Participation Of Various Actors Research Articles

Temática e Pluralização na Política Externa Brasileira: Um Estudo Exploratório dos Processos Decisórios no Governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Abstract The idea of ‘pluralization’—a new configuration of decision-making processes, characterized by Itamaraty’s relative loss of influence and the participation of various actors—became widespread in Brazilian foreign policy studies. Questioning the literature’s general framing of this transformation, we explore the hypothesis that pluralization varies depending on the issue area under analysis. We build upon a mechanism connecting domestic distributive effects to pluralization and apply process-tracing methods to analyze two “typical cases” associated with environmental and health issues: the Kyoto Protocol negotiations and the dispute on AIDS drug patents. We explore how issue areas interact with mechanisms affecting decision-unit dispersion and generate hypotheses to explain deviations from the model. The results contribute to discussing issue-area effects, a gap in the literature. Conceptualizing issue areas as subsystems, we identify relevant dimensions to think their relation to pluralization: technical knowledge, distribution and weight of power capabilities, expert communities, institutionalization, and past interactions within the subsystem.

Equipping local self governments and development practitioners in managing common pool resources – A case of Pampa River in Kerala State, India

Governments face challenges and constraints in managing Common Pool Resources (CPRs) worldwide. Almost all developing countries have begun to implement decentralised policies and decision-making systems for delivering public services and the management of environmental goods. In any government structure, distributing public goods is difficult as it will be challenging to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining the goods. Similarly, it’s challenging to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from common pool resources. The phenomenal work ‘Governing of Commons’ argues that the CPRs can be managed locally, provided there need to be well-defined institutions at the local level. The actors can govern CPRs themselves to obtain mutual benefits from the CPRs by avoiding problems of exclusion of beneficiaries, conflicts and exploitation of resources. For establishing well-defined rules and norms, it is essential to have constant deliberations and participation of various actors for collective action in managing CPRs. However, at the decentralised level, most local governments have given less attention to prompt decision-making in CPRs, especially concerning environmental resources. This article investigates the capacity and role of local-level institutions in managing CPRs by discussing a Training of Trainers (ToT) programme associated with the health of the Pampa River in Kerala State, India. The ToT programme has helped 41 development practitioners to change their approach toward River Health Management. The deliberations have resulted in an alliance of practitioners and a people’s framework for action projects. It was also studied that the role of local governments and civil society organisations in influencing the decisions made regarding River Health Management has to be improved.

Business Model for Scaling Social Impact towards Sustainability by Social Entrepreneurs

This paper examines a Business Model (BM) from a socio-economic system perspective to discern key factors and understand its interactions resulting in the Scaling of Social Impact (SSI) in Social Entrepreneurship (SE). Previously, studies have explained the importance of the BM in relation to SE. However, there is a lack of empirical studies on how a BM’s transitions through participation of various actors result in the SSI, causing a gap in this field’s research. This research applies a qualitative analysis on a single case study of a Japanese social startup, “mymizu”, the first water refill application platform in Japan. The findings show that collaboration amongst different stakeholders on the initial phase of the BM could increase awareness of responsible consumption, convert into actual users for sustainability, and change their behavior. Secondly, members of society could take on dual roles, both as users and collaborators in the BM, which results in an exponential scaling effect of the Social Impact (SI). This paper contributes towards adding a Participatory Stakeholder (PS) to the ecosystem of the SSI and building a Regenerative BM (RBM) that is relevant in SE towards sustainability.

National Soil Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture (ENASAS): A new systemic approach in Mexico

AbstractThe National Soil Strategy for Sustainable Agriculture (ENASAS) arises in response to the increasing need to organize, coordinate and strengthen the implementation of actions oriented to the sustainable management of Mexico's agricultural soils. The measures recommended in this paper allow the conservation and maintenance of soils' essential functions for agriculture, food security and population well‐being. The health and quality of agricultural soils are under constant pressure from several factors, mainly anthropogenic. One of ENASAS's objectives is to identify and stop the causes involved in land degradation processes using a systemic approach. From this perspective, the participation of various actors in sustainable soil management allows the integration of different systems, practices, techniques and knowledge that promotes awareness among the entire population about the importance of soil resources. On the other hand, given current limitations on the availability of information necessary to support decision‐making and evaluate the result of the actions implemented, ENASAS promotes the generation of tools that provide reliable and updated data regarding Mexico's agricultural soils. In the same sense, this strategy encourages the development of scientific and technological research and the transfer of knowledge that meets the needs of farmers, particularly those who carry out their activities on a smaller scale. This perspective describes ENASAS as a multi‐institutional initiative that will support sustainable soil management practices across the country's agricultural systems of Mexico and contribute to the adaptation and mitigation of global environmental change.

Optimizing the Role of Stakeholders: Development of Coffee Gastronomic Tourism in Malang

The development of a tourism site necessitates the participation of various actors. This study's goal is to analyse stakeholders by identifying, categorizing, and describing their interrelationships, as well as the difficulties they encounter, and then optimizing them to develop coffee gastronomy tourism in Malang. The research was conducted in Harjokuncaran Village-Sumbermanjing Wetan (AMSTIRDAM region) by using observation of events and interviews with stakeholders (as primary data sources), and a literature review and documentation (as secondary data sources). The acquired data were then evaluated using qualitative descriptive and pentahelix modeling methods. We identified the engaged stakeholders as primary stakeholders, secondary stakeholders, and key stakeholders. Each stakeholder serves as a coordinator, implementer, facilitator, policymaker, and accelerator. The involved parties can be classified into five categories: the community, the government, the private sector, academics, and media activists. According to the results of the pentahelix modeling, the media and academics, as well as the private sector and academia, do not have a direct relationship, whereas other stakeholders have direct relationships based on mutual trust and respect. The efforts should be optimized by the involvement and participation of stakeholders, enhancing coordination and collaboration among stakeholders, and conducting tourism management.

Transformation of the global governance in the cocoa sector with three characteristics: Diversification, flexibilization, and coordination

The cocoa sector has continued its global efforts to address various environmental and social issues. This research aims to unpack characteristics of the global cocoa governance focusing on global actors, rules, and agendas through content analysis with global documents related to the cocoa sector. This research includes the 60 year time frame from 1962, the year of establishment of Intergovernmental Cocoa Organization, to 2021. The results indicate a transition in global cocoa governance with three characteristics: diversification, flexibilization, and coordination. First, the actors and agendas in the cocoa sector were diversified throughout the study period. Starting from the early 2000s, private actors emerged and actively participated in forming global cocoa agendas and suggesting solutions to cocoa-related problems. Accordingly, diverse actors have handled diverse agendas. Second, the global cocoa rules were softened and flexibilized. Until the 2000s, treaties among countries controlled the global cocoa industry. Recently-introduced soft rules from 2012 enabled diverse issues to be addressed and facilitated the participation of various actors. Third, coordination between the international and state levels was emphasized in agreements and declarations. The inclusion of varied actors and agendas necessitated aligning efforts for improving global cocoa governance.

Fairtrade as a Social Innovation: Brazilian Experience of Rural Organisations

The objective of this article is to describe the dynamics of fair trade in organisations that adhered to the Fair Trade International system, based on the principles of fair trade and the dimensions of social innovation, and to identify why there was a disruption in commercial transactions. Four organisations from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, which won the fair trade seal, were analysed. Primary data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews and simultaneous annotations and, later, secondary data were collected from official documents, articles, academic works and websites. The results show that the experiences of organisations with Fair Trade International have numerous properties of the dimensions of social innovation. There was the emergence of an emerging development model with the opportunity to work collaboratively and collectively. These changes required adaptation and new practices, as producers underwent a period of changes in their working and production. The formation of cooperatives and fair trade certification had the mobilisation and participation of various actors, who also provided collective learning, both in technical terms and in terms of civic and interpersonal management, especially for rural producers.

Особенности методологии проектной деятельности в юридической науке и образовании

We consider the popular and proven method of projects in the context of its application in the activities of state and municipal authorities in the development of draft regulations, the activities of public organizations involved in the legal field, practicing lawyers, the activities of universities and students. We substantiate the possibility of using the project method in practical legal activities, as well as in the process of training young professionals as one of the most effective methods for implementing this activity. We apply the comparative method when considering foreign experience, as well as analysis when considering the possibilities of applying the project method in relation to each of these areas. Synthesis is used to generalize various areas of student participation in project activities. In the course of the study, the author’s classification of types of project activities in jurisprudence is formulated, taking into account the key person carrying out project activities, as well as the scale of the project. The results of this study are applicable both within the specified areas of project activities formulated in the study, and in the training of specialists in the field of jurisprudence as part of the formation of new competencies in them – the skill of working with projects. The results of the study can be used in general terms in other areas of knowledge, since the method under consideration is not associated only with legal activity. We conclude that the implementation of projects takes place in different directions, having different goals, and their most effective achievement is possible with the participation of various actors: authorities, public organizations, businesses, educational institutions (schools, colleges, technical schools, universities), students who are trained in legal and non-legal specialties, etc.

Industrial marketing in the context of innovation development: Review and research agenda

Goal: to outline the structure of the research discussion on innovation industrial networks; to determine the state of the discussion regarding the participation of various actors in innovation networks at various stages of the innovation process; to identify fundamental works on this topic and to form the agenda for future research. Methodology: the study was conducted using two bibliometric approaches: keyword analysis and co-citation analysis using the Scopus database; also manual coding of 116 documents was used in order to identify “hot topics” and emerging topics (little-studied). Findings: five key areas of research were proposed, dividing the broad topic into narrower and more specific areas; the core of the most authoritative research in the field was proposed, demonstrating the implicit fusion of two disciplines: industrial marketing and innovation management. Originality and contribution of the author: The article presents the first bibliometric analysis of the existing literature in the studied area with a focus on the structural units of the network (actors) at various stages of the innovation process. The study makes a significant contribution to clarifying the interdisciplinary nature of the study of relationships between actors for innovation. The existing and emerging (little-studied) trends in research are highlighted.

The multidimensional comprehension of Chagas disease. Contributions, approaches, challenges and opportunities from and beyond the Information, Education and Communication field.

Chagas is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon in which political, economic, environmental, biomedical, epidemiological, psychological, and sociocultural factors intersect. Nonetheless, the hegemonic conceptualisation has long envisioned Chagas as primarily a biomedical question, while ignoring or downplaying the other dimensions, and this limited view has reinforced the disease's long neglect. Integrating the multiple dimensions of the problem into a coherent approach adapted to field realities and needs represents an immense challenge, but the payoff is more effective and sustainable experiences, with higher social awareness, increased case detection and follow-up, improved adherence to care, and integrated participation of various actors from multiple action levels. Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) initiatives have great potential for impact in the implementation of multidimensional programs of prevention and control successfully customised to the diverse and complex contexts where Chagas disease persists.

MOSQUES IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN: DISCOURSE INTERPRETATION AND REGULATORY PRACTICES

The authors have analyzed the dynamics of the growth of number of mosques built by religious associations in post-Soviet Kazakhstan and noted a transition from their unregulated and chaotic construction (proliferation) to their precise association with specific maddhabs, and their construction norms conceptualized by religious institutions represented by the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kazakhstan (DUMK). The types of cultic facilities and the actors are discussed and ranked according to the type of their involvement and partnership. We should note that the participation of various actors adds weight to the status of mosques as important public facilities. The authors have paid particular attention to the religious communities’ revised registration realized under the Law of the RK on Religious Activities and Religious Associations of 2011, which optimized the religious space, consolidated the positions of traditional Islam and, hence, standardized the rules related to mosque construction. Keywords: mosque, public space, post-Soviet realities, re-Islamization, re-appropriation, “mosque diplomacy,” religious communities, traditional Islam, DUMK.

Taxonomy for citizen actions on public health and climate change: a proposal.

ABSTRACTFacing complex issues such as climate change and its effects on public health require the participation of various actors. The research tool citizen science is one way for people to get involved. Through it, citizens collaborate with scientists to find solutions to problems in their territories. From a participatory work with citizens, we designed a taxonomy proposal, which can facilitate citizen and community action in suggesting research ideas. We expect stakeholders to use it to systematically classify and code initial questions and answers on public health and climate change issues. The development of this taxonomy integrates the global agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in such a way that citizens not only help their communities but also, the direct fulfillment of SDGs such as Climate Action (SDG 13), indirectly impacting other SDGs — given their interdependent nature (SDG 3, SDG 5, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 11, SDG 12). The systematic classification and coding of citizens’ contributions worldwide will contribute to the large-scale organized collection of information to be analyzed in proposing better responses to reduce the impacts of climate change on health.

Landscape planning based on EBPM: Location prioritization of green space management

AbstractThe participation of various actors and consensus‐building are crucial issues for spatial planning and landscape planning. In the green space management of landscape planning, there is a demand for expert viewpoints, discussions between residents and users, and consensus building between various stakeholders. There are also limitations to the management of the entire area. However, the decision on the order of priority is often difficult due to a lack of evidence. This study aims to explore how evidence‐based policy making (EBPM) can develop into a decision on the order of priority, in areas in spatial policy and landscape planning. It focuses on the analysis of user activities in the GMS (green matrix system) of Kohoku New Town. From the results, our method regarding EBPM can efficiently be applied to landscape management and planning. We verify how the EBPM process contributes to the creation of local government‐led guidelines. Specifically, the methods are: (i) measurement (observational data with location information); (ii) visualization; (iii) extraction of location priority; (iv) sharing with government or citizens; and (v) clarifying the discrepancy between guidelines and actual usage. These steps of EBPM applies to landscape planning, which is not limited to greenways, but also other spatial policies.

Abastecimiento de alimentos producidos por la agricultura familiar en la alimentación escolar en Costa Rica: Potencialidades y limitaciones

A alimentação escolar tem sido considerada como um mecanismo de reconexão entre a produção da agricultura familiar e o consumo de alimentos, sendo um ponto de encontro entre a alimentação pública e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse contexto, destaca-se o funcionamento do Programa de Abastecimento Institucional (PAI) no âmbito do Programa de Alimentação e Nutrição do Escolar e do Adolescente (PANEA). Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as principais potencialidades e limitações do processo de abastecimento de alimentos produzidos por famílias agricultoras na alimentação escolar na Costa Rica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com entrevistas semi-estruturadas e grupos de discussão com participação de diversos atores envolvidos na iniciativa Escolas Sustentáveis, a partir de dois projetos piloto (2016- 2018) nas localidades de Frailes de Desamparados y Coto Brus. Como resultado se evidenciou que as principais limitações centram-se na falta de mecanismos que proporcionem um tratamento diferenciado no abastecimento de alimentos produzidos por famílias agricultoras locais. Por outro lado, os potenciais se expressam nos valores que transcendem aos aspectos econômicos, que se apresentam em manifestações socioculturais e éticas geradas durante o processo abastecimento de alimentos nos centros educativos, respondendo à construção social de mercados que caracteriza as compras públicas de alimentos.

Apoio ao planejamento do transporte metropolitano sustentável

Promover o transporte sustentável em regiões metropolitanas é um problema com­plexo, devido à grande quantidade de atores com objetivos muitas vezes conflitantes, além da forma com que cada comunidade, de acordo com o contexto local, absorve os conceitos ligados à sustentabilidade. Neste ambiente, é fundamental um suporte para orientar o planejamento e a tomada de decisão, considerando a sustentabilidade. A par­tir dos requisitos para um transporte sustentável e a participação dos diversos atores, elaborou-se um procedimento que auxilia na operacionalização do suporte, possibili­tando a obtenção dos objetivos fundamentais dos atores, a proposição de alternativas e sua avaliação. Para demonstrar sua viabilidade, a proposta foi aplicada na Região Me­tropolitana da Baixada Santista, uma região importante localizada na Região Sudeste do Brasil. Trinta e nove objetivos fundamentais foram obtidos.

Intellectual property and agricultural trade: Producer perceptions of tea and coffee as potential geographical indications

Abstract Kenya tea and coffee are major foreign exchange earners and have high reputation among consumers in the international market. Faced by declining prices and competition from other sub-sectors, production area under these commodities has been declining. Use of intellectual property (IP) rights to protect and market agricultural commodities has been on the increase. Geographical indications as IP have been successfully implemented in developed countries and increasingly in developing countries. The study assesses producers’ awareness and perceptions of territorial-based qualities and the influence on product profits from the two export beverage crops, tea and coffee. Factor analysis was conducted on Likert scale perception questions administered to producers of coffee and tea from Muranga and Kirinyaga, respectively, in the Central region of Kenya. Producers of the two products were aware of the uniqueness of their products and their geographical source. Only perceptions related to market access in coffee and tea, and policies and rules as well as role of county government in coffee positively influenced income. Rather than have GI as a certification trademark, a prescriptive sui generis law would provide the required streamlining needed for collective participation of various actors along the value chain of potential GI products.

The Religiosity, Nationality, and Sociality of Pancasila: Toward Pancasila through Soekarno’s Way

Pancasila is the five principles of the Indonesian state’s philosophical foundation. Its existence reflects the characteristics of Indonesia as a multicultural nation-state, one which has to absorb and transform all elements of the nation into a strong, permanent foundation, and a dynamic guiding principle. The five principles are viewed as the crystalisation of the core values and ideals of the nation, as idealised by the existing “trilogy ideology”: religious ideologies, nationalist ideologies and socialist ideologies. All of the ideologies had been synthesized in order to find a common ground that realises the common good (al-maṣlaḥah al-‘āmmah) for the life of the nation. The history of the conceptualisation of Pancasila had been a long process featuring the “seeding” phase, “formulation” phase, and “commencement” phase. Each phase involves the participation of various actors and elements. However, in a joint work of the nation, one of the most prominent actors is Soekarno. To understand Pancasila, one needs to understand his life and thoughts.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v25i2.7502

Peri-Urban Land Governance in Developing Countries: Understanding the Role, Interaction and Power Relation Among Actors in Tanzania

Peri-urban land governance in Tanzania and other developing countries is shaped by divergent or complimentary roles of actors emanating from their authority, power and interest which create a complex relationship affecting land governance process. This paper is built on a call for more research on governance and urban land use by scholars. The focus of this paper is to identify governance gaps arising from the roles of different actors, interaction and power relations. The paper is based on the critical review of published and unpublished literature, as well as government reports. Overlapping and complementary roles influenced by varying power relations and interests among actors is revealed. This is witnessed in the Ministry of Lands and Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and between the private sector and land occupiers. The former is associated with the ministry’s reluctance to share power with LGAs, perpetuated by conflicting laws and regulations, while the latter is attributed to economic power of investors versus the vulnerable groups. Recognising the implication of the participation of various actors is not only critical in improving the interactions and harmony among actors, but also enacting appropriate legal and institutional frameworks to regularise both formal and informal actors in order to improve peri-urban land governance henceforth.

多様な人材の参加による園芸福祉活動の課題と可能性

This study analyzed the development process of horticultural well-being activities, based on the case study of “Funakata Farm” at Noda City in Chiba Prefecture. The issues and possibilities of horticultural well-being activities were clarified with the participation of various actors. Through the process of activities, the workshop helped to effectively grasp the issues, such as shortage of hands and lack of funds, and to design future vision. Furthermore, specialized knowledge on horticulture and welfare is required in order to extend these activities to persons with disabilities and elderly persons. This would be possible by cooperation with welfare facilities and research institutes.

Emerging multilevel environmental governance – A case of public participation in Poland

In recent decades, nature conservation policies have increasingly considered the participation of various actors. However, the effectiveness of such efforts is often questionable, and better methods of engaging stakeholders are still being sought. In this paper, we present an analysis of a consultation program conducted in the final stage of site selection for Natura 2000 in Małopolska, a region located in southern Poland. Based on a desk study and qualitative research, we analysed the modes and degrees of participation, the normative foundations of the consultation program, and the goals and expectations that characterise participants. The results are discussed using Unnestall's and Arnstein's typologies of participation, which show the limited success of the participatory process in representing all relevant stakeholders and enabling their actual influence on final decisions. The importance of implementing the EU directives for emerging multilevel governance in the nature conservation sector in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, is highlighted. In the context of Poland, the consultation program analysed appeared to be a novel and innovative step forward towards the development of a meaningful participatory approach in this region of Europe.