Sports Club Participation Research Articles

Social motivation and health in college club swimming

ABSTRACTObjective: Participation in recreational sport clubs on campus is a popular student activity nationwide. These sport-based organizations provide a host of benefits within recognized dimensions of health and wellness. Understanding participants’ motives for engaging in these types of activities can provide insight in design and delivery and enhance participant health. This study focuses on outcomes related to the social motivations for participation in a recreational sport swim club and their potential relationship to social health. Participants: Current members of recreational swimming clubs were contacted for participation in the study from March-April 2016. Methods: A Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS) survey was sent electronically to 196 collegiate swim clubs nationwide. Aggregate and multivariate analyses from 1011 responses were conducted to examine the social motivation and motivational differences of participants. Results: Social motivations emerged as the predominate motivational construct, indicating important implications for social health improvement through participation. Demographically, results indicated no statistically significant differences in social motivation factors based on participant gender, and statistically significant differences within participant race, university affiliation and practice frequency. Conclusions: Impacts of these findings are important for practitioners and participants when evaluating the potential these programs have to influence participant social health.

Efficacy of Sports Club Activities on Exercise Tolerance Among Japanese Middle and High School Children and Adolescents After Fontan Procedure.

The exercise tolerance of Fontan patients is poorer than that of healthy people. Some previous studies reported that exercise tolerance can be improved in this population by cardiac rehabilitation. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and to subsequently clarify the correlation between participation in sports club activities and variables related to exercise tolerance. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed by 115 Fontan patients aged between 6 and 20years. The patients completed questionnaires on their daily physical activities including participation in extracurricular sports clubs in middle (junior high school) and high school. Peak VO2 had a significant negative correlation with age and a positive correlation with hemoglobin, stroke volume, and resting tidal volume in the entire study group. Additionally, the sports club participants who were middle and high school students had significantly higher peak VO2 and resting tidal volume. Exercise habits including participation in sports club activities may promote exercise tolerance by improving respiratory function in Fontan adolescents.

Cardiovascular disease mortality in relation to physical activity during adolescence and adulthood in Japan: Does school-based sport club participation matter?

We examined potential associations of sport club participation during adolescence and sports-related physical activity during adulthood with mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a Japanese population. Between 1988 and 1990, 29,526 men and 41,043 women aged 40–79 years responded to a questionnaire including questions about the frequency of sports participation at baseline and sport club participation during junior/senior high school. Subjects were followed-up until the end of 2009, and 4230 cardiovascular deaths (870 CHD, 1859 stroke) were identified. Cox proportional-hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR). During the first-two thirds of the follow-up – where the proportional hazards assumption was met – the multivariate-adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) for total CVD mortality was 0.77 (0.61–0.98) among men and 0.82 (0.61–1.10) among women who were physically active at baseline (≥5 h/week versus 1–2 h/week). The corresponding HRs for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality were 0.65 (0.39–1.07) and 0.40 (0.17–0.91), respectively. The combined associations of sports participation during adulthood and adolescence were also examined. Among men who participated in sports for ≥5 h/week at baseline, the multivariate-adjusted HR for those who also engaged in sport club activities during adolescence was 0.89 (0.61–1.30) for total CVD mortality and 0.24 (0.08–0.71) for CHD mortality when compared to non-participants. Among women, no statistically significant differences were found between sport club participants and non-participants. In conclusion, participating in sport clubs during adolescence might lead to a more pronounced risk-reduction for CHD mortality among men who also participate in sport activities during adulthood.

Sport Club Participation and Health-Related Outcomes in College Students: Comparisons by Sex and Academic Classification

Using the theory of student involvement, the purpose of this study was to compare sport club participation and health-related outcomes, as well as the association between these two variables by sex and academic classification among college students. Participants were 127 sport club members recruited from a university in the southwestern United States. MANOVA analyses indicated that males reported more recreation center visits, greater sport club satisfaction, and lower subjective vitality than females; freshmen reported more recreation center visits and higher grade point averages (GPAs) than nonfreshmen. Canonical correlation analyses revealed that sport club satisfaction was positively related to GPA and subjective vitality, and sport club memberships were positively related to body mass index in the overall sample. Group differences were found in the direction and magnitude of these relationships. Thus, campus recreation professionals should consider sex and freshman status of sport club participants to target their diverse needs for optimal health-related outcomes.

Bidirectional association between weight status and motor skills in adolescents : A4-year longitudinal study.

Despite considerable efforts the prevalence of overweight and obesity in youth remains high. Poor motor skills have been associated with increased body weight but there is still limited information on the longitudinal association of these health parameters. This study examined the prospective association between motor skills and body weight in 10- to 14-year-old youth. Body weight, height and motor skills, assessed via the German motor test 16-18 (Deutscher Motorik Test, DMT6-18), were measured in 213middle school students (57% male) every year over a 4‑year period. Club sports participation and migration status were assessed via a questionnaire. Besides an inverse cross-sectional association between body weight and motor skills, excess body weight was associated with impaired development of motor skills (p < 0.05). Furthermore, weight loss was associated with enhanced motor development and allowed previously overweight students to catch up with their normal weight peers. High motor skills at baseline also reduced the odds of becoming overweight/obese during the observation period. These results were independent of club sports participation. There is a bidirectional, synergistic association between body weight and motor skills. Facilitating the development of motor skills in children and adolescents may therefore be a viable intervention strategy targeting weight management and physical activity in youth.

Involvement in non-club organized sport: organizational patterns of sport participation from a longitudinal life course perspective

In this paper, patterns of participation in non-club organized sport over the life course of individuals are studied in order to enhance the understanding of their involvement in sport. The main research question of this investigation is to examine the correlation between prior sport experiences and current patterns of sport participation amongst middle-aged adults. The study is executed through the analysis of data from the Leuven Longitudinal Study on Lifestyle, Fitness and Health (LLSLFH). The LLSLFH was developed distinctly for men in 1969, 1991, 2002, 2012 and for women in 1979, 1999, 2012. In 2012, a remaining sample of 110 men and 108 women participated in the study. The association between patterns of participation (club organized or non-club organized sport) and/or stages of inactivity in various stages of life was analyzed by a descriptive tracking analysis and a multinomial regression analysis. Conclusively, previous patterns of participation are key factors for explaining the participation of middle-aged adults in non-club organized sport. In general, there is a positive relation between non-club organized sports in different stages of adulthood. However, the periods for tracking are short-term and occur at later stages in life. Non-club organized sport also appears to be more vulnerable to drop-outs than club organized sport. No patterns of transfer were observed between club and non-club organized sport participation.

An Epidemiology of Sport Injury Rates Among Campus Recreation Sport Programs

Injuries are one of the common risks associated with physical activity. At the collegiate level of sports participation, NCAA sports programs are required to provide injury treatment and prevention options for their athletes. However, for participants competing in club and intramural sports, no universal requirements for injury prevention and treatment exist. This study assessed the risk of injury during club and intramural sports among college-aged students compared to participants in NCAA sports. Overall, club sport participants were found to have a significantly higher rate of injury compared to previously documented injury rates in NCAA participants, while, both NCAA and club sports participants were found to be more at risk than intramural participants. Specific sport injury rates were documented for nine club sports and compared with NCAA injury data. These injury rates suggest a need for improved health care and preventative treatment options for club sport athletes, especially in club sport rugby.

Correlates of weekday compliance to physical activity recommendations in Swiss youth non-compliant in weekend days.

Some children are inactive on weekends but active on weekdays. Correlates of such behavior remain to be clarified. We assessed school, out-of-school and family correlates of compliance with physical activity (PA) recommendations during weekdays among weekend non-compliant youth in Switzerland. Cross-sectional data collected in 2013–2015 from the SOPHYA study. PA was objectively measured during one week using waist-worn accelerometers. Compliance with PA recommendations (≥ 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA) was assessed separately for weekend and weekdays. Data on school sport, transport to school, sports club participation, household income, parent's PA and education were collected by phone interview and questionnaires. Data from 540 youth (316 girls) aged 6–16 years were available for analysis. Participants who were compliant to recommendations during weekdays were more frequently boys (50.3% vs. 31.4%, p < 0.001), more often participated in sports club (73.3% vs. 64.3%, p = 0.024), and were more prone to adopt active transport to school (75.8% vs. 62.0%, p = 0.001) than non-compliers. Multivariable adjustment showed male gender [odds ratio and (95% confidence interval): 4.30 (2.71–6.81)], sports club participation [1.91 (1.21–3.02)], and PA-active parent [1.98 (1.20–3.28)] were significantly associated with weekday compliance. Being a male, a sports club participant and having a physically active parent significantly increase compliance with PA recommendations during weekdays among Swiss youth who are inactive on weekends.

Differences regarding health risk behaviours between sport club participants and non-participants among Romanian high school students - Review

Differences regarding health risk behaviours between sport club participants and non-participants among Romanian high school students - Review

유소년스포츠클럽 참여자의 신체적 자기효능감, 학교생활적응, 사회적 능력의 인과적 관계

유소년스포츠클럽 참여자의 신체적 자기효능감, 학교생활적응, 사회적 능력의 인과적 관계

Providing for the rich? The effect of public investments in sport on sport (club) participation of vulnerable youth and adults

The relevance of local sport policy to achieve ‘sport for all’ has been widely recognized. Public spending on sport is seen necessary to keep sport affordable, while specific policy programs are aimed to include groups that lag behind in sport participation. This paper explores the impact of local government’s sport expenditures on sport (club) participation and more particularly its impact on sport (club) participation differences between higher and lower socio-economic positions, in the Netherlands. Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model is used as a theoretical starting point for our analyses and we performed multiple 3-level logistic regression analyses. The analyses were conducted separately for youth and adults using information from a large national population survey enriched with secondary data on municipal sport expenditures and policy programs. Our findings suggest that the effect of sport policy is most substantial for youth sport club participation. For adults, sport participation tends to be negatively associated with municipal sport expenditures and policy programs. With regard to the impact of sport policy on participation differences between higher and lower socio-economic positions, we find that for youth higher municipal sport expenditure is associated with smaller sport club participation differences between higher and lower socio-economic groups. Overall, our results imply that in the Netherlands municipal sport policy does matter, although primarily for youth, in addition to the social environment and socio-economic position of individuals. With these results our study contributes to an evidence-base for sport policy and to the current body of knowledge on explaining differences in sport participation.

“It Made Me Want to be that Spark”: A Case Study of the Experiences of College Student Group Exercise Instructors

While recent research has focused on leadership and development in collegiate club and intramural sports participants, many of the findings and suggestions may be deemed applicable to student roles within college fitness and group exercise programs. The purpose of this exploratory case study was to learn about the leadership experiences, motivations, benefits, and perceived limitations to group fitness instruction for students at a small, private, Mid-Atlantic university, and to discover potential influences of these experiences on the overall collegiate experience. The researcher was interested in insights of both current and recently graduated students who serve as group fitness instructors at their college. The researcher interviewed eight participants from one institution selected through convenience sampling. While this study used a small sample from one institution, interviewee responses were consistent, relevant, and may be expanded upon in future research. Participants reported that they improved leadership skills, public speaking, conflict resolution, and developed a campus identity as a result of teaching group exercise. The majority of the participants had not considered the benefits of their experiences in terms of professional development, and relationship building before their participation in the study. These findings demonstrate that campus recreation departments need to provide evidence to students and university administration that their programs not only provide enjoyment and health benefits for participants, but also a litany of “soft skills” and professional experiences that employers will look for after graduation.

Patterns of sports participation, health risk behaviours, and socio-economic position in young Swiss men

This study applies health lifestyle theory to describe patterns of sports participation and explore their associations with other health-relevant behaviours (smoking and at-risk drinking), socio-economic position (education and household income), and language region in Switzerland. We applied a bias corrected three-step latent class analysis to a cross-sectional sample of young Swiss men (N = 10,458) collected in 2010–2011. Five different patterns of sports participation were revealed: overall very active (22.8%), informally very active (42.6%), only collectively active (9.6%), only active alone (5.9%) and overall inactive (19.1%). Elevated proportions of smoking and at-risk drinking co-occurred with particular patterns of sports participation. Daily smoking was associated with rarely or never engaging in sports alone or in pairs. Frequent participation in club sports or engagement in self-organized sports in a group was not associated with a lower likelihood of at-risk drinking. In line with health lifestyle theory and previous findings, our results suggest that distinct sports participation patterns are associated with other health-relevant behaviours, socio-economic position, and language region in Switzerland.

Health literacy and participation in sports club activities among adolescents.

The aim of this research was to compare the levels of perceived health literacy among adolescents who do or do not participate in sports club activities. Organized sport club activities reach a high proportion of adolescents, and have the potential to contribute to the development of their health literacy. The cross-sectional data on health literacy among school children in Finland (aged 13 and 15, n=3852) were measured, as a part of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study, using the Health Literacy for School-aged Children (HLSAC) instrument. Sports club participation and its association with health literacy were examined in relation to age, gender, family affluence, school achievement, and physical activity. The statistical analyses included cross-tabulation and the multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses. Perceived health literacy was higher among adolescents who participated in sports club activities. This conclusion was valid for boys and girls, for both age groups, among those who were physically active 6-7 days a week, had at least moderate school achievement, and those who belonged to the middle or high affluence families. From the health literacy perspective, participation in sports club activities was especially beneficial for those having low or moderate school achievement level. The sports club setting may work towards equalizing health literacy differences related to school achievement. However, the clubs should ensure that access is available to as many adolescents as possible; by this means they may spread beneficial influences, supporting the development of health literacy among broader population groups.

스포츠클럽의 강사유형이 스포츠클럽 만족, 참여지속의사와의 관계 연구

스포츠클럽의 강사유형이 스포츠클럽 만족, 참여지속의사와의 관계 연구

Association of Competition Volume, Club Sports, and Sport Specialization With Sex and Lower Extremity Injury History in High School Athletes.

Background:High school athletes are increasingly encouraged to participate in 1 sport year-round to increase their sport skills. However, no study has examined the association of competition volume, club sport participation, and sport specialization with sex and lower extremity injury (LEI) in a large sample of high school athletes.Hypothesis:Increased competition volume, participating on a club team outside of school sports, and high levels of specialization will all be associated with a history of LEI. Girls will be more likely to engage in higher competition volume, participate on a club team, and be classified as highly specialized.Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Methods:High school athletes completed a questionnaire prior to the start of their competitive season regarding their sport participation and previous injury history. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations of competition volume, club sport participation, and sport specialization with history of LEI, adjusting for sex.Results:A cohort of 1544 high school athletes (780 girls; grades 9-12) from 29 high schools completed the questionnaire. Girls were more likely to participate at high competition volume (23.2% vs 11.0%, χ2 = 84.7, P < 0.001), participate on a club team (61.2% vs 37.2%, χ2 = 88.3, P < 0.001), and be highly specialized (16.4% vs 10.4%, χ2 = 19.7, P < 0.001). Athletes with high competition volume, who participated in a club sport, or who were highly specialized had greater odds of reporting a previous LEI than those with low competition volume (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.55-2.80; P < 0.001), no club sport participation (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.20-1.88; P < 0.001), or low specialization (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.88-3.54; P < 0.001), even after adjusting for sex.Conclusion:Participating in high sport volume, on a club team, or being highly specialized was associated with history of LEI. Girls were more likely to participate at high volumes, be active on club teams, or be highly specialized, potentially placing them at increased risk of injury.Clinical Relevance:Youth athletes, parents, and clinicians should be aware of the potential risks of intense, year-round participation in organized sports.

Physical Fitness and Body Composition in 8-10-Year-Old Danish Children Are Associated With Sports Club Participation.

Larsen, MN, Nielsen, CM, Ørntoft, CØ, Randers, M, Manniche, V, Hansen, L, Hansen, PR, Bangsbo, J, and Krustrup, P. Physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3425–3434, 2017—We investigated whether physical fitness and body composition in 8–10-year-old Danish children are associated with sports club participation. The study included 423 schoolchildren, comprising 209 girls and 214 boys, of whom 67 and 74%, respectively, were active in sports clubs. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 for children (YYIR1C), balance, jump and coordination tests, together with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, were used to determine exercise capacity and body composition. Children active in sports clubs had better (p < 0.05) YYIR1C (33%, 767 ± 26 vs. 575 ± 29 m), 20-m sprint (3%, 4.33 ± 0.03 vs. 4.48 ± 0.04 seconds), coordination (6%, 68 ± 1 vs. 72 ± 1 second), and balance test performances (9%, 19.3 ± 0.5 vs. 21.2 ± 0.7 falls·min−1) and lower fat mass index (16%, 3.8 ± 0.1 vs. 4.5 ± 0.2 kg[fat]·m−2) than children not active in sports clubs. Ball game players had better (p < 0.05) YYIR1C (38%, 925 ± 39 vs. 671 ± 28 m), 20-m sprint (4%, 4.25 ± 0.03 vs. 4.42 ± 0.04 seconds), and coordination test performances (5%, 65 ± 1 vs. 69 ± 1 second), along with higher (p < 0.05) lean body mass (5%, 24.00 ± 0.22 vs. 22.83 ± 0.25 kg) and whole-body BMD (2%, 0.90 ± < 0.01 vs. 0.88 ± <0.01 g·cm−2) compared with children active in other sports. The study showed that 8‒10-year-old Danish children engaged in sports-club activity, especially ball game players, have better exercise capacity and superior body composition compared with children not active in sports clubs.

스포츠클럽 참여 노인의 생활세계와 체계에 따른 세대 간 의사소통

스포츠클럽 참여 노인의 생활세계와 체계에 따른 세대 간 의사소통

The influence of a Healthy Welcoming Environment on participation in club sport by adolescent girls: a longitudinal study

BackgroundThis study investigated the perceived influence of a Healthy Welcoming Environment (HWE) on participation in sports clubs among adolescent girls, and how these perceptions changed longitudinally. HWE was defined in terms of a set of health promotion policies advocated by a health promotion foundation as the basis of sport club health promotion practice to promote structural reform in state sporting organisations and their affiliated associations and clubs. These included sports injury prevention, smoke-free, responsible serving of alcohol, sun protection, healthy eating, and welcoming and inclusive environments.MethodsYear 7 and 11 female students from metropolitan (n = 17) and non-metropolitan secondary schools (n = 14) in Australia were invited to participate in three annual surveys. These surveys collected information about current or past membership of a sports club and the influence of HWEs on their decision to participate (or not) in a sports club.ResultsYear 7 (n = 328; 74.5%) and Year 11 (n = 112; 25.5%) female students completed all three waves (19.6% response rate; 82.7 and 74.0% retention rate). Most agreed that characteristics of HWEs were a positive influence on their participation in sports clubs, except those relating to alcohol and Sunsmart. Welcoming factors had consistent high agreement among respondents. Alcohol and friendliness factors of the club were regarded as being positively influential by higher percentages of non-metropolitan than metropolitan respondents.ConclusionsWelcoming factors were the most positive influences on decisions to participate in sports clubs. These factors may be important in reducing barriers to sport participation. Strategies supporting the social environment within sports clubs should be prioritised.

Sex Differences in Competition Volume, Club Sport Participation, Specialization, and Injury Among High School Athletes

Female adolescent athletes are at greater risk for certain injuries, such as ACL injuries or overuse knee injuries. One theory for this increased risk is the increasing trend towards intense, year-round sport participation and specialization. However, it is unknown whether characteristics of sport participation, including competition volume, club sport participation, specialization, or history of lower extremity injury (LEI) differ between female and male athletes. PURPOSE: To compare level of competition volume, club sport participation, sport specialization, and previous lower LEI between males and females in high school athletes. METHODS: 1525 high school athletes (780 female, age=16.1±1.1 years old, grades 9-12) from 29 high schools were recruited to complete a pre-season questionnaire regarding their sport participation patterns and previous injury history. Sport competition volume in the previous 12 months was classified as high (>60 competitions), moderate (30-60 competitions), or low (<30 competitions). Sport specialization status was classified as low, moderate, or high using a widely utilized 3-point specialization scale. Chi-square tests were used to investigate associations of competition volume, club sport participation, specialization, and LEI by sex (a-priori p<.05). RESULTS: Females were more likely than males to participate in high competition volume (23.2% vs 11.0%, χ2=84.7, p<0.001), participate on a club team (61.2% vs 37.2%, χ2=88.3, p<0.001), and be highly specialized (16.4% vs 10.4%, χ2=19.7, p<0.001). A total of 487 subjects (31.5%) reported sustaining a total of 599 previous time-loss LEI. Female athletes were more likely to report a previous LEI than males when considering all sports (36.5% vs. 27.0%, χ2=15.9, p<0.001) and when the sample was restricted to sex-equivalent sports (37.3% vs. 28.2%, χ2=9.0, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes were more likely to participate in sports at high volumes, on club teams in addition to their high school teams, be highly specialized, and report previous LEI. Female high school athletes may be at greater risk of injury due to these differences in sport participation patterns. Supported by grants from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine and the National Federation of State High School Associations.