Participatory Health Research Research Articles

Quilted cellphilm method: A participatory visual health research method for working with marginalised and stigmatised communities

ABSTRACT The use of participatory visual methods and integration of cellphone technology is expanding in global public health research. Cellphilm method capitalises on these trends by inviting participants to use mobile devices to create short videos about health topics. This paper presents the quilted cellphilm method, which supports the participation of stigmatised populations to engage in research. We present the method with reference to the Celling Sex project, which worked with young women who have transactional sex experience. Four key steps in our unique model are discussed: (a) individual cellphilm-making; (b) participatory analysis; (c) creating a composite video; (d) publicly screening the work. We consider how working individually with participants in the cellphilm-making process built trust. We unpack how offering participants opportunities to engage in either group or one-on-one activities promoted participation in collaborative analysis. We outline how creating a composite video of the cellphilms and organising screenings facilitated knowledge translation and exchange. Overall, the quilted cellphilm method created a supportive community for vulnerable participants to generate products that challenged social stigma. Increased reliance on mobile media, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, makes the quilted cellphilm method an opportune, exciting and accessible approach for participatory public health research.

Confronting the Complexities of "Co-Production" in Participatory Health Research: A Critical, Reflexive Approach to Power Dynamics in a Collaborative Project on Parkinson's Dance.

The literature on participatory health research describes various ways of overcoming obstacles to the co-production of knowledge by redressing power imbalances. In this article, we propose an approach to understanding and analyzing co-production which conceptualizes power, not as an obstacle but as an intrinsic, productive force in bringing "co-production" into being. In the approach, "co-production" is understood and analyzed as a tensional, complex, unstable entity that emerges in power-imbued negotiations of meanings throughout the research process. Focusing on a participatory project on Parkinson's dance, our purpose is to illustrate how the approach can generate knowledge about the complexities of "co-production." We also demonstrate how the approach can provide a foundation for a relational ethics that confronts the complexities head-on. In conclusion, we discuss the insights gained into the possibilities and challenges of co-production and the value of the approach as a foundation for relational ethics.

Facebook Ads Manager as a Recruitment Tool for a Health and Safety Survey of Farm Mothers: Pilot Study.

BackgroundSocial media platforms have experienced unprecedented levels of growth and usage over the past decade, with Facebook hosting 2.7 billion active users worldwide, including over 200 million users in the United States. Facebook users have been underutilized and understudied by the academic community as a resource for participant recruitment.ObjectiveWe performed a pilot study to explore the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of Facebook advertisements for the recruitment of an online agricultural health and safety survey.MethodsWe undertook a 1-week advertising campaign utilizing the integrated, targeted advertising platform of Facebook Ads Manager with a target-spending limit of US $294. We created and posted three advertisements depicting varying levels of agricultural safety adoption leading to a brief survey on farm demographics and safety attitudes. We targeted our advertisements toward farm mothers aged 21-50 years in the United States and determined cost-effectiveness and potential biases. No participant incentive was offered.ResultsWe reached 40,024 users and gathered 318 advertisement clicks. Twenty-nine participants consented to the survey with 24 completions. Including personnel costs, the cost per completed survey was US $17.42. Compared to the distribution of female producers in the United States, our advertisements were unexpectedly overrepresented in the eastern United States and were underrepresented in the western United States.ConclusionsFacebook Ads Manager represents a potentially cost-effective and timely method to recruit participants for online health and safety research when targeting a specific population. However, social media recruitment mirrors traditional recruitment methods in its limitations, exhibiting geographic, response, and self-selection biases that need to be addressed.

Public willingness to participate in personalized health research and biobanking: A large-scale Swiss survey.

This paper reports survey findings on the Swiss public’s willingness, attitudes, and concerns regarding personalized health research participation by providing health information and biological material. The survey reached a sample of 15,106 Swiss residents, from which we received 5,156 responses (34.1% response rate). The majority of respondents were aware of research using human biological samples (71.0%) and held a positive opinion towards this type of research (62.4%). Of all respondents, 53.6% indicated that they would be willing to participate in a personalized health research project. Willingness to participate was higher in younger, higher educated, non-religious respondents with a background in the health sector. Respondents were more willing to provide ‘traditional’ types of health data, such as health questionnaires, blood or biological samples, as opposed to social media or app-related data. All respondents valued the return of individual research results, including risk for diseases for which no treatment is available. Our findings highlight that alongside general positive attitudes towards personalized health research using data and samples, respondents have concerns about data privacy and re-use. Concerns included potential discrimination, confidentiality breaches, and misuse of data for commercial or marketing purposes. The findings of this large-scale survey can inform Swiss research institutions and assist policymakers with adjusting practices and developing policies to better meet the needs and preferences of the public. Efforts in this direction could focus on research initiatives engaging in transparent communication, education, and engagement activities, to increase public understanding and insight into data sharing activities, and ultimately strengthen personalized health research efforts.

Learning to Fail Better: Reflections on the Challenges and Risks of Community-Based Participatory Mental Health Research With Inuit Youth in Nunavut.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a mine field of moral dilemmas. Even when carefully planned for and continuously critically reflected upon, conflicts are likely to occur as part of the process. This paper illustrates the lessons learned from “Building on Strengths in Naujaat”, a resiliency initiative with the objective of promoting sense of belonging, collective efficacy, and well-being in Inuit youth. Naujaat community members over time established strong meaningful relationships with academic researchers. Youth took on the challenge of organizing community events, trips out on the land, and fundraisers. While their creativity and resourcefulness are at the heart of the initiative, this paper explores conflicts and pitfalls that accompanied it. Based on three themes – struggles in coming together as academic and community partners, the danger of perpetuating colonial power structures, and the challenges of navigating complex layers of relations within the community – we examine the dilemmas unearthed by these conflicts, including an exploration of how much we as CBPR researchers are at risk of reproducing colonial power structures. Acknowledging and addressing power imbalances, while striving for transparency, accountability, and trust, are compelling guiding principles needed to support Indigenous communities on the road toward health equity.

Participatory health research with migrants: Opportunities, challenges, and way forwards.

ContextMigration is one of the most politically pressing issues of the 21st century but migrant health remains an under‐researched area. The International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research (ICPHR) working group on migration developed this position statement to address opportunities and challenges in relation to migrant health. It aims to contribute to a shift from a deficit model that sees migrants as passively affected by policies to their reconceptualization as citizens who are engaged in the co‐creation of solutions.MethodsThis paper examines the opportunities and challenges posed by the use of PHR with migrants. It draws on a broad literature to provide examples of successful PHR with migrants and highlights critical issues for consideration.FindingsSuccessful initiatives illustrate the value of engaging migrants in the definition of the research agenda, the design and implementation of health interventions, the identification of health‐protective factors and the operationalization and validation of indicators to monitor progress. Within increasingly super diverse contexts, fragmented community landscapes that are not necessarily constructed along ethnicity traits, inadequate structures of representation, local tensions and operational barriers can hamper meaningful PHR with migrants.ConclusionFor each research context, it is essential to gauge the ‘optimal’ level and type of participation that is more likely to leverage migrants’ empowerment. The development of Monitoring and Evaluation tools and methodological strategies to manage inter‐stakeholder discrepancies and knowledge translation gaps are steps in this direction.Patient or public contributionThis paper draws from contributions of migrant populations and other stakeholders to policymaking.

Autonomie in der Offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit fördern – Ergebnisse eines partizipativen Evaluationsprojekts

HintergrundPartizipation zu ermöglichen ist Teil des Auftrags der Offenen Kinder- und Jugendarbeit. Dazu gehört die Einbindung der Jugendlichen in die Angebotsentwicklung. Der Ansatz der Partizipativen Gesundheitsforschung kann einen Beitrag zur Umsetzung dieses Auftrags leisten.Ziel der ArbeitDie Durchführung sog. „Autonomer Öffnungen“ (AÖ) in Braunschweig, bei denen Jugendliche ihr Jugendzentrum (JZ) ohne Beisein der Fachkräfte öffnen und die Zeit eigenverantwortlich gestalten, geht auf eine Forderung der städtischen Jugendkonferenz zurück. Jugendliche und Fachkräfte wurden mit partizipativen Methoden bei der Evaluation der AÖ wissenschaftlich begleitet. Diese Arbeit berichtet aus einem der drei mitwirkenden JZ.Studiendesign und StudiensettingNach jeder AÖ haben die Jugendlichen ihr Erlebtes in einem mit den Fachkräften erarbeiteten Fragebogen angegeben, der im digitalen Umfrageinstrument „Mentimeter“ hinterlegt ist. Die Erfahrungen der Fachkräfte wurden in Interviews erfragt. Im Zentrum der Erhebungen stehen das Einbringen eigener Interessen und die Entwicklung von Kompetenzen der Jugendlichen. Die Ergebnisse wurden von den Wissenschaftler*innen ausgewertet und in einem Workshop mit Jugendlichen und Fachkräften reflektiert.ErgebnisseIm Zeitraum von zehn Monaten fanden zehn AÖ statt. Fünf Jugendliche nahmen als Hauptverantwortliche und ca. 20 weitere als Mitverantwortliche teil. Es zeigte sich, dass die Jugendlichen ihre Interessen seit Beginn der AÖ verstärkt einbringen. Die Fachkräfte haben eine Entwicklung von Kompetenzen in verschiedenen Feldern beobachtet. Es wurden Kriterien zur Übertragbarkeit der AÖ identifiziert. Belastbare Beziehungen, die einen vertrauensvollen Austausch auf Augenhöhe zwischen Fachkräften und Jugendlichen ermöglichen, sind dabei bedeutsam.

Continuing participatory research beyond the end of projects: participatory quality development in municipal health promotion

The limited timeframes of participatory health research (PHR) studies make it difficult to achieve the desired specific social changes through the projects. This is particularly true for the promotion of health equity in municipal settings. This article examines how participatory quality development (PQE) approaches can complement PGF in order to implement participation as aquality criterion in health promotion and to contribute to the sustainability of research results.Based on the structure and course of two participatory research projects on integrated municipal health promotion, quality development processes with older people and parents of preschool children are described.Structural and process design contribute significantly to the transfer of research results into practice and beyond the end of the project. In their structure and by continuously involving local partners and stakeholders, projects must ensure that the principles of participatory quality development are implemented in processes from the very beginning.Participation as aquality criterion in health promotion is now well established. However, there is adeficit in the implementation of this claim. PGF and PQE consistently implement the criterion but place high demands on structure and process design. It is recommended that participation principles should be anchored in cooperation agreements in the municipal partnerships and supportive frameworks for participatory approaches should be continuously developed.

Willingness and determinants of participation in public health research: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia.

Active participation in health research plays an integral role in the development and implementation of evidence-based health interventions and policies. To assess public willingness and determinants of participation in public health research. A cross-sectional survey targeting Saudi residents aged > 16 years from the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia, using computer-assisted telephone interviews. We assessed the sociodemographic of participants, participants' involvement in research, their acceptance to participate, barriers hindering their participation, and their willingness to be involved in future health research. Pearson's χ2 and logistic regression analyses were used to explore determinants. There were 2512 participants in this study. Three hundred and seventy one (14.8%) confirmed that they had been invited previously to participate in research studies and 271 (73%) accepted the invitation. The majority (92%, n = 2319) of participants were willing to participate in future research. Being a young adult, male, college-educated, and employed were the main factors associated with willingness to participate in health research. Those who had previous experience of participation in health research were 3 times more willing to participate in future health research compared with participants with no prior experience (P < 0.001). This study highlighted the key determinants of willingness to participate in health research. Most participants had never been invited to participate in health research, but the majority reported a positive attitude towards participation. With rapid health system development nationally and regionally, Saudi participation levels in health research still need improvement.

The Social Ecology of Power in Participatory Health Research.

As increasing value is placed on community engagement, co-creation, and transdisciplinarity as essential ingredients to improve policies; participatory health research has gained popularity as a promising avenue for stakeholders to collaborate and solve problems in innovative ways. Participatory research has a history of success but important caveats caution against romanticizing the approach. The assumption that participation will empower participants overlooks potential feelings of disappointment or exploitation amid power imbalances, vested interest, and representativeness issues. This article outlines a multilevel conceptual framework that explicitly situates power dynamics within a wider system of bidirectional interconnections operating at the individual, interpersonal, and structural levels. It then provides a practical tool to examine and address these dynamics in a comprehensive and systematic way. This can be helpful for researchers and community practitioners working in contexts where democratic principles are not broadly endorsed and where power dynamics operate in subtle ways.

Patient*innen gestalten Forschung in der Palliativmedizin mit

BackgroundPatient and public participation in health research is of increasing social importance. The participation of citizens (patients, their next or interested parties) is not yet structurally anchored in Germany. This manuscript aims to present and to discuss first experiences with patient and public involvement in two palliative care centers. MethodsIn two centers, a general patient and public involvement committee (Erlangen) and a project-associated patient and public involvement group (Munich) were founded. Strategies for recruitment of potential members (public lectures, personal contact, information on the website, leaflets) were developed and applied. Sociodemographic data and motivations were assessed using survey and personal communication. 18 months after foundation citizens were asked to give feedback on participation during personal meetings. ResultsThe 20 members of the PPI committee (14 female) are between 52 and 86 years old in Erlangen. The PPI group in Munich has 7 members (5 female). Motivations to contribute are, for example, gratefulness for the care of a relative or the wish to share occupational competencies for a good purpose. Voluntary participation took place by consulting the research teams. Consultation was, among others, performed in joint sessions with brainstorming, moderated group discussions, piloting and commenting interview guides, texts or website content. Participation improved the quality of study material and data assessment instruments. Citizens appreciated that they were able to gain new information and meet people from different fields. They partly wished there was a more detailed preparation and debriefing after joint meetings. The research teams did not quantify the considerable staff and time expenses. DiscussionThe recruitment strategies used have proved successful, and the experiences so far indicate a positive impact of PPI on research in the field of palliative care. Research is needed to evaluate the resources required and the effect of PPI in palliative care. On a structural level, discussion of PPI as one specification of voluntary engagement in palliative care, centralized provision of general information on PPI in palliative care and the possibilities of exchange between PPI groups and researchers of different facilities, should take place. ConclusionThere is a need for networking and exchange among researchers and citizens of different project groups with experience in PPI. An institutionalized provision of expertise would pave the way for PPI in palliative research.

Women, wellbeing and the city: A model of participatory health research exploring physical activity in Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities

Objective: The aim of this project was to document a partnership working process from a cross-sectoral and cross-cultural participatory health research study focused on promoting physical activity among women from Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds. Design: A participatory health research paradigm was used to support this pilot feasibility study into partnership working for health promotion. Action research and community development principles underpinned the design, delivery and interpretation of findings from a community-based survey, data from four focus groups and bespoke interventions. Setting: Community groups from education, leisure, health and religious community sectors, and charity sectors, in the City of Liverpool, met in different venues representing those sectors. Method: Reflection on the process of community engagement in a research study guided by socio-ecological model, community development and action research principles. Results: Seven emerging collaborative processes based on effective partnership working, capacity-building practice and sustaining health and wellbeing evolved from a partnership between a Community Researchers Advisory Group and a Partners Advisory Group. BAME ‘community connectors’ were key to obtaining feedback from 213 women from 16 ethnic groups, which influenced the development of bespoke interventions and local sport and physical activity long-term policy, as one means of reducing social inequalities for women from BAME backgrounds. Conclusion: This feasibility study demonstrates the effectiveness and limitations of partnership working as a public health tool. The local Sport and Physical Activity Alliance and council department worked together to promote the sustainability of BAME-focused programmes as part of their governance and policy frameworks.

Successful youth participation in health research depends on the attitudes of adults

Successful youth participation in health research depends on the attitudes of adults

The use of music as an arts-based method in migrant health research: a scoping review protocol

There is increasing recognition that people’s lived experience needs to be incorporated into health decision-making. This has led to rising imperatives for involving the public in health processes, including research. While there have been significant advances in the field, patterns of exclusion still exist in some areas, including migrant participation in health research. Migration and mobility create challenges around social inclusion and this extends to social and cultural practices used in research. There is an emerging body of literature about improving meaningful, participatory spaces for migrants’ involvement in health research using creative tools and techniques that are attuned to cultural diversity. These include the use of arts-based research methods. There is strong evidence for the use of music, particularly singing, as an effective arts-based participatory tool . The goal of this scoping review is to investigate the evidence for the use of music as an arts-based method in migrant health research. Developed by an interdisciplinary team specialising in public and patient involvement; nursing and midwifery; primary health care; and the performing arts, it aims to analyse existing evidence across disciplines that are not usually studied together, identify gaps in current knowledge and use these as a foundation to build effective strategies towards increasing access to and knowledge of participatory, arts-based methods using music in migrant health research. Methods: The protocol for this scoping review follows the guidelines and stages set out in the JBI Reviewer’s Manual ( Peters et al., 2017), and by Levac et al, (2010), which build on the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley (2005). This incorporates six stages: 1) Identifying the research question; 2) Identifying relevant studies; 3) Study selection; 4) Charting the data; 5) Collating, summarising, and reporting results; and 6) Consultation.

Conducting an immersive community-based assessment of post-hurricane experience among Puerto Ricans: lived experience of medical ecology in an environmental disaster and migration

BackgroundTwo devastating sequential hurricanes impacted Puerto Rico during September of 2017. The hurricanes were traumatic and created social and ecological upheaval throughout Puerto Rico, and subsequently in communities of Central Florida where affected Puerto Ricans migrated. The 2017 hurricane season exposed and exacerbated previous long-standing socio-political, economic, environmental, and health crises, generating a humanitarian emergency in the country. The consequences of these human-ecological disasters destroyed much of Puerto Rico’s residential and environmental infrastructure, displacing thousands of people and resulting in an unprecedented migration to the United States. We report on the lived experience of the investigator team and partnership in conducting community-based formative research subsequent to this disaster, research that aimed to identify salient issues relating to the impact of Hurricanes Irma and María on Puerto Rican communities both in Puerto Rico and in Central Florida.DiscussionThe challenges faced during the conduct of this research include but are not limited to (1) emotional distress of participants and team members, (2) access to affected populations, and (3) precarious environmental factors, such as unstable infrastructure. To address these challenges, the researchers applied a Critical Medical Ecological paradigm along with qualitative methods to assist constructing explanatory models while obtaining internally-valid (from the community perspective), cathartic narrative accounts of the lived experience of hurricane survivors. The experience of the research team may help inform other investigators conducting applied research during a humanitarian crisis.ConclusionLessons learned in this research included: (1) usefulness of applying the Critical Medical Ecological model in the development of the project, (2) incorporating participation and methods that prioritize authenticity, (3) understanding the trauma experience and using study methods sensitive to it, and (4) innovating with best approaches to conduct the study given the challenges in post-hurricane Puerto Rico. These lessons could provide new insights on how to conduct in-depth participatory health research with community members who have been traumatized and – often – displaced. This research also demonstrates the value of pre-existing partnerships, critical consciousness in the field team, and medical ecological modeling as experiential for organizing complex, inter-related, multi-level variables that explain community and individual impact of environmental disasters.

Lessons Learned From Recruiting Latino Fathers in Child Health Research.

Latinos are the largest minority population group in the United States, and Latino children currently account for one fourth of U.S. children under age 18. Family is a core value in the Latino culture, and fathers play a central role within the family, including making decisions that influence their children's health. Nonetheless, Latino fathers are often underrepresented in child health research. This study was designed to describe effective strategies to recruit Latino fathers into five child health research studies. Using a data recruitment log, we collected quantitative and qualitative data on recruitment strategies used to reach and enroll Latino fathers into five child health research studies from 2016 to 2020. Methods classified as direct recruitment strategies involved interaction between potential participants with research staff, whereas indirect methods involved no interaction with research staff and potential participants. In total 113 Latino fathers, majority low-income, immigrant, participated in the studies. Direct recruitment methods in combination with snowball sampling were the most successful strategies for recruiting Latino fathers, contributing to approximately 96% (n = 107) of the total participants. Indirect methods were much less effective, with social media contributing to only 3.6% (n = 4) of total participants. Not a single participant was recruited through printed materials (e.g., flyers posted or distributed). Furthermore, qualitative findings revealed the importance of culturally and linguistically relevant approaches in efforts to recruit and enroll Latino fathers. Future research should consider directly asking Latino fathers' preferences for recruitment and participation in child health research.

A systematic literature review of Native American and Pacific Islanders' perspectives on health data privacy in the United States.

BackgroundPrivacy-related concerns can prevent equitable participation in health research by US Indigenous communities. However, studies focused on these communities' views regarding health data privacy, including systematic reviews, are lacking.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review analyzing empirical, US-based studies involving American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (NHPI) perspectives on health data privacy, which we define as the practice of maintaining the security and confidentiality of an individual’s personal health records and/or biological samples (including data derived from biological specimens, such as personal genetic information), as well as the secure and approved use of those data.ResultsTwenty-one studies involving 3234 AI/AN and NHPI participants were eligible for review. The results of this review suggest that concerns about the privacy of health data are both prevalent and complex in AI/AN and NHPI communities. Many respondents raised concerns about the potential for misuse of their health data, including discrimination or stigma, confidentiality breaches, and undesirable or unknown uses of biological specimens.ConclusionsParticipants cited a variety of individual and community-level concerns about the privacy of their health data, and indicated that these deter their willingness to participate in health research. Future investigations should explore in more depth which health data privacy concerns are most salient to specific AI/AN and NHPI communities, and identify the practices that will make the collection and use of health data more trustworthy and transparent for participants.

The use of music as an arts-based method in migrant health research: a scoping review protocol.

There is increasing recognition that people's lived experience needs to be incorporated into health decision-making. This has led to rising imperatives for involving the public in health processes, including research. While there have been significant advances in the field, patterns of exclusion still exist in some areas, including migrant participation in health research. Migration and mobility create challenges around social inclusion and this extends to social and cultural practices used in research. There is an emerging body of literature about improving meaningful, participatory spaces for migrants' involvement in health research using creative tools and techniques that are attuned to cultural diversity. These include the use of arts-based research methods. There is strong evidence for the use of music, particularly singing, as an effective arts-based participatory tool . The goal of this scoping review is to investigate the evidence for the use of music as an arts-based method in migrant health research. Developed by an interdisciplinary team specialising in public and patient involvement; nursing and midwifery; primary health care; and the performing arts, it aims to analyse existing evidence across disciplines that are not usually studied together, identify gaps in current knowledge and use these as a foundation to build effective strategies towards increasing access to and knowledge of participatory, arts-based methods using music in migrant health research. Methods:The protocol for this scoping review follows the guidelines and stages set out in the JBI Reviewer's Manual ( Peters et al., 2017), and by Levac et al, (2010), which build on the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley (2005). This incorporates six stages: 1) Identifying the research question; 2) Identifying relevant studies; 3) Study selection; 4) Charting the data; 5) Collating, summarising, and reporting results; and 6) Consultation.

Threats of Bots and Other Bad Actors to Data Quality Following Research Participant Recruitment Through Social Media: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire.

BackgroundRecruitment of health research participants through social media is becoming more common. In the United States, 80% of adults use at least one social media platform. Social media platforms may allow researchers to reach potential participants efficiently. However, online research methods may be associated with unique threats to sample validity and data integrity. Limited research has described issues of data quality and authenticity associated with the recruitment of health research participants through social media, and sources of low-quality and fraudulent data in this context are poorly understood.ObjectiveThe goal of the research was to describe and explain threats to sample validity and data integrity following recruitment of health research participants through social media and summarize recommended strategies to mitigate these threats. Our experience designing and implementing a research study using social media recruitment and online data collection serves as a case study.MethodsUsing published strategies to preserve data integrity, we recruited participants to complete an online survey through the social media platforms Twitter and Facebook. Participants were to receive $15 upon survey completion. Prior to manually issuing remuneration, we reviewed completed surveys for indicators of fraudulent or low-quality data. Indicators attributable to respondent error were labeled suspicious, while those suggesting misrepresentation were labeled fraudulent. We planned to remove cases with 1 fraudulent indicator or at least 3 suspicious indicators.ResultsWithin 7 hours of survey activation, we received 271 completed surveys. We classified 94.5% (256/271) of cases as fraudulent and 5.5% (15/271) as suspicious. In total, 86.7% (235/271) provided inconsistent responses to verifiable items and 16.2% (44/271) exhibited evidence of bot automation. Of the fraudulent cases, 53.9% (138/256) provided a duplicate or unusual response to one or more open-ended items and 52.0% (133/256) exhibited evidence of inattention.ConclusionsResearch findings from several disciplines suggest studies in which research participants are recruited through social media are susceptible to data quality issues. Opportunistic individuals who use virtual private servers to fraudulently complete research surveys for profit may contribute to low-quality data. Strategies to preserve data integrity following research participant recruitment through social media are limited. Development and testing of novel strategies to prevent and detect fraud is a research priority.

Conceptualising, operationalising and measuring trust in participatory health research networks: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionA participatory approach to co-creating new knowledge in health research has gained significant momentum in recent decades. This is founded on the described benefits of community-based participatory research (CBPR), such...