Participatory Learning And Action Research Articles

Peningkatan Kemampuan Aparatur Desa Dalam Tata Kelola Pelaporan Keuangan Desa

This community service activity (PKM) aims to increase the understanding and ability of the Sandang Pangan Village apparatus, Sampolawa District, South Buton Regency, in village administration governance as regulated by Permendagri No. 14 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for Village Government Administration and Permendagri No. 20 of 2018 concerning financial management. village. To create regularity in village administration, it is necessary to provide assistance in the preparation of administrative reporting, especially good and correct village financial reporting management. The purpose of community service activities is assistance and guidance to government officials, using the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) approach or Participatory Learning and Practice Process. PLA is a community empowerment method consisting of a learning process (training, brainstorming, and discussion). The results of this service activity are 1) Village officials have known and understood good and correct village financial reporting management, as evidenced by the results of the training in the form of a draft report document according to the guidelines from the Ministry of Home Affairs regulations. 2) Village administration and village financial reporting so far have not been in accordance with the rules for their preparation, disorganized and irregular that has been carried out by village officials, changed for the better with the creation of a report module that is structured according to village administration. For this reason, efforts to improve the ability of village officials require a scheduled training program so that their competence in preparing report governance will be even better in the future.

Empowerment of Productive Youth Group Asset-Based In The Business of Establishing a Collective Business In Talunkenas Village, STM Hilir District Deli Serdang Regency

Youth is the nation's asset, determining the future direction of a better life. Their existence becomes a renewing energy and is critical of a distorted establishment. Youth is the breath of the times, the ideal group of the ummah and the nation who are rich in criticism, imagination, and their role in every event that occurs in the midst of changing society. It is undeniable that youth play an important role in almost every social transformation and struggle to achieve goals. The success of youth development as quality human resources with competitive advantage is one of the keys to opening opportunities for success in various other development sectors. Therefore, youth empowerment is considered as one of the programs that cannot be ignored in preparing the nation's life in the future. Youth have valuable assets as capital to make changes. These assets must be utilized so that they can be useful. Youth empowerment can be done through various ways, both in formal, informal, and non-formal channels. The purpose of empowerment is basically to shape the character of youth, so that they become fully Indonesian human beings or humans who have character that can optimize the talents or assets of youth so that they can prosper individuals and groups. Partners in community service with this Community Partnership Program scheme are the Talun Kenas Village Government, STM Hilir District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province. The output targets of this program are scientific publications, mass media publications, activity videos and being speakers in scientific meetings. The method used in this program is program socialization and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) involving all targets so that young people can be empowered by releasing all their assets to form a joint business for mutual benefit.

Pelatihan Aplikasi Sarana Pemasaran Online Imooji Untuk Mitra Produk Gusereen di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Marketing of palm sugar products in District of Lima Puluh Kota is still managed traditionally, rarely use online marketing. Product marketing of Gusereen still relies on word of mouth and the limited use of groups on social media. This training activity aims to provide knowledge on how to make imooji digital brochures to increase promotion and sales of Gusereen products. The collection of data and information is conducted by observing and interviewing the needs and situations experienced by partners, business processes and obstacles faced. Training method is using the PLA (Participatory Learning and Action) method. Exposure of lesson materials to partners is conducted by providing information on the use of imooji, the choice of packages provided, and how to use imooji. Participants get lesson learn and guidance through the direct practices of using the application. The training practices carried out include 1) How to log in and register as a new user; 2) How to use the imooji user interface; 3) Choose a preferred and suitable template for Gusereen products; 4) Upload photos of the products; 5) Change text or product images; 6) Save and preview the created imooji; and 7) Publish or share imooji on social media. This training succeeded in increasing participants' knowledge by 45% from pre-test to post-test. Participants benefit from the training provided and 87% of participants understand the material provided. This training is expected to be the beginning of the transfer of knowledge and information to the palm sugar business community, especially for palm sugar business actors in Labuah Gunuang.

Improving infant feeding, care, and dental hygiene practices in South Asian infants aged younger than 2 years in east London through women's group participatory learning and action cycles (NEON): a behaviour intervention trial

BackgroundFeeding practices developed during the first 1000 days of life can affect growth, development, and lifetime risk of nutrition related and dental-related diseases. In the UK, barriers to recommended complementary feeding practices among South Asian caregivers include food access, bicultural issues, and inconsistent advice from health professionals and community members. We aimed to improve infant feeding, care, and dental hygiene practices among South Asian communities in East London boroughs by co-developing a culturally sensitive intervention and adapting the WHO-recommended women's group Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) cycles. MethodsWe developed an intervention package, in collaboration with multilingual community facilitators, community members, and stakeholders from the local health and social care system (ie, health visitors, dieticians, dentists, children's centres, and local authorities), that consisted of: PLA group facilitator manual, picture cards of recommended or non-recommended feeding practices, healthy recipes book, community asset map, and list of local resources and activities. We conducted monthly intervention development meetings with South Asian community facilitators (n=10) and workshops with South Asian community members (n=25). The inclusion criteria were pregnant women, mothers or female carers for infants younger than 2 years, backgrounds from Indian Gujarati or Punjabi, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi, or Pakistani backgrounds, and living in the London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets, Newham, or Waltham Forest. The community was involved at three levels: researchers assisting in recruitment and data collection, meeting and workshop facilitators, and intervention developers. The primary outcome was to codevelop the intervention toolkit. This study has obtained ethical approval from the UCL Research Ethics Committee (identifier 17269/001). Community members have agreed to participate and given audio or video consent before their participation in the workshops. Verbal consent was witnessed and formally recorded. FindingsBetween Feb 1, 2020, and Nov 30, 2020, we held eight intervention development meetings in community centres and online. Between Dec 1, 2020, and Feb 28, 2021, four workshops took place online using Zoom. Participants contributed valuable input for intervention development on content, activities, photographs, cultural recipes, artistic design, objectives, schedule, and location. We were able to develop the intervention toolkit with positive perceptions from the community facilitators and community members. InterpretationWe developed a culturally sensitive approach in partnership with health and social care practitioners to address public health issues in a resource-poor ethnically diverse community. Greater use of community assets aligns with the NHS 10-Year Forward Plan. FundingNational Institute for Health Research (reference NIHR300020).

Pengembangan Kreativitas dan Produktivitas Siswa-Siswi Sekolah Dasar Islam Al-Azhar 8 Kembangan Jakarta Barat melalui Program Media Creative Class

Abstract Purpose: This activity aimed to add, improve, and sharpen participant's skills, develop the creativity of elementary school children, and increase their productivity during the pandemic Method: Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) approach was utilized by assessing community involvement and interest in Creative Media Class's programs. Results: As a result of this activity, participants have gained new skills such as a better understanding of how they create creative content. Not only that, but they also know about ethics in social media. Making posters/flyers / Instagram post formats and video blogs are distributed through the official social media Media Creative Class, Instagram: @medikraf and their own. Conclusion: To develop student creativity for their skills, Media Creative Class helps them optimize technology for a solution to social distancing regulations.

Migrant health and language barriers: Uncovering macro level influences on the implementation of trained interpreters in healthcare settings

There is a knowledge translation gap between policies promoting equitable access to healthcare and person-centred care, and the use of untrained interpreters in cross-cultural consultations leading to disparities in health outcomes. An 11 member inter-sectoral working group met at four workshops to discuss and agree on levers and barriers to the provision of trained interpreters in healthcare settings in Ireland. The process was informed by Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) research to support inter-stakeholder dialogue and learning. Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) was used as a conceptual framework to analyse levers and barriers. The NPT analysis explored sense-making, engagement and enactment and found challenges with sense-making and engagement in senior level service planners, managers and governmental offices. This had negative impacts on other key actors, including healthcare providers, medical students and interpreters. This also meant that the enactment of interpreted consultations in practice settings was replete with barriers, most notably a lack of resources, training and supportive organisational structures. The emergent action plan focused on improving sense-making and engagement through inter-sectoral awareness raising, designed to stimulate a series of complementary levers for implementation. Combining PLA and NPT provided new insights into macro level influences on implementation work at the level of a national healthcare system. The approaches used in this study are applicable in other fields.

Effect of nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions with participatory videos and women's group meetings on maternal and child nutritional outcomes in rural Odisha, India (UPAVAN trial): a four-arm, observer-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial

SummaryBackgroundAlmost a quarter of the world's undernourished people live in India. We tested the effects of three nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions on maternal and child nutrition in India.MethodsWe did a parallel, four-arm, observer-blind, cluster-randomised trial in Keonjhar district, Odisha, India. A cluster was one or more villages with a combined minimum population of 800 residents. The clusters were allocated 1:1:1:1 to a control group or an intervention group of fortnightly women's groups meetings and household visits over 32 months using: NSA videos (AGRI group); NSA and nutrition-specific videos (AGRI-NUT group); or NSA videos and a nutrition-specific participatory learning and action (PLA) cycle meetings and videos (AGRI-NUT+PLA group). Primary outcomes were the proportion of children aged 6–23 months consuming at least four of seven food groups the previous day and mean maternal body-mass index (BMI). Secondary outcomes were proportion of mothers consuming at least five of ten food groups and child wasting (proportion of children with weight-for-height Z score SD <–2). Outcomes were assessed in children and mothers through cross-sectional surveys at baseline and at endline, 36 months later. Analyses were by intention to treat. Participants and intervention facilitators were not blinded to allocation; the research team were. This trial is registered at ISRCTN, ISRCTN65922679.Findings148 of 162 clusters assessed for eligibility were enrolled and randomly allocated to trial groups (37 clusters per group). Baseline surveys took place from Nov 24, 2016, to Jan 24, 2017; clusters were randomised from December, 2016, to January, 2017; and interventions were implemented from March 20, 2017, to Oct 31, 2019, and endline surveys done from Nov 19, 2019, to Jan 12, 2020, in an average of 32 households per cluster. All clusters were included in the analyses. There was an increase in the proportion of children consuming at least four of seven food groups in the AGRI-NUT (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1·19, 95% CI 1·03 to 1·37, p=0·02) and AGRI-NUT+PLA (1·27, 1·11 to 1·46, p=0·001) groups, but not AGRI (1·06, 0·91 to 1·23, p=0·44), compared with the control group. We found no effects on mean maternal BMI (adjusted mean differences vs control, AGRI −0·05, −0·34 to 0·24; AGRI-NUT 0·04, −0·26 to 0·33; AGRI-NUT+PLA −0·03, −0·3 to 0·23). An increase in the proportion of mothers consuming at least five of ten food groups was seen in the AGRI (adjusted RR 1·21, 1·01 to 1·45) and AGRI-NUT+PLA (1·30, 1·10 to 1·53) groups compared with the control group, but not in AGRI-NUT (1·16, 0·98 to 1·38). We found no effects on child wasting (adjusted RR vs control, AGRI 0·95, 0·73 to 1·24; AGRI-NUT 0·96, 0·72 to 1·29; AGRI-NUT+PLA 0·96, 0·73 to 1·26).InterpretationWomen's groups using combinations of NSA videos, nutrition-specific videos, and PLA cycle meetings improved maternal and child diet quality in rural Odisha, India. These components have been implemented separately in several low-income settings; effects could be increased by scaling up together.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK AID from the UK Government, and US Agency for International Development.

Community participatory learning and action cycle groups to reduce type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh (D:Clare trial): study protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAn estimated 463 million people globally have diabetes, with the prevalence growing in low-and middle-income settings, such as Bangladesh. Given the need for context-appropriate interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the ‘Diabetes: Community-led Awareness, Response and Evaluation’ (D:Clare) trial will rigorously evaluate the replication and scale-up of a participatory learning and action (PLA) cycle intervention in Bangladesh, to inform policy on population-level T2DM prevention and control.MethodsThis is a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial, with integrated process and economic evaluations, conducted from March 2020 to September 2022. The trial will evaluate a community-based four-phase PLA cycle intervention focused on prevention and control of T2DM implemented over 18 months, against a control of usual care. Twelve clusters will be randomly allocated (1:1) to implement the intervention at project month 1 or 12. The intervention will be evaluated through three cross-sectional surveys at months 1, 12 and 24. The trial will be conducted in Alfadanga Upazila, Faridpur district, with an estimated population of 120,000. Clusters are defined as administrative geographical areas, with approximately equal populations. Each of the six unions in Alfadanga will be divided into two clusters, forming 12 clusters in total. Given the risk of inter-cluster contamination, evaluation surveys will exclude villages in border areas. Participants will be randomly sampled, independently for each survey, from a population census conducted in January 2020. The primary outcome is the combined prevalence of intermediate hyperglycaemia and T2DM, measured through fasting and 2-h post-glucose load blood tests. A total of 4680 participants provide 84% power to detect a 30% reduction in the primary outcome, assuming a baseline of 30% and an ICC of 0.07. The analysis will be by intention-to-treat, comparing intervention and control periods across all clusters, adjusting for geographical clustering.DiscussionThis study will provide further evidence of effectiveness for community-based PLA to prevent T2DM at scale in a rural Bangladesh setting. However, we encountered several challenges in applying the stepped-wedge design to our research context, with particular consideration given to balancing seasonality, timing and number of steps and estimation of partial versus full effect.Trial registrationISRCTN: ISRCTN42219712. Registered on 31 October 2019

Pelatihan uji kompetensi keahlian siswa sekolah kejuruan menggunakan metode Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)

National examination for skills competency at vocational high schools is held annually by the central government. The implementation of the national examination is one of the determinants of graduation apart. A national examination is also used for three other things: mapping, selecting to a higher level, and providing assistance or affirmation to the regions. Local governments can also use the national examination to mapping the achievements' standards for students, academic units, and regions. This community service aims to help students increase students' readiness and expertise in solving the national exam for competency skills in the multimedia field. This activity's target is the XII grade students of SMK NW Wanasaba, the main partners. This activity's target and output is the development of skills to work on skills competency National Examination questions, which are skills. The method is Participatory Learning and Action (PLA). This activity was providing practical knowledge and skills to students of SMK NW Wanasaba. This expertise competency training, especially in the multimedia field, can help students prepare for expertise competency exams to get maximum results and improve student competence.

Empowerment Communication in an Islamic Boarding School as a Medium of Harmonization

The study aims to analyze empowerment communication in a cooperative of an Islamic boarding school as a medium of harmonization. The study used a qualitative research method for Participatory Learning and Action (PLA). Data were collected through interviews, documentation, observation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Informants were selected purposively and snowball sampling, namely the organization committee and students at the Islamic Boarding School, the management of cooperatives, business groups in the community, and village government, as well as practitioners, and activists of community empowerment. The study location was determined in community and Al Muaddib Islamic boarding school at Cilacap district, Central Java Province of Indonesia. The study used data analysis of community development, namely identifying, categorizing problems, specific objectives, analyzing problems and preparing action plans, evaluating the entire process, and action plans. The results of research i.e. (1) The empowerment communication should be developed to perform a comprehensive economic empowerment program ranging from the identification of the problem, the potential of human resources, natural resources and the economy of rural communities up to the analytical solution of cooperative programs, assistance and partnerships to realize harmonization. (2) Empowerment communication should be carried out sustainably and comprehensively with a humanistic, dialogical, egalitarian and participatory approach starting from counselling to provide motivation, inspiration, knowledge, and then improving skills with training, monitoring, evaluation and partnership. (3) The study implication is that empowerment communication programs could be a medium for harmonization, eliminating traumatic and negative stigma against society and Islamic boarding school which are considered radical. Keywords: Boarding school, cooperative, empowerment communication, harmonization, negative stigma.

Intersecting RUSLE modelled and farmers perceived soil erosion risk in the conservation domain on mountain Elgon in Uganda

This study investigated the intersection between empirically derived and farmers perceived soil erosion risk in a medium-sized catchment on the Ugandan side of mountain Elgon. We postulated that farmers' perception of soil erosion risk was high and this influenced their employment of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) measures on their land. An adapted Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was employed to model the soil erosion risk in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) tools covering household interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were implemented in two representative subcounties of the catchment to elicit information on farmers' perception of soil erosion risk. Household interviews covering 184 respondents were georeferenced using a Geographical Positioning System (GPS). Farmers perceived soil erosion risk on their land was then matched with RUSLE modelled risk using GPS positional data. The modelled soil erosion risk was substantial and a sizeable proportion of the catchment (63%) exhibited soil losses >10 t ha-1 yr-1, which is considered above the tolerable limit for mountain environments. A slight but significant agreement (p < 0.001) between the modelled and farmers perceived soil erosion risk was observed. In general, farmers perceived soil erosion risk was less than the RUSLE model estimates. Although 95% of farmers recognize soil erosion as problematic, only 65% implemented some aspect of SWC on their land albeit with varied purposes. Chi-square tests did not detect a strong association (p > 0.05) between farmers' perceived soil erosion risk and implementation of SWC on their land. On this basis, our postulation that perceived high soil erosion risk influences the implementation of SWC does not suffice in the studied catchment. We surmise that successful risk mitigation should be directed more on increasing farmer's awareness of the long-term adverse consequences of soil erosion on their land.

Perceived burden, causes and consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the rural Maharashtra: a cultural domain analysis

The existing level of the early age pregnancy necessitates in-depth discussions and study. The objective of this study is to explore the perception of rural population regarding adolescent pregnancy with reference to the perceived burden, causes and consequences. A cross-sectional study through cultural domain analysis using free listing and participatory learning and action (PLA) tool of ten seed analysis was used for exploring the perceptions of the community. Cognitive salience was estimated using the Sutrop (Su) index. The perceived burden of adolescent pregnancy was around 18%. Early marriage (Su index=0.274), love/relationship (Su index=0.246), pre-marital sex (Su index=0.215), rape/incest (Su index=0.162), and poor educational status (Su index=0.152) were the salient causes of adolescent pregnancy. The salient consequences identified were weak baby (Su index=0.170), social stigma (Su index=0.124), excessive bleeding during delivery (Su index=0.114), mother may die (Su index=0.112) and abortion (Su index = 0.109). Teenage pregnancy is perceived as a problem by the community. The causes of teenage pregnancy in this setting are multi-dimensional and are deeply embedded in the system of local values, beliefs and practices.

Integrating Ecosystem Services and Disservices in Valuing Smallholder Livestock and Poultry Production in Three Villages in South Africa

This study presents an integrated examination of both the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem disservices (EDS) associated with smallholder animal husbandry in rural livelihoods in three villages in southeast South Africa. It recognises the contribution of ES supporting and resulting from smallholder livestock and poultry production, but also details the limiting factors or EDS, such as tick-borne disease, birds of prey or unpalatable rangeland, produced by the same system. Using a mixed-methods approach, including focus group discussions with various Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) activities, key informant interviews, household surveys and land-use change mapping on GIS, we consider the relative value and benefits from ES after the effects of EDS, as well as the management and strategies that households adopt to minimise EDS. The effects of ES and EDS were expressed in economic terms to provide a common framework to assess the magnitude of their contribution or effect. Although animal husbandry made measurable contributions to households, with an average gross value of between R2605–R9753 across villages, EDS undermined the meaningful production of livestock and poultry goods and services. The average EDS-induced economic loss in households was between R8289–R22,426 per annum. Despite active management, often at substantial cost to the household, EDS undermined the health of livestock which resulted in a loss of the animal or potential goods and services produced. We emphasise the need to recognise both the positive and negative contributions of ecosystems to identify the complex feedbacks between ES and EDS which interact to determine local ways of doing things.

Empowerment Program Design in Edutourism Management Post Pandemic Covid 19

The agrotourism area not only provides attractions of natural beauty and agricultural products, but also local wisdom that can be used as an educational commodity or educational tourism, so that tourists get knowledge, experience and agricultural cultivation skills from the community or entrepreneurial groups. The Corona Virus 2019 (Covid 19) pandemic in Indonesia resulted in decreasing of tourist visit and income for entrepreneurial groups, so it was important to design an empowerment program in the management of covid 19 post-pandemic tourism development. The research process was carried out before the Covid 19 pandemic: January to mid-March 2020 therefore the researcher could use the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method. While data collection was taken by observation, documentation, interviews and discussions with research informants from the village government, tour operators, farmer groups, entrepreneurship groups based on horticultural products, practitioners and experts. And then through a questionnaire from business groups of 60 respondents in tourist locations, it used a survey method and the results are descriptive quantitative data. The research location was in the agro-tourism area of Serang Village, Karangreja District, Purbalingga Regency, Central Java Province. This research used community development analysis, then conducting clarification and data verification using online media due to Covid 19 pandemic. The result of the study was the design of gradual empowerment programs targeting the younger generation such as: (1) the stage of forming and enhancing the mindset, mental attitude and motivation for successful entrepreneurship, teamwork and edu-tourism management; (2) stage of increasing knowledge, awareness and skills, especially innovation in processing horticulture products, packaging, product brand labels and licensing and product standardization; (3) the stages of forming an educational tourism (edutourism) team with the support of stakeholder partnerships to provide edu-tourism management training courses, in terms of administration and financial, information and service teams, creative and entertainment teams, digital media teams, digital marketing and promotion teams.

Understanding impacts and barriers to adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in North-Western Nigerian drylands

ABSTRACT Purpose: Empirical evidence suggests that climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices will promote resilience against climate change. We explored location-specific CSA practices and strategies for adoption in two communities (Zango and Kofa) in the North-Western Nigerian drylands. Design/methodology/approach: Mixed methods design was employed with thirty smallholders per community selected from a baseline study of 220 smallholders from the two study communities. Smallholders were engaged in a farmer participatory learning and action (PLA) on CSA adoption for resilience. Impacts of PLA were evaluated six months post-implementation and barriers for adoption explored. Findings: Pre- and post-PLA training indicated a change in confidence to adopt some CSA practices. Both communities showed greater confidence (p < .05) related to solving climate-related problems and the use of fertiliser. Communities differed in relation to other factors: Kofa exhibited improved confidence (71.4%) in solving water challenges while Zango showed greater confidence (76%) in relation to solving environmental problems. We found gender-responsive CSA promote women participation in farming. Practical implications: A deep understanding of the underlying reasoning behind non-adoption of CSA practices could support future climate resilience policies, and the lead-farmer extension model could reduce extension agent-farmer ratio. Theoretical implications: Identification of climate-smart agriculture practices and their adoption confirms the benefit of participatory learning for transformation, in this case, empowerment of smallholders, including women, to adapt to climate change in a wider sub-Saharan Africa context. Originality/value: This study explores PLA application in supporting the uptake of CSA practices for resilience and advancement of lead-farmer extension for reducing extension agent-farmer ratio.

Penerapan Pembelajaran Berbasis Mikrokontroler untuk Keterampilan Kompetensi Keahlian Jurusan Teknik Audio Video SMK Negeri 3 Selong

One of the materials provided at SMK is Microprocessor and Microcontroller System material. The material is very important to study because currently, the system based on microprocessor systems and microcontrollers is becoming a technology that is in demand and is developing in the community. Starting from the application of analog electronic circuits, then digital and now almost all equipment uses microprocessor systems, for example, devices close to us, such as mobile phones, televisions, radio-cassettes, washing machines to space instruments. Based on the description above, a method is needed learning that is able to provide a deeper understanding of the microcontroller-based system as well and can increase student interest in learning. The method used is the Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method. Community service programs through the application of science and technology will be directed to provide an introduction to microprocessor and microcontroller technology using the Arduino electronic system development module theoretically and practically for application in the field of audio-video engineering. The skills competency training program activities for students of SMK Negeri 3 SELONG majoring in Computer and Network Engineering can be carried out properly and run smoothly in accordance with the planned activities that have been prepared from the start, although not all students participating in the training can master the training material provided. This activity received a good reception, as evidenced by the consistency and seriousness of the trainees attending the training activities from beginning to end, and did not leave the place before the training ended. The success of the target achieved by the number of training participants who reached more than 10 participants. Achievement of research objectives is to the students of SMK Negeri 3 SELONG to gain additional insight into the microcontroller. The ability of students of SMK Negeri 3 SELONG in increasing knowledge in the field of microcontrollers is improved compared to before carrying out training activities, this can be seen from the results of the practice that has been carried out by students during training DOI : 10.29408/jit.v3i1.1851

Using Participatory Learning and Action in a Community-Based Intervention to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls in Mumbai's Informal Settlements.

For over 3 decades, participatory learning and action (PLA) techniques have been prominent in formative and evaluative studies in community-based development programs in the Global South. In this paper, we describe and discuss the use of PLA approaches at the beginning of a community-based program for prevention of violence against women and girls in Mumbai’s urban informal settlements. We adapted six PLA techniques as part of a formative community mobilization and rapid needs assessment exercise, addressing perceptions of violence prevalence, sources of household conflict, experiences of safety and mobility, access to services, preferences for service and support, and visualization of an ideal community free from violence. We describe the collaborative process of developing and implementing PLA techniques and discuss its relevance in generating contextual and grounded understandings of violence as well as in identifying factors which can potentially enable and constrain interventions.

Implementation of participatory method in dairy farmers extension program in West Java

During 2016-2019, Yayasan Bumi Manira-Studio Driyamedia Bandung (the institutions where authors work) involved in cooperation with the dairy coops KPSBU (Koperasi Peternak Sapi Bandung Utara) in Lembang-West Java and KPBS (Koperasi Peternak Bandung Selatan) in Pangalengan-West Java to develop their animal health and extension staff capacities in communication and extension. The staff consist of: para-medics, animal health, extension officers and veterinarians involved in trainings in technical subjects, communication and extension methods to advice farmers in better way. The analysis of this article aims to evaluate and review the communication pattern of those staffs. The capacity building methodology developed is Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method as trainings of coop staff using “action-reflection-action” learning system. The result of evaluation and review showed that the progress of the project indicate of positive situation because they have potential to be came good officer and very enthusiastic. Most problems of communication and extension in KPBS and KPSBU are similar: using too much one-way communication, less implementation of adult education, and less usage of various learning media. Therefor they need more participatory atmosphere, more adult learning policy, and more flexible management system. The board also can push synergize among sections

Participatory learning and action to address type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh: a qualitative process evaluation

BackgroundDiabetes is 7th largest cause of death worldwide, and prevalence is increasing rapidly in low-and middle-income countries. There is an urgent need to develop and test interventions to prevent and control diabetes and develop the theory about how such interventions can be effective. We conducted a participatory learning and action (PLA) intervention with community groups in rural Bangladesh which was evaluated through a cluster randomised controlled trial. There was a large reduction in the combined prevalence of type 2 diabetes and intermediate hyperglycaemia in the PLA group compared with the control group. We present findings from qualitative process evaluation research to explore how this intervention was effective.MethodsWe conducted group interviews and focus group discussions using photovoice with purposively sampled group attenders and non-attenders, and intervention implementers. Data were collected before the trial analysis. We used inductive content analysis to generate theory from the data.ResultsThe intervention increased the health literacy of individuals and communities - developing their knowledge, capacity and self-confidence to enact healthy behaviours. Community, household and individual capacity increased through social support and social networks, which then created an enabling community context, further strengthening agency and enabling community action. This increased opportunities for healthy behaviour. Community actions addressed lack of awareness about diabetes, gendered barriers to physical activity and lack of access to blood glucose testing. The interaction between the individual, household, and community contexts amplified change, and yet there was limited engagement with macro level, or ‘state’, barriers to healthy behaviour.ConclusionsThe participatory approach enabled groups to analyse how context affected their ability to have healthy behaviours and participants engaged with issues as a community in the ways that they felt comfortable. We suggest measuring health literacy and social networks in future interventions and recommend specific capacity strengthening to develop public accountability mechanisms and health systems strengthening to complement community-based interventions.Trial registrationRegistered at ISRCTN on 30th March 2016 (Retrospectively Registered) Registration number: ISRCTN41083256.

Implementation of Ecotourism Empowerment in Coastal Border of West Kalimantan

Development must be an important and strategic priority, especially in the coastal border village area to prevent economic disparity, community conflict, and national disintegration. The research aims to analyze the implementation of the empowerment of coastal border of West Kalimantan. The research used qualitative methods of Participatory Learning and Action (PLA), data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation analysis, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The research took place in the coastal border area of Temajuk Village, Paloh District, Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan. Informants heve been purposively selected namely activists, students, community leaders, village government, business groups, academics, and tourists. The research analysis through interactive models by collecting data, reduce, verification, categorization and conclusions. The results showed that (1) Implementation of empowerment can be carried out by conducting counseling and training so as to increase awareness, motivation, knowledge, skills and solidarity between participants from the younger generation who form ecotourism community development. (2) Community development has been successfully formed from a young generation with the name "The Borneo tail" to become an activist who preserves and manages the potential of ecotourism by having the spirit of being a public relations (tourism guide), promotional and marketing services, and typical food and beverage entrepreneurs. (3) Development must continue to be improved, namely road infrastructure, availability of electricity and access to telecommunications networks (internet) as a support in the development of ecotourism, especially in Temajuk Village which is still limited and dependent on Malaysian territory. (4) The village and regional governments, academics, activists of empowerment, environmentalists and tourists need to collaborate in carrying out sustainable ecotourism empowerment programs for Borneo tails as community development.