Third-party Participation Research Articles

Automatic construction and verification algorithm for smart contracts based on formal verification

As an emerging technology, blockchain demonstrates strong potential for applications in digital finance. As a core component of blockchain, the security and reliability of smart contracts is crucial. To ensure the high reliability of smart contracts, this study employs formal construction and verification techniques based on game theory. Initially, the profit function is defined using distortion techniques, and a game model for supply chain participation is designed. However, the equilibrium solution of the two-party game does not represent the optimal solution for the supply chain system. Therefore, the study introduces third-party participation to optimize the equilibrium solution. Finally, a probability model detection method is used to verify the constructed smart contract model. The results show that the supply chain model, analyzed through formal methods, has attributes consistent with theoretical analysis. Consequently, the research on automatic construction and verification algorithms for smart contracts based on formal verification proves to be effective and feasible in practical applications.

THE IMPACT OF POSTNUPTIAL AGREEMENT ON HUSBAND AND WIFE'S OWNERSHIP IN LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

<p>Husband and wife who do not enter into a marriage agreement cannot establish a limited liability company with just the two of them, because in terms of ownership of assets, their assets constitute as one unit of joint property. Therefore the provision that a limited liability company is a capital association is not fulfilled. They then invite third parties, whether it's their own children or other third parties to become shareholders. Third parties like this are generally only invited to comply with statutory provisions and the number of shares they have in a company is usually also very small. The decision of the Constitutional Court number 69/PUU-XIII/2015 has an impact on many husbands and wives who are not also in mixed marriages to also make the marriage agreement. This study aims to see the impact of the shares owned by husband and wife if they then make a postnuptial agreement, whether the presence of a third party in the company still needed or not considering that between them there has been a separation of assets. The method used in this research is normative juridical. The result of this research is that if the husband and wife enter into a postnuptial agreement, then the participation of third parties is no longer necessary because they are already separate property owners, and shares previously owned by third parties can be transferred to one or both of them.</p>

Los terceros interesados ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: una inclusión necesariaInterested third-parties before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: a necessary inclusion

Abstract Unlike the European and African systems, the Inter-American human rights system entirely excludes the participation of interested third parties in proceedings before its judicial body, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. This article argues that the reasons typically given to justify this exclusion are insufficient —at least on their own— to fully justify the exclusion of third-party interventions. Furthermore, the article contends that this exclusion poses challenges to both due process and the institutional capacities of the Court, particularly in a context where the Court is tasked with addressing highly polycentric problems. The article suggests re-evaluating the exclusion of interested third parties, which should lead to a reform of the Court’s Rules of Procedure. Finally, it explains that this proposal is consistent with certain trends developed by the Court in recent years.

Is environmental information disclosure driving green energy development? Contextual evidence from Chinese city level data in the lens of sustainability

As an important supplement to mandatory environmental regulation, third-party participation in environmental regulation has become an important driving force for the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. Environmental information disclosure (EID) has become a widely used form of third-party participation ecological regulation, and the study of its impact on green energy development (GED) is receiving more and more academic attention. However, the research on this issue is still insufficient in academia. Based on resource-based theory and information processing theory, with IPE project of pollution information survey in China as an exogenous impact, this paper analyzes the causal impact of EID for GED using panel data of 285 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020. The findings revealed that EID is a strong driver of GED in the long run, further amplified by the smart city pilot program. Besides, industrial structure transformation (IST), substantive green technological innovation (SGTI), non-substantive green technological innovation (NOSGTI), and green finance development (GFD) are important mediating mechanisms through which EID facilitates the GED. Concerning resource endowments of different regions and cities, the heterogeneity test asserted that the promotion effect of EID for GED is best in resource-based cities and old industrial parks. These results emphasize the importance of public participation in urban sustainable development and provide new ideas for promoting green growth.

Securing blockchain-enabled smart health care image encryption framework using Tinkerbell Map

IoT enables the emergence and implementation of smart devices to address real-world problems and challenges. Today we are surrounded by various smart devices, such as smart phones, smart homes, smart cars, smart televisions, and smartwatches that assist us in making our lives easier and smoother. IoT is a conglomeration of multiple technologies at various layers to impart the best of ubiquitous and pervasive computing to deliver several benefits in a variety of application sectors such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. In an IoT setting, blockchain technology is used for addressing security challenges and eradicating third-party participation. Utilizing public networks for storing or transmitting health care images poses risks of eavesdropping, data breaches, and unauthorized access. Before uploading medical data to the decentralized network, encryption is required to prevent unauthorized access. The aim of this study is to integrate technologies to ensure transactions are conducted safely and securely. We proposed an IoT-Blockchain system based on chaos encryption scheme using Tinkerbell mapping to ensure medical data integrity and authenticity. The suggested approach is examined to assess performance parameters such as, key space analysis, key sensitivity analysis, Information Entropy (IE), histogram, correlation of adjacent pixels, Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR), Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM). These findings demonstrated that the suggested method is extremely efficient in avoiding security breaches and guaranteeing information integrity.

ENSURING PROSECUTORIAL SUPERVISION OVER THE USE OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE IN CONDUCTING INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS

This article explores the role of specialists and experts in criminal investigations, emphasizing their legal involvement in procedural actions, such as interrogations and evidence collection. The distinction between specialists and experts is highlighted, with experts possessing broader procedural powers in analyzing case-relevant information. The participation of educators, especially in cases involving minors, is emphasized as critical for obtaining reliable testimony. Additionally, the role of interpreters is examined, emphasizing their importance in ensuring the rights of non-native speakers during criminal proceedings. The article underscores the prosecutor's responsibility in monitoring the proper use of specialists, experts, and interpreters, as well as the importance of maintaining accuracy and preventing potential misuse. The article also touches upon legal provisions related to the participation of third parties, such as educators and interpreters, during interrogations and investigative actions, providing insights into best practices.

Article: Statutory Arbitration Clauses and the Supplemental Swiss Rules for Corporate Law Disputes in Switzerland

On 1 January 2023, revisions to the corporate law came into force which, among other things, allow Swiss companies to include a statutory arbitration clause in their articles of association (AoA) in respect of corporate disputes. Unless drafted otherwise, such arbitration clauses will bind the general meeting, the board of directors, the auditors and the shareholders. In such cases, corporate disputes will be conducted solely in the private sphere. In this regard, the Swiss Arbitration Centre published a Model Statutory Arbitration Clause and supplemental rules for corporate law disputes in Autumn 2022. This article analyses the new possibility for statutory arbitration clauses in Switzerland and evaluates the importance of the supplemental rules in practice. Corporate Law Disputes, Statutory Arbitration Clauses, Swiss Rules, Supplemental Swiss Rules for Corporate Disputes, Arbitration, Switzerland, Lex Arbitri, Comparative Analysis, Participation of Third Parties, Confidentiality

Stwierdzanie zgonu i wystawianie kart zgonu w świetle nowych uprawnień kierowników podstawowych zespołów ratownictwa medycznego

The subject of this article is the issue of the newly acquired rights to confirm death and issue death certificates by managers of basic emergency medical teams (paramedics, nurses and nurses in the system). At the beginning, the study draws attention to an introduction to the issues and an explanation of the basic definitions. The next part of the work discusses the characteristics of the signs of death, legal issues related to the participation of third parties and issues related to the issuance of medical documentation. The basis for the considerations when writing the article was to present the correct way to confirm death and issue death certificates.

ОБСТАВИНИ УКЛАДЕННЯ ТА ПОЛОЖЕННЯ ДОГОВОРУ 568 р. ПОМІЖ ЛАНГОБАРДАМИ ТА АВАРАМИ

As of the early 550s, the diplomatic sphere of the Eastern Roman Empire on the Danube Limes was in a state of relative consolidation. In many ways, this was facilitated by the system of checks and balances between barbarian political associations on the northern border of the Empire. The autocrator Justinian the Great (527–565), professing the goal of political neutralisation of his neighbours, had been engaging the political associations of the Hepidians, Lombards and Antes in alliance relations since the 530s. These associations were fully or partially involved in the cohort of allies and federations of Constantinople, repelling the barbarian attacks of the Empire’s opponents in the region. At the same time, the internal contradictions that were brewing among the rulers of the barbarian associations could not provide the political system of Constantinople on the eastern bank of the Danube with promising development. One of the main reasons for the instability of relations between Justinian’s federates was the involvement of the Kingdom of the Hepidians in the Empire. In the second half of the 6th cent., the latter occupied the Danube and Tisza valleys, bordering the Roman provinces of Pannonia II of the Diocese of Dacia and Moesia I of the Diocese of Thrace. In 526, the Lombards became the Hepidians’ neighbours to the west. Being in a state of protracted conflict since then, both sides could not ensure victory without the participation of third parties. At the same time, the imperator Justinian and his predecessor, Justin I (518–527), were not interested in providing military assistance to their allies. The nature of the confrontation between the Lombards and the Hepidians changed with the arrival of the Avars in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Having become federates of Constantinople in 557, the Nomads were interested in obtaining the provinces of Pannonia II and Illyric for settlement. A dispute over these territories with Emperor Justin II (565–578) led to the actual breakdown of the nomads’ treaty with the Empire. King of the Lombards Alboin (566–572) proposed to grant the Avars these territories for settlement. At the suggestion of the barbarian monarch, the nomads received the desired lands in exchange for military assistance to the Lombards during the conflict with the Hepids. As a result of the negotiations between Alboin and the Avar Khan Bayan (562–602), an agreement was concluded, the postulates of which formed the basis of relations between the proto-state of the nomads and the newly formed Kingdom of the Lombards until the beginning of the 7th cent.

Criminality of Prostitution Abuse

The article is based on an empirical socio-legal analysis of criminal court case ‎files concerning prostitution abuse in Slovenia. Based on the theoretical framework developed by Petra Östergren, the authors analyse whether the Slovenian ‎regulatory system on sex work is repressive, restrictive or integrative. The paper explores how the courts define “abuse” and “exploitation” of prostitution, ‎how the participation of third parties in sex work activities is dealt with by ‎the courts, how the vulnerability of sex workers is treated, and how the existence of consent is considered before the courts. The paper examines the files ‎for moral arguments, stereotyping, and stigmatisation, as well as references to ‎occupational risks in the field of sex work and sex workers’ rights. In the conclusions the authors argue that in Slovenia the characteristics of the restrictive ‎model, with elements of both repressive and integrative, prevail.

Wirtschaftssanktionen im 13. Jahrhundert

Abstract The history of medieval economic sanctions is currently both known and unknown. Many instances of their deployment have been acknowledged or analysed in the context of the conflicts they were part of, like the 1205/1206 blockade of the Rhine as an element in the struggle between Philipp of Swabia and Otto of Brunswick. On the other hand, research in Medieval Studies that puts economic sanctions centre stage is still an emerging field. This paper argues that a broader investigation of episodes of economic sanctioning in the narrative sources is a sensible next step to develop this field, since it would bring the triple advantages of expanding its current geographical and prosopographical scope beyond the ecclesiastic Mediterranean ( 1 ), of putting its currently prevailing focus on normative texts into context ( 2 ), and of obviating the more unnecessary pessimisms currently characterising evaluations of medieval economic sanctions ( 3 ). To show the potential of narrated medieval sanctions episodes to inform our understanding of economic thinking around medieval economic sanctions, three examples from 13th-century historiography are analysed: the above-mentioned blockade of the Rhine, a smugglers’ tale in Matthew Paris’s ‘Cronica Majora’ against the backdrop of papal embargo legislation, and Salimbene of Parma’s report on third-party participation in a Venetian blockade of the river Po.

A Study on China's Digital Trade Dispute Settlement Mechanism in the Perspective of CPTPP

In the rapid development of digital trade, the digital trade dispute settlement mechanism also needs to be updated and adapted accordingly, thus promoting China's discursive and equal participation in world digital trade. The volume of digital trade in China is growing rapidly, yet the corresponding digital trade dispute settlement mechanism has not yet formed a sound system. This contradiction has become an urgent problem to be improved and solved in the field of digital trade in China. By comparing the digital trade dispute settlement provisions between China's FTA and CPTPP, this paper analyzes the deficiencies of China's relevant provisions in terms of openness, procedure, and efficiency. Most of these deficiencies originate from the lagging nature of China's digital trade provisions and the imperfection of procedures. Based on this, this paper provides suggestions respectively on the problems above. This includes making special provisions for dispute settlement in the field of digital trade, improving the provisions on suspension of concessions, and establishing rules ensuring transparency. Specifically, this put a high bar on the selection of panelists, the public enclosure of hearings and documents, and the application of the Third-Party participation principle.

The problem of the modernisation of land and building register in Poland as exemplified by the village of Rejowiec

The right of ownership is the broadest and one of the most basic property rights, which allows the owner to use and dispose of possessions without the participation of third parties. Therefore, the process of modernising the land and building register (MLBR) is extremely important considering, for example, that the data contained in this register is the basis for the subsequent calculation of public-legal obligations associated with the owned property, such as taxes. According to the current legislation, the data collected in the land and building register (cadastre) on the type of land use in combination with the soil classification of agricultural and forest land, the use of the property, its purpose and other information, are the basis for determining the agricultural, forest and real estate taxes by the competent authority. In Poland, in most cases, we have to deal with a situation in which the data appearing in the register differs from the actual state. Municipal budgets suffer losses because of this, and owners of properties of similar area and value sometimes pay completely different taxes. In this paper, the authors show a practical example of MLBR and the problems existed with it.

You’re so mean but I like it – Metapragmatic evaluation of mock impoliteness in Danmaku comments

Mock impoliteness, a term encompassing a wide array of phenomena (e.g., banter, teasing, mocking, jocular mockery, jocular abuse/insults, humour, etc.), has long been grounded in the framework of (im)politeness. However, the research on the participants’ metapragmatic evaluations of mock impoliteness is scarce, with the exception of Sinkeviciute (2017). This research aims to investigate the third-party participants’ metapragmatic evaluation in Danmaku comments in a Chinese online talk show Roast! that features mock impoliteness speech events. Danmaku, as a commenting system that displays users’ synchronous comments within the video stream, is widely used in Asian countries, especially in China and Japan (Wu & Ito, 2014). Danmaku comments provide easy access to a vast amount of third-party participants’ evaluations of mock impoliteness, which is an ideal data source for this research. Such metapragmatic evaluations offer invaluable insight to the first-order understanding of mock impoliteness, which resonates with the discursive approaches to (im)politeness that advocates first-order understanding of (im)politeness interactions (Eelen, 2001; Locher and Watts, 2005; Locher, 2006, 2012, 2015; Mills, 2003). By qualitatively categorizing the information provided in the Danmaku comments, a data-driven coding scheme is created, which captures different aspects of information: (i) in-text reference (Referent and Speech Event); (ii) pragmatic phenomena that is relevant to mock impoliteness (Impoliteness and Funniness), and (iii) metapragmatic evaluation (positive/negative Evaluation). Then a conditional inference tree model (Hothorn et al., 2006; Tagliamonte and Baayen, 2012; Tantucci and Wang, 2018) was fitted to investigate to what extent the above factors contribute to third-party participants’ metapragmatic evaluations of mock impoliteness. This method generated clear data visualization by displaying the ranking of contributing factors to the metapragmatic evaluations. Such quantitative results were then interpreted through qualitative analysis of typical examples from the data. The analysis concludes that funniness and impoliteness are the two most statistically significant factors contributing to Danmaku users’ qualitative evaluations. This conclusion, in return provides solid empirical evidence for second-order theoretical underpinning of mock impoliteness.

УЧАСТЬ ТРЕТІХ ОСІБ, ЯКІ НЕ ЗАЯВЛЯЮТЬ САМОСТІЙНІ ВИМОГИ ЩОДО ПРЕДМЕТУ СПОРУ, В ЦИВІЛЬНОМУ ПРОВАДЖЕНН

The third parties who do not declare independent claims on the subject of a dispute are the subjects of civil procedural legal relations, who take part in a civil case in order to protect their interests. A third party who does not declare independent claims on the subject of a dispute is interested in the outcome of the consideration of the civil case between the parties, as the court's decision may affect its rights or obligations to one of the parties. The main characteristic feature that distinguishes third parties who do not declare independent claims from other participants of the case is the nature of their interest in the case. Their interest is not in the subject of dispute, but in the outcome of the case, as the decision in the case can be on their mutual relations with one of the parties. Therefore, such interest is procedural in content. The court may not impose on third parties who do not declare independent claims on the subject of a dispute any material and legal obligations, or establish or defend their rights, that is, make a decision or ruling on the rights or obligations of these third parties. The third party may enter the case on their own initiative, and also be involved in the case on the motion of the participants of the case or the initiative of the court. The content of the statement from a third party about its involvement in the case is not provided by law, but as it follows from the provisions of part 4 of Art. 53 the CPC of Ukraine, in such a statement it is necessary to specify on which grounds it is necessary to involve such a third person in the case. The plaintiff, who initiated the involvement of a third party in the case, after the court’s satisfaction of his petition, in fact, cannot refuse the participation of such person in the case. Analyzing the expediency of participation of third parties in the case, the court should take into account the following circumstances, the presence of which is the basis of involvement of third parties who do not declare independent claims: – the existence of material-legal relations between a third party and one of the parties (labor, contractual, family); – these material and legal relations arise (are predominant) from the procedural relations that have formed between the plaintiff and the defendant in the case for the subject of the dispute; – the probability of a dispute on the law of civil law between a third party and one of the parties arising from these relations. The third person, who does not declare independent claims on the subject of a dispute, belongs to the number of participants of the case, and therefore is assigned to the whole set of procedural rights and obligations of the given type of subjects of procedural legal relations, provided by the Article. 43 CPC of Ukraine. Since such persons have no property interests in their case, there are no claim management rights, respectively, which would influence the commencement or termination of proceedings. For example, such third parties may not bring before the court the question of transfer of the case under established jurisdiction, since the closure of the case may be brought before the court by the plaintiff by submitting the respective application and deciding on transfer of the case under established jurisdiction is decided by the court on application of the plaintiff in the case. In the process of evidence the third party acts independently in accordance with their own interests. Performance or non-performance of certain procedural actions is based on the principle of optionality and all depends on the third parties themselves.

ASSESMENT OF THE EXPEDIENCY OF INVOLVING THE ADMINISTRATIVE BODY AS A THIRD PARTY IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS BY THE COURT

Participation of third parties is an essential part of administrative proceedings. Involvement and evaluation of third parties is the responsibility of the court, which, based on the petition of the party, or on its own initiative, involves a third party in the case hearing, with the right of mandatory or optional invitation. Evaluation of this subject essentially refers to the consideration of the case and obtaining the final result. Special attention needs the decision of involvement third-party administrative body in the case. In such cases, the purpose of involving a third party must be determined by the court – the case really concerns the interest of the administrative body if it is involved due to the task of presenting evidence. Thus, when assessing the expediency of the involvement of an administrative body as a third party is important to determine the need for its involvement, to determine the basis for the specific status of the third person (mandatory or optional) and the justification of the involvement, especially when it comes to the judge’s selfinitiative.

Partie 1. Aspects généraux : démographie, instances d’intérêts et process global

This first part will attempt to firstly describe the history and the various issues around nuclear medicine, then the multiple bodies of interest and the chronology of filing of files, and finally the participation of third parties in this type of achievement.

Negotiations as ADR and the participation of third parties in it

Negotiations as ADR and the participation of third parties in it

The Digital Revolution in Trade Finance: Exploring The Impact of Smart Blockchain-Based Letters of Credit On E-business Transactions

This paper aims to explore the impact of Smart Blockchain-based Letters of Credit (BTLOC) on business transactions in the realm of trade finance. The involvement of a third party in business transactions often leads to complications such as process heterogeneity, increased complexity, information security risks, and higher costs. To address these challenges, this research proposes an innovative solution for activities dependent on third-party participation, specifically in the context of global trading. To provide a comprehensive understanding of this solution, the study employs business process modeling in a transaction scenario, offering a deeper insight into its mechanics. The implementation of platforms built upon blockchain technology (BT), and smart contracts has the potential to significantly reshape and streamline business procedures, thereby benefiting participants engaged in global trade. This research primarily focuses on investigating the theoretical aspects and feasibility of incorporating BT into global trade, considering a paradigm shift in the field. A novel BTLOC is introduced as a key element of the research, enabling the examination of its practicality. Additionally, we explore the applications of BTLOC in real case study of international Trading and explore its potential integration into trade finance processes. Through a multi-case analysis, this research contributes to the understanding of the paradigm shift facilitated by BT. The findings shed light on the future potential applications of blockchain in finance and serve as an illustrative example of the extended capabilities associated with financial processes.

About the need to develop an intelligent information system to evaluate investment project environmental effectiveness

The evaluation of the efficiency of an investment project implemented in the real economy is impossible without assessing its environmental implications. The justification of investment projects may apply modern specialized software. Such software products do not provide an opportunity to fully automate the preparation of the environmental section of the business plan. The authors believe that it is wise to introduce automation into the development of the environmental section of the investment project business plan through an appropriate intelligent information system (expert system). Processing input data requested by the system with various prompts and explanations, the expert system should form the environmental section of the business plan. The proposed system should play the role of a consultant in the field of environmental legislation. It should offer the user a list of environmental protection measures corresponding to their project. The design and application of the expert system will lead to several positive effects: faster development of project materials, improved quality of planning, reduced number of mistakes, lower cost of assessment, increased confidence in the environmental section of the business plan by third-party participants, increased literacy of users of the expert system in the field of environmental protection.