Participation Of Women In Work Research Articles

PENGARUH TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP PARTISIPASI KERJA WANITA DI KOTA TASIKMALAYA

This research aims to determine the influence of education level and work motivation simultaneously or partially on women's work participation in Tasikmalaya City. The research method used in this research is a quantitative research method with survey research using a questionnaire using a Likert scale. This research uses a sampling technique using the Accidental Sampling method. The researchers determined there were 343 samples. The data collection technique is by questionnaire. The data analysis technique using multiple linear regression equations was tested simultaneously using the F test and partially using the t test with SPSS software. The results of this research are that simultaneously the level of education and work motivation have a significant effect on work participation. Furthermore, partially the level of education and work motivation have a significant effect on work participation. Apart from that, the variable that has the greatest influence on work participation between the level of education and work motivation is the level of education.

Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan, Usia Dan Tingkat Pendapatan Suami Terhadap Partisipasi Kerja Perempuan Menikah Pada Sektor Industri Pengolahan Di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This research is conducted to assess the impact of educational attainment, age, and husband's income on the labor participation of married women in the processing industry sector within Pelalawan Regency. Additionally, the study aims to identify the most influential variable among these factors on the work participation of married women in the same sector and region. The research employed purposive sampling, with a total of 64 respondents, and conducted data analysis using multiple linear regression, assisted by the Eviews 10 software program. The findings indicate that collectively, the level of education, age, and husband's income level have a statistically significant impact on the work participation of married women in the processing industry sector in Pelalawan Regency. On an individual basis, the level of education (X1) exhibits a significant and positive influence on married women's work participation, while age (X2) has a significant and negative effect on their work participation. Similarly, the level of husband's income (X3) significantly and negatively affects the work participation of married women. Among these three independent variables, the level of education emerges as the most dominant factor influencing the work participation of married women in the processing industry sector in Pelalawan Regency. The cumulative effect (R2) of these three variables on the dependent variable accounts for 63%, leaving the remaining 37% influenced by other unexamined variables in this study.

Understanding Female Labour Force Participation and Domestic Work in India: The Role of Co-residence and Household Composition

Despite a remarkable increase in girls’ educational enrolment and a significant decline in fertility over the last few decades, India witnessed a substantial decline in women’s labour force participation. This article investigates the nexus between family composition and women’s participation in domestic work and the labour force in India overtime. Domestic work participation of women with secondary and middle level of education has increased; however, it has declined among women with graduate degrees. This study finds evidences that the presence of the elderly women, not the elderly men, encourages other adult women’s engagement in labour force participation as against their domestic participation. This analysis also observes that the gender composition of elderly members within the household influence women’s labour force participation. It is also observed that higher educational level among women counters the adverse effect of family care burden and creates a supportive environment for women’s participation in the labour force.

Gender-Egalitarianism and the Construction of Official Rape Rates

Cross-national variations in official crime rates likely represent several concurrent criminological and non-criminological phenomena beyond actual crime occurrence, resulting in puzzling relationships between variables. For example, research shows that structural gender equality predicts official rape rates. I extend this literature by examining whether the ethos or mainstream country-level attitudes and beliefs toward gender equality (or gender egalitarianism) affect official rape rates. Results suggest that while countries with higher levels of gender egalitarianism in the public sphere have higher official rape rates, nations with higher levels of gender-private egalitarianism have lower official rape rates. These outcomes imply that progressive attitudes toward the full participation of women in work, education, and politics are disjointed from gender-egalitarian views on parenting, divorce, and abortion. My findings align with previous studies showing a paradoxical positive association between structural gender equality and official rape rates. I problematize earlier interpretations of similar results as a backlash effect of women’s parity. Throughout the paper, I reflect on the impact of statistical and social factors in constructing official rape rates. I propose using an updated gender ideology framework to understand the complex relationship between private and public dimensions of equalitarianism and official rape rates.

Participation of Women in the Workforce: A Comparative Study between Central and Western Plains of West Bengal

The population of women contributes nearly half of the total count but it counts for only a quarter of total workforce participation in India. The participation of women in different workforces is not only limited to the financial need of the family but is also related to the social system, the education level of the women, and the availability of work opportunities for them. The present study aims to compare the sector-specific women's work participation level and associated social factors of the women workforce. Two regions out of five regions in West Bengal specified by NSSO were considered to be study regions. Incorporating the necessary variables, a structured interview schedule was prepared and data were collected from randomly selected 160 working women from two districts from two regions under study. The collected data has been finalized for analysis after a validity check. Necessary frequency analysis and non-parametric tests have been performed to get the results.
 Most of the respondents of central regions were service holders. Education has a signification effect on income level in both the regions under study. Service holders were at significantly higher income levels than other occupational groups. The respondents from the central regions were more educated and empowered than the women of the western region. A large scale of variety in occupational involvement has been found in both regions in the present study. The income level is directly related to occupation and education. The educated women of both regions preferred service as their occupation and earn more than other categories. Specific policies or programs that enhance institutional involvement of all occupational categories may cater to our developmental goal.

Determinants Of Women’s Employment Participation Who Have Toddler In East Java During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The current COVID-19 pandemic situation has had an unfavorable impact on Indonesia's employment issues, especially women's employment. Women's work participation is needed to help improve the family's economy during the pandemic. The presence of toddler the household will affect a woman's decision to enter the labor market, because women are faced with a choice between raising children or working. Using Susenas 2021 data, this study aims to exemine the determinants of women's work participation who have toddler in East Java during the Covid 19 pandemic. Based on the results of binary logistic regression, it is known that age, education, area of residence, internet use, household poverty status, husband's employment status in East Java have a significant effect on the participation of women who have toddler in East Java during the Covid 19 pandemic. While the number of members has no significant effect. From this research, it is necessary to implement policies that make it easier for women with toddlers to enter the labor market that favors mothers with working toddlers such as policies on working time, sick leave, maternity leave, and exclusive breastfeeding.

Economic empowerment of rural and urban women in India: A comparative analysis

The status of women is intimately connected with their economic situation depending upon the opportunity for participation in economic activities. The census data, 2011 shows a vast inequality between rural and urban women work participation as urban women associated with economic activities is just about half of the rural women. Available pieces of the literature revealed how the employment status of women makes them empower, but limited research has been conducted on the comparison of women empowerment in the rural-urban area in different dimensions. In this perspective, assuming that women’s economic empowerment is dependent on work participation, the present study attempts to compare the magnitude of women’s economic empowerment in urban India with its rural counterpart, focusing on various dimensions of work participation. This study is entirely based on secondary databases collected from the Census of India, 2011 and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2019-20. Economic Empowerment Index (EEI) of women has been measured with the help of women work participation, literate women work share, educational level-wise women work participation, work share by married women and job profile wise women work share using the widely adopted normalization technique. The result of the study is showing that the rural women are more engaged in the workforce in all the selected dimensions. The overall analysis is reflected in EEI, which proves that rural women are more economically empowered in comparison with their urban counterparts.

The Status of Women Among the Tribal Communities of West Bengal, India

The tribal population has been enumerated as scheduled tribe population since 1951 in accordance to the constitution (Scheduled tribe) order, 1950. They are the aboriginal or Adivasi or early settler of India and they are the most backward groups in India. This paper focuses on the status of tribal women in their community with respect to their male counterparts both in general and tribal populations. Four indicators such as sex ratio, literacy rate, the general fertility rate of women and women's work participation rate are taken to assess the status and the gender discrimination among the tribal communities. The modified Sopher’s Disparity Index (1974) of Kundu and Rao (1986) has been used to identify the gender disparity and Pearson’s correlation co-efficient techniques have been used to analyze the correlation among the indicators. It has been found that like any other community in India, tribal women face gender discrimination. They are engaged in different economic sectors as economic assets of tribal households but they are often deprived to get their social rights. This paper also finds out the causes of gender disparity and suggests some measures to mitigate the gender discrimination.

Declining Women Work Participation in Rural India: Trends, Causes and Policy Implications

One of the major policy concerns in recent years has been decline in the number of women workers in the Indian labour market. The ‘education’ and ‘income’ effect hypotheses for such decline are generally advocated. Such analyses, however, are limited in their focus. This study attempts to fill up this gap by exclusively focusing on rural women. Using the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data for the years 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 and Periodic Labour Force Survey data for the year 2017–2018, it observes a widespread decline in rural women’s work participation rates (WPRs) across their different social groups, income strata and states in the country albeit at a significantly varying rate. While the major decline in women WPRs in the age-group, 15–24 years has been in favour of education, it has been largely in favour of ‘domestic works’ in the other age-groups. The major decline in women workforce is observed in case of those as not-literates, ‘unpaid family labour’ in agriculture and ‘casual wage labour’ both in farm and non-farm sectors. This is largely due to contraction in self-employment and casual wage works both in farm and non-farm sectors, more so during recent period. This study finds a positive impact of rising household income on women’s WPRs. While education emerges as a significant predictor of women joining workforce, its iteration with their social groups shows differing impact of similar level of education on different caste groups. It offers inputs for policy measures to be aimed at providing decent livelihoods in rural areas in a big scale, with strong focus on reducing caste and gender disparities. JEL Codes: E24, J16, J21, J18

Institutional imperatives for the advancement of women in medicine and science through the COVID-19 pandemic

Institutional imperatives for the advancement of women in medicine and science through the COVID-19 pandemic

Original

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. Work Participation Rate shows the proportion of working population to total population in an area and is computed as the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to the total population. The social and economic development of any region is greatly influenced by the number of economically active persons, their quality and the regularity of the work. In this respect, work participation rates are very useful to understand the level of economic development of a region as it differs from the stages of economic development. This paper attempts to study the Work Participation Rate among different categories of workers in Uttar Dinajpur district. It is one of the country's 250 most backward districts and more than two-thirds of its active workforce still draws livelihood directly from agriculture and related occupations. The present study is census data based. From the result, it can be observed that the work participation rate is a little high in Raiganj Sub-division than in the Islampur Sub-division. Although the work participation rates of men are much higher than those for women in both rural and urban areas women's work participation in the district has risen at a faster rate than that of men.

GENDER PAY GAP: A MYTH OR MATH

Gender discrimination has been persistent across globe and it is more identified in terms of wage differential. Such discrimination is more striking in developing countries and further more among social groups. Though many countries have passed minimum wage laws and laws mandating equal treatment of women at workplace, gender wage differential remains a perennial feature of labor markets across globe. Among BRIC nation India depicts highest wage discrimination between sexes (Rema Nagarajan TNN March 2011). This fact was reveled also in the Global Gender Gap Report of 2010 as well. The recent survey by the World Economic Forum (WEF) points out the Indian situation, ranking India among the bottom 10 countries in the world in terms of women’s participation in the economy. The World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2020 says Of the 153 countries studied in the report, India ranks 112th on the overall Global Gender Gap Index with the index value of (0.068). The overall gender gap as though has narrowed the pay gaps have widen and it will take 257 more years i.e by year 2257 pay equity will be established. India has shown disappointing performance in women work participation rate (WPR), pushing the country among the bottom 10 countries on the WEF list. The country ranks 149th among 153 countries in economic participation. Overall, in terms of gender equality India achieves a score of 59.4%, but in terms of economic participation and opportunity, it scores 39.8% which is dismal. The present study is an attempt to analyze the wage differential across selected states of India. The wages for agriculture and non agriculture workers for sexes is considered. The attempt has been made to evaluate wage differential across selected states of India and inequality therein has been calculated. The descriptive statistical tools like arithmetic mean and standard deviation has been used to ameliorate understanding. The pay parity Index has also been calculated The overall observation from the study widens understanding about pay pattern in India – and discriminating dimension therein. Across occupation unequal pay prevails in regards to sexes with males being paid more than women for the equal jobs. Disparity among agricultural Towards Excellence: An Indexed, Refereed & Peer Reviewed Journal of Higher Education / Dr. Hitesh Jagani & Dr. Nasheman Bandookwala / Page 399-410 March, 2021. VOL.13. ISSUE NO. 1 https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication Page | 400 workers is highest at Kerala- female agricultural workers are paid 29% less than males. On other hand in Himachal Pradesh male agricultural worker is paid 5% less than females. For non agricultural workers Tamil Nadu exhibits high incidence of inequality with female workers being paid 32% less than males. Gujarat comparatively depicts a better scenario with average female payments being more in non agricultural sector as though in agriculture sector disparity prevails.

Downsizing Paradox in India: Rise of Females in Public Employment

India introduced downsizing of public employment in order to improve its deteriorating fiscal situation following the pay hike of government employees in the late nineties. The method followed was attrition or hiring restraint, whereby the number of new employees was kept lower than the number of persons getting retired. However, it was found that reduction occurred only among males, whereas female employees continued to increase. This paper examinedthe paradox and found that the increase of women in public employment was more in states with higher job appointments during the reference period under study.Further, higher employment was seen in almost all sectors, which means greater competition from females in the job market. It was also observed that attainment of higher education by women had been the most important factorin determining the work participation of women in government service. The study concluded that the proportion of women in public employment in the country was very small and inevitably bound to increase as more women attainedhigher education.

Growth of Female Labour Force Participation by Occupation in the Economy of Himachal Pradesh

The occupational structure is defined as the percentage of its workforce employed in various economic ventures. To put it in other words, articulating the number of the total working population employed in agriculture and associated activities and the number of them involved in the manufacturing and service sectors can be identified from the occupational structure of the nation. The present research paper proceeds with the objective of analyzing the growth of female labour force participation in Himachal Pradesh during 1991, 2001 and 2011. The maximum growth has been witnessed by other workers followed by female main workers, female household industry workers and female agricultural labourers. There was no noticeable growth in female cultivators and it is negative. The growth rate of female other workers is more than 50 per cent, and in comparison to female other workers the growth rate of female agricultural labourers, female household industry and female cultivators is very low. The present research also reviews the female labour force participation rate performance across rural-urban areas. The share of female labour force participation in rural areas is much higher than those in urban areas. But the relieving point is that there is a significant increase in women work participation rate over a period of time in rural and urban segments of Himachal Pradesh

WOMEN AND WORK IN MANIPUR

Women in Manipur are noted for their high economic work participation rates. A trip through all the lanes, by- lanes, markets of Manipur will depict active participation of women in economic activity of the economy. There is the all-women Ima Market in the heart of Imphal City which is run almost exclusively by women vendors since ancient times. It seemed as if no other place in India will ever see such active participation of women in economic activity. The culture and ethos of the land speak of womens economic participation from ancient times.From traditional times, women had a greater role to play in the economic life of Manipur, compared to the patriarchy dominated rest of India. They face lesser discrimination than in other parts of the country. Moreover, social norms are such that there is lesser pressure on women to marry, greater freedom in their movement, in choice of occupation and in the choice of their life partner. Hence, they were able to play an active role in the economy. Census data show higher work participation of women in Manipur as compared to overall India, but NSS data do not always show such higher work participation rates, except insome years. Women are always working, in paid and in unpaid work but their work may not be effectively captured in official statistics. Theyconcentrate in the informal sector,in home-based work and in subsistence activities, the magnitude of which are sometimes difficult to capture adequately. The paper uses secondary data to study the employment status of women workers in the economy of Manipur. It shows how women of Manipur participate in productive sectors of the economy and in fact are the backbone of the economy of Manipur.

Inequalities in Education : A Case Study of Dhubri District, Assam, India

Gender inequality refers to the inequality between men and women in any aspect. Educational Inequality is the unequal distribution of educational attainment including educational opportunities and achievement within a particular region. The educational attainment between men and women always varies in our society. The literacy gap between male and female is not only found in Dhubri district alone but in the state of Assam as well. The educational achievement and work participation of women is less than men in the Dhubri district of Assam. The educational achievement and work participation gap between male and female are very high in the district of Dhubri as compared to the other districts of the state. This is mainly because of various factors such as socio-cultural background of the communities; limited access to high quality education, School environment, lack of awareness etc. The study area is populated by various communities such as Muslims, Bengalis, Rabhas, Garos, Bodos, Rajbongshis etc of which Muslims are the dominant and girls are given less preference in the Muslim society in terms of education for which there is a vast gap in the educational attainment between male and female in Dhubri district. The present study will help in reducing the inequalities, be it in education, work participation, economic upliftment etc. The objective of the study is to understand the factors of inequality between men and women in terms of educational achievement and work participation of the region and also to suggest measures to address the issue.

Assessment of Regional Inequality in Female Work Participation: Measurement of Disparity and Determinants

The regional difference of complex Indian social structure and customs have a different impact on the nature of women’s work participation. The present study aims at unravelling the influence of social, cultural and economic forces in differentiating the level of women work participation in different eco-regions of West Bengal. The study is based purely on secondary sources and data have been collected from the Census of India. It is in the rural areas that the female work participation is directly linked to agriculture and allied activities and the study confines itself to an understanding of work participation of women only in the rural areas. The modern technological implication as a result of green revolution has a worse impact on women work participation particularly in the South Bengal plain and some parts of East Rarh Plain region. The high gender gap is noticed in Nadia district located in the middle part of South Bengal Plain causes very high withdrawn of female from there. Effect of socioeconomic variables, work participation of Scheduled component in main economic activity is also varied from the non-scheduled component. Non-scheduled worker participated more in non-agricultural sector rather than the scheduled counter parts. Subsequently, the low growth rate of female work participation represents a distress picture in work force structure which is a cause of worried also.

Factors Influencing Females Work Participation and Work Performance in the Jordanian Public Sector

With the current development and increasing participation of women in work in developed countries, we find it important to study this issue in Jordan. The objective of this study was to explore the reasons behind the lacking representation of females and their work participation in the Jordanian public sector despite the high percentage of education attainment among them. In general around the world, the increase in women’s labor force participation over the past few decades was the main driving force of economic growth. Engaging women into the work sphere as much as possible is considered part of the solution to economic problems and poverty. To achieve this, the researchers employed a comparative and experimental approach to explore the reasons behind the lacking representation of females and their work participation in the Jordanian public sector, based on the outputs and recommendations published from previous studies in this. The results reveal that economic conditions, legal frameworks that cover employment matters, social prejudices and norms towards females work outside of the house, the existence of, religious beliefs are the main specific reasons for women's participation in the labor market. The social view that females are homemakers, mother, and dependents has led to the development of public policies that while aimed at providing protection, have led to the raise in discrimination against them. It is vital to work on building awareness and attitude change about women and men’s roles among the general population, in order to facilitate the increase of female work participation. Keywords: Females, Work Participation, Work Performance, Jordan, Public Sector. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-5-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

PENGARUH HARGA MENGASUH ANAK TERHADAP PARTISIPASI KERJA WANITA MENIKAH DI INDONESIA

The existence of young children is estimated to increase the reservation wages of a mother, this can reduce the possibility of their work participation in entering the labor market. This study aims to determine the effect of childcare price on the work participation of women who are married in Indonesia. Estimation of labor participation in this study uses a bivariate probit model in which decisions on work decisions are taken simultaneously with decisions on the choice of care type for women who are married. Because not all mothers in the sample work and use paid childcare, childcare wages and prices are estimated for all mothers. To overcome the sample selection bias, the two-stage Heckman method was used. The results of this study indicate that the price of childcare negatively affects the work participation of married women. Which means that if there is an increase in the price of caring a child, it will reduce the work participation of married women. Kata Kunci: Partisipasi kerja wanita, harga mengasuh anak

Agripreneurship- A Way for Women Empowerment in Assam, India

Among various ways of empowering women, agriculture based entrepreneurship viz., agripreneurship is considered to be one of the best options. Assam’s economy is largely rural agrarian, which is characterized by high rate of work participation of women. In this paper, certain potential areas for development of agripreneurship by women in Assam are discussed. The paper describes mushroom production, vermin-compost production and floriculture businesses as some of the agripreneurship ventures through which women can economically empower themselves. Inherent traditional knowledge and self-motivated women must come forward for venturing into the agripreneurship. A SWOC analysis ofwomen agripreneurship in Assam is also given in the paper. A shift from agriculture to agribusiness is an essential pathway to revitalize Indian agriculture and to make it more attractive and profitable venture. Agripreneurship has the potential to contribute to a range of social and economic developments such as employment generation, income generation, poverty reduction and improvements in nutrition, health and overall food security in the national economy. Thus sustainable agripreneurship ventures are seen to have a potential to promote job-led economic growth in rural areas by harnessing technologies for environmentally sustainable and socially equitable development which can provide a decent livelihood. Against the existing scenario and considering that two-thirds of the Indian population is employed (directly or indirectly) in agriculture sector, agripreneurship in Indian agribusiness stands out as an imperative for generating employment in the country