Deflection Of Particles Research Articles

Enhanced plasma etching using nonlinear parameter evolution

This study explores the development and characterization of plasma etching for sub-micron features using a nonlinear evolution of parameter in a three-step cyclic Bosch process. Comparing this nonlinear approach with traditional linear parameter evolution, we aimed to address issues such as bowing at the top of the features and narrowing at the bottom. Constant parameter etching produced tapered profiles, undercutting, and non-uniform scallops due to particle deflection. Linear parameter evolution partially mitigated these problems by balancing etch and deposition cycles and gradually increasing radio frequency power, achieving high selectivity to the photoresist. One nonlinear exponential evolution method resulted in a higher etch rate but caused slight damage to the top-side wall, while the etch depth was reduced. The other nonlinear method balanced the etch and deposition steps more effectively, achieving a comparable etch rate and selectivity to the linear method. Further optimization of this second method led to improved vertical profiles and controlled scallops, achieving greater depth, smoother sidewalls, and higher etch rates. This optimized technique successfully fabricated high aspect ratio periodic sub-micron structures with excellent uniformity across the wafer, demonstrating its potential for achieving even higher aspect ratios with thicker masks.

Deflection of charged signals in a dipole magnetic field in Kerr background

This paper investigates charged particle deflection in a Kerr spacetime background with a dipole magnetic field, focusing on the equatorial plane and employing the weak field approximation. We employ the Jacobi–Randers metric to unify the treatment of the gravitational and electromagnetic effects on charged particles. Furthermore, we utilize the Gauss–Bonnet theorem to calculate the deflection angle through curvature integrals. The difference between the prograde and retrograde deflection angles is linked to the non-reversibility of metrics and geodesics in Finsler geometry, revealing that this difference can be considered a Finslerian effect. We analyze the impact of both gravitomagnetic field and dipole magnetic field on particle motion and deflection using the Jacobi–Randers magnetic field. The model considered in this paper exhibits interesting features in the second-order approximation of (M/b), i.e., the ratio between the spacetime mass and impact parameters. When qμ=2MaE\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$q\\mu =2MaE$$\\end{document}, where q,E\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$q,\\,E$$\\end{document} are the charge and asymptotic energy of the charged particle and μ,a\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mu ,\\,a$$\\end{document} are the dipole magnetic moment and spacetime spin, the Jacobi–Randers metric possesses reversible geodesics, leading to equal prograde and retrograde deflection angles. In this case, the gravitomagnetic field and dipole magnetic field cancel each other out, distinguishing it from scenarios involving only the gravitomagnetic field or the dipole magnetic field. We also explore the magnetic field’s impact on gravitational lensing of charged particles.

The influence of self-assembled particle layer on particle collision properties

Interactions between particle and particle layers are fundamental in modeling deposition processes. The complex mechanical behaviors of these layers pose significant challenges in precisely predicting the rebound characteristics of incident particle, especially at the micron and nanoscale. Very few related experimental studies have been reported in this area. To better control the structure of particle layers and offer a path to more systematic research, this study introduces the particle self-assembly method, combined with high-speed imaging technology, to investigate the influence of particle monolayer, their diameters, and impact velocity on critical capture velocity (vcr), normal coefficient of restitution (COR), and angle deflection of incident particles. Results indicate that self-assembled particle layers remain stable within an impact velocity range and experimental data within this stable range exhibit good repeatability. These layers significantly enhance kinetic energy dissipation. A semi-logarithmic plot revealed a negative linear relationship between vcr and particle size ratio. The effect of particle layer on COR depends on particle layer diameter and impact velocity. Specifically, the dissipation of particle layer diminishes and approaches zero for smaller layer particles (0.5 μm), but increases and stabilizes for larger particles (2 μm). Moreover, statistical results indicate that angle deflection decreases as particle size ratio increases, aligning with a power-law relationship predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. Overall, this study presents a novel method for understanding micro and nano particle layers' influence on incident particle dynamics.

Novel Spectrometer Designs for Laser-Driven Ion Acceleration

We propose novel spectrometer designs that aim to enhance the measured spectral range of ions on a finite-sized detector. In contrast to the traditional devices that use a uniform magnetic field, in which the deflection of particles increases inversely proportional to their momentum, in a gradient magnetic field, the deflection of particles will decrease due to the reduction of the magnetic field along their propagation. In this way, low-energy ions can reach the detector because they are deflected less, compared to the uniform field case. By utilizing a gradient magnetic field, the non-linear dispersion of ions in a homogeneous magnetic field approaches nearly linear dispersion behavior. Nonetheless, the dispersion of low-energy ions, using a dipole field, remains unnecessarily high. In this article, we discuss the employed methodology and present simulation results of the spectrometer with an extended ion spectral range, focusing on the minimum detectable energy (energy dynamic range) and energy resolution.

The unexpected role of heliospheric boundaries in facilitating interstellar dust penetration at 1–5 AU

Aims. Interstellar dust (ISD) particles penetrate the heliosphere because of the relative motion of the local interstellar cloud and the Sun. The penetrated particles pass through the heliospheric interface, that is, the region in which solar wind and interstellar plasma interact. As a result, the ISD flow is modified after the passage through this region under the influence of electromagnetic force. The main goal of this work is to show how the heliospheric interface affects the distribution of ISD particles near the Sun. Methods. We have developed a Monte Carlo model of the ISD distribution in the heliosphere. It first takes the effects of the heliospheric interface and the rotating heliospheric current sheet into account. The effects of the heliospheric interface were probed using a global heliospheric model. Results. The computation results show that the heliospheric interface strongly influences the distribution of relatively small (radius a = 150 − 250 nm) astronomical silicates. The unexpected finding is that the heliospheric interface facilitates the penetration of a = 150 nm particles at small heliocentric distances and, particularly, to the Ulysses orbit (1 − 5 AU). We demonstrate that the deflection of ISD particles in the outer heliosheath is the principal mechanism that causes the effects of the heliospheric interface on the distribution near the Sun. The computations with different heliospheric models show that the distribution near the Sun is sensitive to the plasma parameters in the pristine local interstellar medium. Thus, we demonstrated that being measured near the Sun, the ISD may serve as a new independent diagnostics of the local interstellar medium and the heliospheric boundaries.

Gravitational deflection of massive body around naked singularity

Spacetime singularity is not observed directly as it is covered by event horizon. Naked singularities may be formed due to gravitational collapse without an event horizon. Therefore, cosmic censorship conjecture entails advanced ascertainment. Recently, Joshi et al. have discovered a naked singularity solution (known as JMN naked singularity), which emerges from the dynamical gravitational collapse of a massive matter cloud. Since several studies are needed to know more extra characteristics that may help to test cosmic censorship conjecture in general relativity, therefore, we thought it is pertinent to study the deflection of massive particles by the naked singularity. We shall examine massive particles paths and deflection angles near naked singularities in this research. To get the deflection angle, we employ the Gauss-Bonet technique and the Rindler-Ishak method. The results of the two procedures are compared in detail.

Determining the difference between local acceleration and local gravity: Applications of the equivalence principle to relativistic trajectories

We show by direct calculation that the common equivalence principle explanation for why gravity must deflect light is quantitatively incorrect by a factor of three in Schwarzschild geometry. It is, therefore, possible, at least as a matter of principle, to tell the difference between local acceleration and a true gravitational field by measuring the local deflection of light. We calculate as well the deflection of test particles of arbitrary energy and construct a leading-order coordinate transformation from Schwarzschild to local inertial coordinates, which shows explicitly how the effects of spatial curvature manifest locally for relativistic trajectories of both finite and vanishing rest mass particles.

The influence of Co and SiC on the sintering, microstructure and tribological properties of (Ti1/3Zr1/3V1/3)B2 medium-entropy diboride-based ceramics

The (Ti1/3Zr1/3V1/3)B2(MEB) composite ceramics with various Co and SiC additions were prepared by spark plasma sintering technology at 1600 °C. The influence of Co and SiC on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Reciprocating sliding wear experiments of boride ceramics sliding against GCr15 ceramic were also performed at 1 N, 5 N and 10 N (Temperature: 25 °C, frequency: 3 Hz, stroke: 1 mm). The result suggest that the sintering additives not only significantly reduces the sintering temperature of boride ceramic, but also refines the microstructure and improves its mechanical properties. The hardness and fracture toughness of MEB-20SiC–10Co ceramics are 27.76 GPa and 3.9 MPa m1/2, 30.6 % and 60 % higher than that of MEB, respectively. The increase in fracture toughness results from crack deflection and branching of the SiC particles. Tribological results indicates that MEB-20SiC–10Co also show the best tribological performance. The wear rate of MEB and MEB-20SiC–10Co at 10 N load are 2.17 × 10−6 mm3N−1m−1, 1.29 × 10−6 mm3N−1m−1, oxidative wear and adhesive wear are the main wear mechanisms. Analyzing of the wear tracks revealed a significant transfer of material from the counterpart to the tribo-interface. A friction film consisting mainly of titanium oxide and part of boron oxide was generated on the worn surface, which contributes to the improvement of tribological performance.

Investigation on submicron particle separation and deflection using tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave microfluidics

With the development of in vitro diagnostics, extracting submicron scale particles from mixed body fluids samples is crucial. In recent years, microfluidic separation has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency, label-free, and inexpensive nature. Among the microfluidic-based separation, the separation based on ultrasonic standing waves has gradually become a powerful tool. A microfluid environment containing a tilted-angle ultrasonic standing surface acoustic wave (taSSAW) field has been widely adapted and designed to separate submicron particles for biochemical applications. This paper investigated submicron particle defection in microfluidics using taSSAWs analytically. Particles with 0.1–1 μm diameters were analyzed under acoustic pressure, flow rate, tilted angle, and SSAW frequency. According to different acoustic radiation forces acting on the particles, the motion of large-diameter particles was more likely to deflect to the direction of the nodal lines. Decreasing the input flow rate or increasing acoustic pressure and acoustic wave frequency can improve particle deflection. The tilted angle can be optimized by analyzing the simulation results. Based on the simulation analysis, we experimentally showed the separation of polystyrene microspheres (100 nm) from the mixed particles and exosomes (30–150 nm) from human plasma. This research results can provide a certain reference for the practical design of bioparticle separation utilizing acoustofluidic devices.

Tracking plume-regolith interactions in near-vacuum conditions

An experiment to track and measure the transient phenomenon of plume-liberated regolith in near-vacuum conditions was performed in a dedicated plume-regolith facility housed at the University of Glasgow. This facility with a total volume of around 82 m3 can simulate a soft or hard landing event on “extraterrestrial” sub-atmospheric pressures. Particle image velocimetry method was used to estimate the ejection velocity and ejected angle of regolith particles, and its limitations are discussed. Glass microspheres that are matched with the size of the Lunar and Martian moon “Phobos” surface regoliths are used as simulants. With an exit Mach number of 6.6, a heated convergent–divergent nozzle represents the lander nozzle. Preliminary results capture ejecta development up to 30 ms from plume impingement. Flow visualization reveals the initial moments of plume boundary growth and regolith ejection. The vector images indicate a triangular-shaped sheet of particles sweeping from the regolith bed at a positive inclination with a local maximum velocity close to 100 m/s. The low-density “Phobos” simulant advances at a higher speed, reaches higher elevations, and covers a larger spatial area compared to a higher-density “Lunar” simulant. Observation of the crater formation reveals the difference in cohesive forces between the selected simulants. A higher inclination of particle ejection of more than 50° adjacent to the jet indicates particle entrainment originating from the interior of the crater. Stream traces reveal the deflection of ejected particles upon impingement on the lander surface at close proximity.

Generalized Gibbons-Werner method for stationary spacetimes

The Gibbons-Werner (GW) method is a powerful approach in studying the gravitational deflection of particles moving in curved spacetimes. The application of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem (GBT) to integral regions constructed in a two-dimensional manifold enables the deflection angle to be expressed and calculated from the perspective of geometry. However, different techniques are required for different scenarios in the practical implementation which leads to different GW methods. For the GW method for stationary axially symmetric (SAS) spacetimes, we identify two problems: (a) the integral region is generally infinite, which is ill-defined for some asymptotically nonflat spacetimes whose metric possesses singular behavior, and (b) the intricate double and single integrals bring about complicated calculation, especially for highly accurate results and complex spacetimes. To address these issues, a generalized GW method is proposed in which the infinite region is replaced by a flexible region to avoid the singularity, and a simplified formula involving only a single integral of a simple integrand is derived by discovering a significant relationship between the integrals in conventional methods. Our method provides a comprehensive framework for describing the GW method for various scenarios. Additionally, the generalized GW method and simplified calculation formula are applied to three different kinds of spacetimes — Kerr spacetime, Kerr-like black hole in bumblebee gravity, and rotating solution in conformal Weyl gravity. The first two cases have been previously computed by other researchers, affirming the effectiveness and superiority of our approach. Remarkably, the third case is newly examined, yielding a innovative result for the first time.

TRAPPED HOT DARK MATTER IN THE SHELL AROUND THE COMPACT OBJECT

The model of the compact object is considered, being alternate to the black hole. In the model, the accreting protons decay at the Planck scale into positrons and hypothetical Planck neutrinos. The energy of the particles is split in two modes, low and high. The electrons, positrons and Planck neutrinos with the high energy move away. The electrons and positrons with the low energy form the compact object. The Planck neutrinos with the low energy form the shell around the compact object. The Planck neutrinos moving away may be interpreted as the hot dark matter (HDM). The Planck neutrinos in the shell around the compact object may be interpreted as the trapped hot dark matter (THDM). In a recent paper, the concept of the free fall pressure was introduced. In the effective gravity, including the Newton gravity and the free fall pressure, the THDM is hidden for the massive particles but makes deflection of the massless particles. The THDM can be seen in the gravitational interaction of two shells. The gravitational interaction of the galaxies in the Virgo cluster (M60, M87, M84, M86, M49) is studied. The motion of the galaxies is defined by the THDM masses in the shells around the compact objects in the centres of the galaxies, the stellar masses of the galaxies and the HDM mass in the galaxies. The velocities of M60 and M49 toward M87 are estimated to be 678 km s−1 and 445 km s−1 which are 66% and 59% of the observational values respectively.

Analysis of Moon shadow from 2021-2022 LHAASO WCDA Data

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is a major ground-based array of cosmic-ray (CR) detectors in the Sichuan Province in China. The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is an essential component of LHAASO, which is designed to measure ~1-50 TeV CRs and gamma rays. As observed on Earth, the Moon blocks some CRs to create a shadow. Although CRs are mostly protons, WCDA can probabilistically identify some constituents (mostly electrons and photons) of CRs which produce electromagnetic (EM) showers in the atmosphere, using the “compactness” (C) of the showers as the criterion for which the higher C indicates the higher probability of an event being EM. The observed CR Moon shadow positions must be shifted from that of the actual Moon due to the deflection of charged particles by the Earth’s magnetic field. We analyze the LHAASO WCDA data from March 2021 to December 2022 to study the properties of the CR Moon shadows for events with C < 10 and C > 10, such as the shifted position and the size of the shadow at different energies. We found that i) CR shadows’ shifts decrease when energy increases, and ii) the higher the energy, the size of the CR shadows are more compact. This analysis is useful for detector calibration, event selection study, and understanding CR trajectories in the geomagnetic field.

Indoor Air Purifiers in the Fight against Airborne Pathogens: The Advantage of Circumferential Outflow Diffusers

Airborne particles containing pathogens such as bacteria (e.g., M. tuberculosis) or virions (e.g., influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) can cause infections. It has been speculated that the outflow from indoor air purifiers with a directional outlet could entrain and spread pathogen-containing aerosol particles. To date, only the case of indoor air purifiers with a directional outflow has been considered, and here we investigate an indoor air purifier with a circumferential outflow diffuser—an alternative design solution that is already commercially available. We measured the airflow velocity at two different angles to the surface of the circumferential outflow diffuser and two blower speeds. We visualized in scattered light the deflection of a vertical mist spray cone from a sneeze-simulating nebulizer parallel to the side of the air purifier. We found a significant difference in airflow velocities for different angles to the circumferential outflow diffuser: 0.01–0.02 m/s for 0° vs. 0.01–0.65 m/s for 45° at 1 m distance. We observed no significant deflection of the sneeze-simulating spray cone at the minimum blower speed and a 5 cm deflection at the maximum speed. The deflection of the sneeze-simulating spray mist particles by the tested indoor air purifier with the circumferential outflow, under the experimental conditions, is low relative to the recommended safer distances between people in indoor spaces. We conclude that indoor air purifiers with circumferential outflow diffusers have a lower potential to spread infectious aerosols in indoor spaces compared to devices with unidirectional outflow.

Experimental and numerical investigation of transverse combustion instability in a rectangle multi-injector rocket combustor

Rocket engines are prone to suffer from transverse combustion instabilities, manifesting as periodic oscillations in pressure and heat release rate. Self-excited transverse instabilities in a rectangle multi-injector rocket combustor powered by n-C12H26 and O2, are investigated experimentally and numerically in this paper. Transverse combustion instabilities are captured during repeatable experiments, while dynamic characteristics in the combustion chamber and driving mechanisms of instabilities are analyzed via numerical simulation based on stress-blended eddy simulation. Dynamic mode decomposition analysis reveals coupling behaviors between the transverse mode in the combustion chamber and longitudinal mode in the oxidizer post, resulting in propellant mass flow rate oscillations. Substantial evidence demonstrates that the intensities of heat release rate near the end walls are higher than that detected around the chamber center due to its intense coupling to the local first transverse (1W) acoustic mode. Flow field animations indicate strong deflection of oxygen posts and liquid particles by a transverse moving gas mixture leading to flame interactions and collision between adjacent share injectors. The propellant injected into the chamber does not burn immediately and is transported to the combustor end wall. Propellant mixing performance is significantly enhanced during interactions between acoustic pressure and end wall, causing a sudden heat release near 1W pressure anti-node, thereby strengthening pressure oscillations. Finally, a combustion instability driving mechanism associated with propellant mass flow rate oscillations, and interactions between unsteady acoustic pressure and heat release rate is proposed. The insights obtained from this work can aid comprehension of transverse combustion instabilities encountered by rocket engines.

Charged aerodynamics: Ionospheric plasma drag on objects in low-Earth orbit

Objects in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) experience a range of environmental conditions that influence their trajectories. Aside from gravitational effects and solar radiation pressure, drag due to the residual background atmosphere is conventionally viewed as the primary perturbing factor. The ionosphere is an additional background environment composed of charged particles that is well-known to result in spacecraft charging, and in the worst case, cause arcing or unwanted electrostatic discharges. While the ionospheric plasma density is typically an order of magnitude (or more) lower than the atmospheric neutral gas density, electrostatic charging can lead to the formation of plasma sheath and wake structures around an object that artificially increase its effective collecting area. Direct charged particle collection and indirect charged particle deflection gives rise to a drag force that can exceed that due to atmospheric neutral gas alone at some altitudes and charging potentials. Here, we present a model accounting for charged particle flow effects (i.e. charged aerodynamics) around objects in LEO, and validate this model with previous particle-in-cell simulations and experiments. Using atmospheric properties from the Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar (MSIS) model and ionospheric properties from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), we show that plasma-induced drag in LEO can be significant and may have important orbit prediction implications for space domain awareness and space traffic management. Through differential spacecraft biasing, ionospheric plasma drag can also be used as a propellantless and “solid-state” mechanism to achieve in-orbit mobility for precision maneuvers, formation flying, deorbiting, and even partial attitude control.

Microfluidic separation of particles by synergistic effect of geometry-induced hydrodynamics and magnetic field

Microfluidic combined with magnetic field have been demonstrated to be the promising solutions for fast and low-damage particles separation. However, the difficulties in the precise layout of magnets and accurate prediction of particle trajectories lead to under and over separation of target particles. A novel particle separation lab-on-chip (LOC) prototype integrated with microstructures and micropolar arrays is designed and characterized. Meanwhile, a numerical model for the separation of magnetic particles by the synergistic effect of geometry-induced hydrodynamics and magnetic field is constructed. The effect of geometry and magnetic field layout on particle deflection is systematically analyzed to implement accurate prediction of particle trajectories. It is found that the separation efficiency of magnetic particles increased from 50.2% to 91.7% and decreased from 88.6% to 85.7% in the range of depth factors from 15 µm to 27 µm and width factors from 30 µm to 60 µm, respectively. In particular, the combined effect of the offset distance of permanent magnets and the distance from the main flow channel exhibits a significant difference from the conventional perception. Finally, the developed LOC prototype was generalized for extension to arbitrary systems. This work provides a new insight and robust method for the microfluidic separation of magnetic particles.

Finite-distance gravitational deflection of massive particles by a rotating black hole in loop quantum gravity

A rotating black hole in loop quantum gravity was constructed by Brahma, Chen, and Yeom based on a nonrotating counterpart using the revised Newman–Janis algorithm recently. For such spacetime, we investigate the weak gravitational deflection of massive particles to explore observational effects of the quantum correction. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, for Gibbons–Werner (GW) method, a geometric approach computing the deflection angle of particles in curved spacetimes, we refine its calculation and obtain a simplified formula. Second, by using GW method and our new formula, we work out the finite-distance weak deflection angle of massive particles for the rotating black hole in loop quantum gravity obtained by Brahma et al. An analysis to our result reveals the repulsive effect of the quantum correction to particles. What’s more, an observational constraint on the quantum parameter is obtained in solar system.

Optimization Analysis of Particle Separation Parameters for a Standing Surface Acoustic Wave Acoustofluidic Chip.

Microparticle separation technology is an important technology in many biomedical and chemical engineering applications from sample detection to disease diagnosis. Although a variety of microparticle separation techniques have been developed thus far, surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based microfluidic separation technology shows great potential because of its high throughput, high precision, and integration with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels. In this work, we demonstrate an acoustofluidic separation chip that includes a piezoelectric device that generates tilted-angle standing SAWs and a permanently bonded PDMS microchannel. We established a mathematical model of particle motion in the microchannel, simulated the particle trajectory through finite element simulation and numerical simulation, and then verified the validity of the model through acoustophoresis experiments. To improve the performance of the separation chip, the influences of particle size, flow rate, and input power on the particle deflection distance were studied. These parameters are closely related to the separation purity and separation efficiency. By optimizing the control parameters, the separation of micron and submicron particles under different throughput conditions was achieved. Moreover, the separation samples were quantitatively analyzed by digital light scattering technology and flow cytometry, and the results showed that the maximum purity of the separated particles was ∼95%, while the maximum efficiency was ∼97%.

Shadow, lensing, quasinormal modes, greybody bounds and neutrino propagation by dyonic ModMax black holes

Motivated by recent work on the Modified Maxwell (ModMax) black holes [Phys Lett B 10.1016/j.physletb.2020.136011], which are invariant in duality rotations and conformal transformations founded in [Phys Rev D 10.1103/PhysRevD.102.121703], we probe its effects on the shadow cast, weak field gravitational lensing, and neutrino propagation in its vicinity. Using the EHT data for the shadow diameter of Sgr. A* and M87*, and LIGO/VIRGO experiments for the dyonic ModMax black hole perturbations, we find constraints for ModMax parameters such as Q_text {m} and the screening factor gamma . We also analyze how the shadow radius behaves as perceived by a static observer and one that is comoving with the cosmic expansion. The effect of the ModMax parameters is constant for a static observer, and we found That it varies when the observer is comoving with cosmic expansion. We also analyzed its effect on the weak deflection angle by exploiting the Gauss–Bonnet theorem and its application to Einstein ring formation. We also consider the finite distance effect and massive particle deflection. Our results indicate that the far approximation of massive particle gives the largest deflection angle and amplifies the effect of Q_text {m} and gamma . Then we also calculate the quasinormal modes and greybody bounds which encode unique characteristic features of the dyonic ModMax black hole. With the advent of improving space technology, we reported that it is possible to detect the deviation caused through the shadow cast, Einstein rings, quasinormal modes, and neutrino oscillations.