distribution analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and CO2 uptake tests. Despite having the lowest Li4SiO4 content as 83.7%, the sample synthesized at 700 °C with 45 min of holding time showed the best CO2 uptake performance as 12.80 wt% while having the lowest crystallite size value (126.58 nm), the highest specific surface area value (4.975 m2/g) and the lowest average particle size value (10.85 µm) which are highly effective on the CO2 uptake performance of such solid sorbents. The study concludes that while challenges remain in achieving optimal CO2 capture performance, it lays a foundation for utilizing lithium orthosilicate in carbon capture applications.Graphical

Technofunctional Properties and Rheological Behavior of Quinoa, Kiwicha, Wheat Flours and Their Mixtures.

Wheat flour is a common raw material in the food industry; however, Andean grains, such as quinoa and kiwicha, are gaining popularity due to their quality proteins, fiber, and bioactive compounds. A trend has been observed toward the enrichment of products with these Andean flours, with them even being used to develop gluten-free foods. However, evaluating interactions between raw materials during industrial processes can be complicated due to the diversity of inputs. This study focused on evaluating the technofunctional and rheological properties of wheat, quinoa and kiwicha flours using a simple lattice mixture design. Seven treatments were obtained, including pure flours and ternary mixtures. Analyses of particle size distribution, water absorption index, subjective water absorption capacity, soluble material index, swelling power, apparent density and physicochemical properties were performed. Additionally, color analysis, photomicrographs and Raman spectroscopy were carried out. The results indicate significant differences in properties such as particle size, water absorption and rheological properties between the flours and their mixtures. Variations in color and microstructure were observed, while Raman spectroscopy provided information on molecular composition. These findings contribute to the understanding of the behavior of Andean flours in baking and pastry making, facilitating their application in innovative food products.

Evaluation of Soil Hydraulic Properties in Northern and Central Tunisian Soils for Improvement of Hydrological Modelling

The hydrological cycle is strongly affected by climate changes causing extreme weather events with long drought periods and heavy rainfall events. To predict the hydrological functioning of Tunisian catchments, modelling is an essential tool to estimate the consequences on water resources and to test the sustainability of the different land uses. Soil physical properties describing water flow are essential to feed the models and must therefore be determined all over the watershed. A simple but robust ring infiltration method combined with particle size distribution (PSD) analysis (BEST method) was used to evaluate and derive the retention properties and the hydraulic conductivities. Physically based and statistical pedotransfer functions based on PSD were compared to test their potential use for different types of Tunisian soils. The functional sensitivity of these parameters was assessed by employing the Hydrus-1D software (PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic) for water balance computations. This evaluation process involved testing the responsiveness and accuracy of the parameters in simulating various water balance components within the model. The evaluation of soil hydraulic parameters across the three used models highlighted significant variations, demonstrating distinct characteristics in each model. While notable differences were evident overall, intriguing similarities emerged, particularly regarding saturated hydraulic conductivity between BEST and Rosetta, and the shape parameter (n) between Arya–Paris and Rosetta. These parallels indicate shared hydraulic properties among the models, underscoring areas of agreement amid their diverse results. Significant differences were shown for scale parameter α for the various methods employed. Marginal differences in evaporation and drainage were observed between the BEST and Arya–Paris methods, with Rosetta distinctly highlighting a disparity between physically based models and statistical models.

Capping Agents Enable Well-Dispersed and Colloidally Stable Metallic Magnesium Nanoparticles.

Mg nanoparticles are an emerging plasmonic material due to Mg's abundance and ability to sustain size- and shape-dependent localized surface plasmon resonances across a broad range of wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. However, Mg nanoparticles are colloidally unstable due to their tendency to aggregate and sediment. Nanoparticle aggregation can be inhibited by the addition of capping agents that impart surface charges or steric repulsion. Here, we report that the common capping agents poly(vinyl) pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) interact differently and have varied effects on the aggregation and colloidal stability of Mg nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of PVP showed improvements in colloidal stability and reduced aggregation, as observed by electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy. The binding of PVP was confirmed through infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of PVP on the reduction of di-n-butyl magnesium was evaluated through analysis of particle size distribution and Mg yield as a function of reaction time, reducing agent, and temperature. Furthermore, the presence of PVP drastically changes the growth pattern of metallic Mg structures obtained from the reduction of the Grignard reagents butylmagnesium chloride and phenylmagnesium chloride by lithium naphthalenide: large polycrystalline aggregates and well-separated faceted nanoparticles grow without and with PVP, respectively. This study provides new synthetic routes that generate colloidally stable and well-dispersed Mg nanoparticles for plasmonic and other applications.

Advanced analytical techniques for assessing and detecting microplastic pollution in water and wastewater systems

AbstractThe current study focuses on the sources and formations of microplastics (MPs) in receiving environments, addressing various analytical methods used for the detection and characterization of MPs in water and wastewater, including particle size distribution analysis, FTIR, Raman, SEM‐EDS, thermo analytical methods (Pyro GC‐MS, TGA‐MS, TED‐GC‐MS, TGA‐SPE/TDS‐GC‐MS) and combine techniques (Tagging method, Liquid chromatography, SEM dispersive X‐ray spectrometer). The study fills a gap in the literature by evaluating the advantages and limitations of advanced analytical methods, in addition to commonly used methods like FTIR, Raman, and SEM, providing a perspective on other significant analytical approaches. By examining and comparing different analytical methods used to identify and detect MPs in water and wastewater environments, the research guides scientists in making informed choices when selecting a specific method. A better understanding of these methods will inform future research and facilitate more effective management of potential environmental impacts and human health risks. This study also contributes significantly to preserving water resources, human health, and establishing a sustainable environment by encouraging the generation of actionable information to assess the potential risks of MPs in water and wastewater sources and to develop strategies for reducing their presence.