Participation Rate Of Women Research Articles

The Persistence Of Sexual Discrimination In The Workplace

Measured by an increasing labor force participation rate for women, a falling dissimilarity index for occupational sex segregation, and a declining male/female earnings gap, there has been increasing integration of women into the workforce in the U.S. over the last fifty years. This increased diversity should lead to increased productivity, thus inducing profit-maximizing firms to encourage it. However, sexual segregation has persisted for so long that it must be beneficial for the capitalist system as a whole. By keeping women separate and subservient with lower wages than men, firms exploit sexual discrimination and are able to maintain higher profits.

The impact of gender‐differentiated golf course features on women's networking

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider whether golf functions as a networking barrier for women in professions that require networking for career success.Design/methodology/approachData from 496 golf courses, in addition to demographic data and data about salaries in sales, managerial, and marketing and sales professions in the USA, were used to assess if differences in tee box placement between men's and women's tees would predict participation and salaries in networking‐oriented professions.FindingsThe analyses indicate that differences in tee box placement between men's and women's tees did predict differences in participation and salaries in networking‐oriented professions. It was found that the greater the distance between men's and women's tees, the lower the salaries and participation rate for women. This effect was greatest for the marketing and sales profession.Research limitations/implicationsGolf is one networking barrier among many, and so other networking barriers that have deleterious effects on women's advancement and success should be explored. Further research might include observational studies of mixed‐gender golf groups, and might also explore whether women choose not to pursue networking occupations or women are not selected for jobs that require networking on the golf course.Social implicationsCompanies should be aware of how venues selected for networking might have disparate impacts for men and women, and select venues that are as gender‐neutral as possible.Originality/valueThis paper is, to the authors' knowledge, the first empirical investigation of gender relations in non‐traditional work settings with female participation and earnings in occupations that require networking for career success.

Reflections on the Past, Present and Future of Women in Engineering

For many years a Women in Engineering Forum was run in conjunction with the Australasian Association for Engineering Education conference, but in recent years “women in engineering” has fallen off the radar to a large degree. There is a widespread perception that the issues of concern for women have been addressed, and that women are now incorporated into the mainstream of engineering education and the engineering profession. Yet Australia and other western countries still have participation rates for women in engineering education that are lower than any other field of education and that have stagnated or declined for the last decade. This paper reviews a range of recent data and studies to examine the current picture of women in engineering education: the statistics, student experience and faculty issues. It concludes with a look to the future: what still needs to be done?

Large population survey

In France, mass screening for breast and colon cancer issupported by the French National Cancer Institute (INCa). In these nationwide screening campaigns, individuals aged between 50 and 74 years receive a personalized letter inviting them for a screening examination every 2 years. Prostate cancer screening is, however, still controversial and has not been included in the INCa recommendations so far. Research organizations are particularly interested in screening and indeed, several studies have been conducted in France and other countries to examine the different aspects of the subject. To provide actual benefits, screening should be undertaken on a regular scheduled basis. Therefore, several studies have assessed the factors influencing the participation rate of women in breast cancer screening in France (). The Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé conducted one of these in 2005: the Baromètre Cancer (including 4046 individuals aged 15 years or older, interviewed by telephone) analysed beliefs and perceptions about cancer screening and studied attendance rates for breast, colon and prostate cancer (including scheduled screening). No previous survey has ever been conducted simultaneously among the general population and physicians with regard to individual and scheduled screening for breast cancer and colorectal cancer (CRC) or individual screening for prostate cancer. EDIFICE is thus the first large-scale survey to assess screening practices in France by analysing the targeted population on the one hand and the clinical practice of French general practitioners (GPs) on the other hand, using the 'mirror study' method to compare results. Two national surveys were conducted in 2005 and 2008. In 2005, only 22 geographical regions were included in the screening programme for CRC.

Family-Related Policies in Southern African Countries: Are Working Parents Reaping Any Benefits?

The continuous rise in the labour market participation rate of women, the emphasis on gender equality in the workplace, and the debate around equitable parenting responsibilities when it comes to child care are some of the factors that shed light on the importance of family-related policies that address work/family life issues. This article focuses specifically on policies that give working parents more choices in reconciling vocational and familial responsibilities. The attention falls in particular on the policies of the fifteen member states in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The discussion starts by scrutinising maternity health protection policies, followed by an overview of parenthood-related leave policies, such as maternity, paternity and parental leave. Policies relating to child care also receive attention. The article concludes by making recommendations regarding matters that need attention in drafting policies that may facilitate the work/family life integration of working parents with young children in the SADC region.

Labor force exit decisions of new mothers

Using unique administrative data from the state of Georgia, this paper investigates women’s decisions to exit the labor market upon the birth of a child. Exits rates and their changes over time varies dramatically between married and single women giving birth. Only the pattern among single, less educated women can be considered consistent with changing labor force participation rates of women over the period of analysis. Potential policy implications of these changes are discussed.

Rethinking oil depletion: what role can cycling really play in dispersed cities?

What is the role of cycling in dispersed cities under Peak Oil? This research sought to appraise the bicycle's mitigating potential in an oil crisis, and to identify the specific ways planners may respond to maximise these effects. An overview of cycling in dispersed cities, focused on US and Australian cities, highlights low bicycle mode shares and low participation rates for women, children and seniors at present. Yet cycling can flourish in suburban settings, with low-density, outer-suburban communities in many European cities having very high bicycle mode shares, and strong participation across all demographic groups. Under a variety of Peak Oil scenarios, the bicycle is shown to play specific roles in supplying local mobility and access to and from mass public transport for longer distance trips. In conjunction with minor urban restructuring and public transport networking, many suburban areas could still function without reliance on large quantities of oil for access and mobility. Planning priorities include cycle network planning, ensuring current infrastructures can meet demand, links to public transport and end-of-trip facilities, and socio-cultural research into suburban bicycle sub-markets to better inform targeted behaviour change interventions.

Gender Equity in Australian and New Zealand Policing: A Five-Year Review

This paper examines the impact of equity measures in Australian and New Zealand policing, involving nine police departments, from 2003/4 to 2007/8. The findings were mixed. Overall, the number of sworn female officers in both countries continued to trend slowly upwards, with an average of 26.6 per cent in Australia and 17.1 per cent in New Zealand in 2007/8. However, recruit numbers appeared to have peaked around 33 per cent and were in decline in most departments where data were available. Women continued to move up the ranks in all departments, but there were still very few women in senior ranks. Although women were not separating at a higher rate than men, they were more likely than men to resign. While more positive than earlier appraisals of equity in Australia, the findings continue to reflect inadequate data collection that would address long-term inequity issues. The labour force participation rate of women in Australia has increased significantly over the last few decades. However, women are not necessarily focusing on traditional career paths but rather see employment opportunities as one of many options that include family and lifestyle balance. Nevertheless, it is argued here that police organisations should remain committed to gender equity. Affirmative action and other gender equity strategies are considered necessary to encourage greater participation by women, for the benefits to women of a policing career and for the wider good of the community and police organisations themselves. Better diagnostic data and visible commitment are required to support this objective.

Outsiders: Muslim Women and Olympic Games – Barriers and Opportunities

In this paper I explore the opportunities that women from Islamic countries have of participating in the Olympic Games and the barriers which they face when taking part in elite sport. Here, it must be taken into account that women's personal situations vary greatly according to - among many other things - the country they live in, their place of residence, their social background and their religious orientation. After giving an overview of participation rates of women and of athletes from Islamic countries at the Olympic Games, I will undertake a more in-depth analysis of the Muslim women taking part in the Beijing Olympics. In addition, trends and participation patterns will be discussed and influential female athletes will be presented. In the second part of the article I will focus on the reasons for the small number of female athletes in Islamic countries, focusing on conditions of life as well as on culture and religion.

The profile of pupil barristers at the Bar of England and Wales 2004–2008

This article presents the findings from a survey of pupil (trainee) barristers at the legal Bar of England and Wales between 2004 and 2008. Barristers are compared with other professionals and pupil barristers with other university graduates. Wherever possible, findings are disaggregated by ethnicity, gender, social class, age and disability status. The analysis is largely descriptive but includes some causal explorations between pupils' social origin, attainment and pupillage characteristics such as earnings. The findings show that the participation rates of women and minorities in pupillage compare favourably with other professions, but participation by those from working class backgrounds, is lower among pupils than the university population. Education factors such as degree class, university attended and performance on the Bar Vocational Course are the strongest predictors of young barristers' earnings, employment status and geographic location. However, residual effects of social origin characteristics remain with men earning more than women, and young graduates earning more than their older peers. This suggests that the Bar can still further enhance its accessibility for individuals regardless of their social origin.

Participation Rate and Labour Force Growth in Canada

This paper analyzes the determinants of participation rate movements in Canada from the early 1950s through the 1970s, with a particular focus on the socio-economic determinants of the changing labour force attachment of successive cohorts of adult men and women and young persons, and develops projections of participation rate and labour force growth to the year 2000. A wide variety of sociological and economic forces is identified as contributing to the remarkably steady growth of women's labour force participation since the early 1950s including: the rising material aspirations of families; the development of new birth control techniques; very pronounced changes in attitudes with respect to desired family size; changes in women’s personal aspirations, as reflected in the increasing average educational attainments of women; the sharply rising incidence of marriage break-down and divorce; the expansion of the service sectors of industrialized economies; and the growth in the range of household labour-saving devices and convenience products. Notably,the largest increases in women's participation rates were recorded by women with very young children present in the home. The apparent stability of the participation rate of adult men is identified as resulting from different influences working in opposite directions; namely rising average educational attainments that operated to increase their participation and improvements in social security and other factors that worked to decrease their participation. For young persons, labour force participation patterns appear to be related to changes in the economic returns to higher education. The high monetary rewards to further education in the 1950s and 1960s were associated with declining participation rates and rising school enrollment rates; the decline in the returns to education in the 1970s was associated with declining (or more slowly rising) enrollment rates, and rising participation rates.,

EMPLOYER’S OBLIGATION REGARDING CHILDCARE: IS IT A BACK STEP IN WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT POLICY IN TURKEY?

In Turkey, the reciprocal rights and duties of employees and employers have been deregulated by the Law numbered 5763 in July, 2008. By this regulation, it is aimed to enhancing the competiveness of labour incentive activities. It is observed that individual job relation between employer and employee has been deregulated by the rules of globalization in Turkey. Therefore, it is one of aspects of globalization related to labour market policies in Turkey. This paper aims to analyze the effects of the duties of employer regarding childcare to the participation rate of women to the labour market by Law 5763. It is organized as follows: The first section provides background of female labour force as the target groups for the employment policy of Turkey. This is followed by the analysis of the effects regulation based on Law 5763 to the participation rate of women labour force in the next section. The last section provides a summary and conclusion

European women: why do(n’t) they work?1

To increase labour market participation is a major challenge currently faced by the EU, and attracting women into the labour force appears as a promising avenue to do so. Therefore, a clear understanding of what the factors influencing the evolution of female participation rates are in Europe is essential for a successful design of policy measures aiming at increasing participation rates. This article provides empirical evidence on the role that institutions have played in determining participation rates of women in the European labour markets. Our findings discard any doubt on the influence of institutions on women's participation in Europe. The strictness of labour market institutions negatively affects female participation rates. We also find that institutional features aimed at reconciling motherhood with professional life such as maternity leave schemes and part-time work favour participation rates of prime-age women. Additionally, fertility rates and education enrolment have been relevant for the evolution of participation rates during the sample period considered for prime-age and young females, respectively, while cohort effects drive the developments of older females. 1 The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank (ECB).

The trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?

This study investigates the increase in the labour force participation rate of women. We estimate a binary age–period–cohort model for a sample of Dutch women born between 1925 and 1986. The results indicate that the increasing level of education and the diminishing negative effect of children have played an important role. Moreover, we find important unobserved cohort effects for pre-1955 generations, which is in line with results of studies on social norms. It is shown that the growth in female participation is likely to slow down in the near future, as such cohort effects are not relevant for younger generations.

Pflege im Spannungsfeld von Angebot und Nachfrage

Zusammenfassung Von den heute ca. 2 Mio. Pflegefällen wird etwa die Hälfte durch Angehörige (informell) in den eigenen vier Wänden versorgt. Unter Berücksichtigung der demografischen Alterung der Gesellschaft, einer steigenden Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen sowie einem zunehmendem Anteil allein lebender Personen im Alter stellt sich die Frage, welche Rolle die informelle Pflege in Zukunft noch leisten im Stande ist. Vor dem Hintergrund einer Verdopplung der Pflegefälle bis zum Jahr 2050 zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag auf dass der Anteil an informeller Pflege in Zukunft immer weiter zurückgedrängt wird. Demgegenüber werden professionelle Pflegeleistungen durch ambulante sowie stationäre Anbieter künftig deutlich an Bedeutung gewinnen. Diese Entwicklung wird zu einem Nachfrageanstieg an professionellen Pflegekräften führen, weshalb sich der Pflegesektor zu einem der „Beschäftigungsmotoren“ in Deutschland entwickeln könnte.

Breast Cancer Screening in Korean Women: Report of the National Cancer Screening Program in 2008

Purpose: The Korean National Cancer Screening Program began in 1999. To provide essential evidence related to breast cancer screening in Korean women, we analyzed data from the KNCSP in 2008. Methods: Using data obtained from the National Cancer Screening Information System, breast cancer screening participation rates were calculated. Recall rates were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The target population of breast cancer screening in 2008 included 3,706,062 women, 1,294,060 of whom utilized mammography as a screening tool (participation rate, 34.9%). Compared to the participation rate of women covered by the National Health Insurance Program (37.3%), women covered by the Medical Aid Program was lower (21.3%). The overall recall rate of breast cancer screening was 6.4% (95% CI, 6.39-6.47). Conclusion: According to our study, efforts to facilitate the participation and to reduce disparities in breast cancer screening among Korean women are needed. These results will provide essential data for evidence-based strategies in breast cancer control in Korea.

Migration and Gender Roles: The Typical Work Pattern of the MENA Women,

This paper focuses on the association between migration and gender roles measured by women's paid work. The main migrant group of this study, its context and the method of analysis provide opportunity to meet this objective appropriately. The paper focuses on female migrants from the Middle East and North Africa region, who are often characterized by traditional gender roles including women's low rates of paid work. The residing country of this migrant group is Australia, which holds different gender roles including women's high work participation rate. Accordingly, the multivariate results of this paper provide empirical evidence to examine the effects of migration on gender roles.

Labour Power and Labour Process: Contesting the Marginality of the Sociology of Work

This article opens by suggesting that the decline in the sociology of work in the UK has been overstated; research continues, but in locations such as business schools. The continued vitality of the field corresponds with material changes in an increasingly globalized capitalism, with more workers in the world, higher employment participation rates of women, transnational shifts in manufacturing, global expansion of services and temporal and spatial stretching of work with advanced information communication technologies. The article demonstrates that Labour Process Theory (LPT) has been a crucial resource in the sociology of work, especially in the UK; core propositions of LPT provide it with resources for resilience (to counter claims of rival perspectives) and innovation (to expand the scope and explanator y power of the sociology of work). The ar ticle argues that the concept of the labour power has been critical to underpinning the sustained influence of labour process analysis.

The effect of household appliances on female labor force participation: Evidence from microdata

We estimate the effect of household appliance ownership on the labor force participation rate of married women using micro-level data from the 1960 and 1970 U.S. Censuses. In order to identify the causal effect of home appliance ownership on married women's labor force participation rates, our empirical strategy exploits both time-series and cross-sectional variation in these two variables. To control for endogeneity, we instrument a married woman's ownership of an appliance by the average ownership rate for that appliance among single women living in the same U.S. state. Single women's labor force participation rates did not increase between 1960 and 1970. We find evidence in support of the hypothesis that the diffusion of household appliances contributed to the increase in married women's labor force participation rates during the 1960's.

Sex Changes Everything

The average U.S. male historically commutes further and longer than his female counterpart. Yet pivotal changes at home, as younger women especially increase their influence on household location and work decisions, and in the labor market, and as women's participation rates and profiles approach men's, strongly suggest that gender's influence on travel might be changing as well. Furthermore, the independent and interactive influence of other demographic factors, not least age and race, remain unclear. This study analyzes national microdata covering the past 20 years to examine both issues. We find sources of both convergence and divergence in travel behaviors by sex. The gender gap in commute length of older workers is growing, even while that of younger workers steadily closes. At the same time, racial differences in mode choice and commute times are becoming less pronounced—both by race and by gender. Thus, gendered elements of travel demand are indeed evolving, if not in predictable directions.