Participation In Prevention Programs Research Articles

Health Belief Model Scale and Theory of Planned Behavior Scale to assess attitudes and perceptions of injury prevention program participation: An exploratory factor analysis

ObjectivesTo examine the psychometric properties of the Health Belief Model Scale (HBMS) and Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS), and determine construct validity by evaluating which subscales were most associated with intention to participate in an Exercise-related Injury Prevention Program (ERIPP) within physically active adults. DesignCross-sectional. MethodsTwo hundred and eighty-four physically active individuals volunteered to participate in this study and completed the HBMS and TPBS on one occasion. The HBMS consisted of 39 items and the TPBS consisted of 22 items. Both scales aimed to assess attitudes and perceptions of ERIPP participation. Exploratory factor analysis evaluated the loading factors of the HBMS and TPBS. Linear regression determined if the HBMS and TPBS subscales were predictors of intention to participate in an ERIPP. ResultsNine factors were identified within the HBMS and five factors were identified within the TPBS. The subscales of the HBMS and TPBS had acceptable internal consistencies. Perceived benefits, social norms, and social influence from the TPBS and perceived benefits, individual self-efficacy, and general health cues from the HBMS were positively and significantly associated with intention to participate while perceived barriers had a negative association. ConclusionsThe HBMS and TPBS demonstrated strong psychometric properties to assess behavioral determinants of ERIPP participation within physically active adults. The social influence, social norm, and individual self-efficacy subscales were the best predictors of intention to participate followed by benefits, general health cues, and barriers.

Barriers to and discourses about breast cancer prevention among immigrant women in Spain: a qualitative study

ObjectivesTo identify knowledge, barriers and discourses about breast cancer screening in Spain among female immigrants from low-income countries and native Spanish women from a low socioeconomic class.DesignQualitative interview study with...

Genetic Ancestry Markers and Difference in A1c Between African American and White in the Diabetes Prevention Program.

HbA1c levels are higher in blacks than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). We investigated whether genetics could explain this difference in Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) participants. We tested (i) genetic variants causing hemoglobinopathies, (ii) a genetic risk score (GRS) based on 60 variants associated with HbA1c from genome-wide association meta-analysis, and (iii) principal component (PC) factors that capture continental ancestry derived from genetic markers distributed across the genome. Of 2658 eligible DPP participants, 537 (20%) self-identified as black and 1476 (56%) as NHW. Despite comparable fasting and 2-hour glucose levels, blacks had higher HbA1c (mean ± SD = 6.2 ± 0.6%) compared with NHWs (5.8 ± 0.4%; P < 0.001). In blacks, the genetic variant causing sickle cell trait was associated with higher HbA1c [β (SE) = +0.44 (0.08)%; P = 2.1 × 10-4]. The GRS was associated with HbA1c in both blacks and NHWs. Self-identified blacks were distributed along the first PC axis, as expected in mixed ancestry populations. The first PC explained 60% of the 0.4% difference in HbA1c between blacks and NHWs, whereas the sickle cell variant explained 16% and GRS explained 14%. A large proportion of HbA1c difference between blacks and NHWs was associated with the first PC factor, suggesting that unidentified genetic markers influence HbA1c in blacks in addition to nongenetic factors.

Population management in integrated care organization in Poland: resource utilization for performing health risk assessment

Introduction: Risk stratification is a key process in delivering large-scale integrated care, as it allows cluster assignment, tailored services’ design and case identification. Objectives: To assess the resource use for performing risk assessment visits in patients of an Integrated Care Organization ICO in Poland. Targeted population: Patients belonging to ICO - Medical and DiagnosticCenter in Siedlce 27 primary health care units PHC, over 84,000 patients belonging to PHC located in Mazovian and Lublin provinces of Poland. The pilot study was conducted in 13 PHC sites of this ICO 3 urban and 10 rural. 22 PHC doctors, 8 nurses, 7 medical receptionists 1 dietician were involved. Adult patients with no health examination within last 12 months were recruited – they were invited by phone call or redirected from the PHC doctor’s office. 122 patients participated in the study: 71 women 58.2% and 51 men 41.8% with a median age of 45 range: 18-65. Time range: October 10-30, 2017. Methods: The 1st part of risk assessment visit, performed by a nurse coordinator, was a medical interview, assessment of basic vital and anthropometric parameters. The 2nd part of visit, performed as appropriate by nurse, nurse coordinator, receptionist or dietician, was planning and filling in the data of obtained diagnostic tests results. The 3rd part of visit, performed by PHC doctor, was physical examination, discussion of tests’ results and other data obtained, and patient’s health status defining. 135 variables were analyzed to perform risk assessment, including personal details, detailed interview, anthropometric measurements, physical examination, results of diagnostic tests, diagnosis and patient’s health status. The patient interview questionnaire enclosed questions used to determine general health state, physical activity, mental mood, occurrence of familial cancers and chronic diseases, medical history, presence of chronic conditions, participation in preventive programs, smoking, alcohol intake, medications taken and other complaints. Each stage of performing health risk assessment visit was measured in terms of time spent by PHC doctors, nurses, nurse coordinators, medical receptionists and dieticians. Results: The average duration of the whole health risk assessment process was 95 minutes. Average time spent by nurse or medical receptionist was 62 minutes and average time spent by doctor was 33 minutes. The maximal time of health risk assessment visit was 157 minutes with nurse coordinator or other nurse participation through 110 minutes and PHC doctor - 47 minutes. The minimal time of health risk assessment visit was 70 minutes nurse- 45 minutes and doctor- 25 minutes. Average duration of the first part of visit was 49 minutes range 30 - 90. Average duration of second part was 13 minutes range 5-30. Average duration of the third part of visit was 33 minutes range 16-65. Conclusions: Appropriate division of duties in the team is required for adult patients heaving no health examination within last 12 months, as it requires significant amount of time. Lessons learned: Resource utilization was assessed for the purpose of economical assessments.

Don't Lose Your Head! Program on Prevention and Early Detection of Head and Neck Cancers in Poland in the Years 2017-2019

Amount raised: 1 635 652,11 Polish Zloty (PLN; about 480,000 USD) Background and context: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) (IDC10: C00-C15, C30-C33, C69; C73) are significant clinical and social problem. While the overall number of new cases is stable and almost on the same level (∼6000 new cases each year) increase of HNCs incidence among young adults (&lt;40 y.o.) is observed. This phenomenon is mostly connected with HPV infections, because a great majority of this group has never smoke and never abuse alcohol (smoking and drinking high-percentage alcohol are well-known risk factors for HNCs). Because there is no screening program for HNCs and treatment prognosis for these cancers are unfavorable, preventive actions are basic and most effective tool in decreasing HNCs incidence and mortality. Aim: To implement in 5 Polish voivodeships pilot prophylactic program on early detection on HNCs. Strategy/Tactics: The main objective will be achieved by influencing the 5 basic causal areas of the problem of late HNCs recognition in Poland. These are: 1) awareness about HNCs risk factors in Polish society, 2) competences of medical staff in prophylaxis, health education and diagnostic of HNCs (120 doctors and nurses - especially from primary health care, 100 dentists), 3) access to preventive examinations (800 people from 5 voivodeships), 4) launching mechanisms of HNCs prophylaxis through the involvement of representatives of nongovernmental and local governments organizations who have constant contact with people in HNCs risk groups, 5) increasing the knowledge on the incidence of oncogenic HPV varieties in the oral cavity of healthy people and the frequency of HPV infection in the oral cavity from smoking and drinking alcohol. Apart from the trainings for health professionals, trainings for street workers are also provided in this program. Program process: Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center successfully applied for funds for the implementation of the created project. Program is cofinanced by European Union, from European Social Funds within the Operational Program Knowledge Education Development 2014-2020, V. Priority axis: Support for the health area, Measure 5.1: Preventive programs and is free of charge for participants. Nowadays project team conducts procedures aiming among the others recruitment of participants, cooperation with NGOs, creation of agenda of the meetings, preparation of the awareness campaign. Costs and returns: Main obstacles and costs are combined with administrative difficulties and doctor's tight schedule (lack of time for additional activities). The biggest return will be improvement of early HNCs detection and mortality decrease caused by these cancers. What was learned: Preliminary observations show that patients are very interested in participation in HNCs early detection and prevention program. Moreover, in many cases they have never participated in any actions concern HNCs education.

Fall Prevention Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Current Guidelines and Older Adult Responses.

Older adults are vulnerable to falls that result in injury and disability, making fall prevention a national priority. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate community-dwelling older adults' perceptions about falls and fall prevention activities to guide interventions. Participants had high awareness of falls and believed that they could reduce their risk of falling. Approximately three fourths of participants reported taking actions to reduce risk of falling; however, participation in community fall prevention programs was low. The survey used provides a method to help nurses identify targets for fall prevention interventions to reduce this physical health disparity in vulnerable older populations. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44(9), 21-29.].

Housing status among single adults following Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program participation in Indianapolis

The Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program (HPRP) was a federally-funded program in the United States that provided short-term financial and support services to individuals and families who were at-risk or currently experiencing homelessness. There is limited research on factors that predict placement in permanent housing following prevention and rapid rehousing interventions, particularly for single adult populations. The present study examined demographic and program-related predictors of permanent housing upon program exit among two groups of adults enrolled in HPRP in Indianapolis, IN: Homelessness Prevention (HP) recipients (n = 219) and Rapid Re-housing (RRH) recipients (n = 296). Results revealed that 76.3% of HP and 68.8% of RRH recipients were living in permanent housing when they exited HPRP. For HP recipients, completion of HPRP and outreach and engagement services were significant predictors of remaining in permanent housing. For RRH recipients, individuals who were African American, did not have a disabling condition, completed HPRP, received a greater amount of financial assistance, and received case management services had significantly greater odds of permanent housing. Findings have implications for informing short-term housing support programs for precariously housed or homeless single adults and highlight the need for future research on prevention and rehousing interventions.

Determinants of Student Participation in Drug Prevention Programs in Jakarta and Makassar

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Motivation for adopting fall prevention measures: a literature review searching for technology acceptance factors

This paper presents a literature review of motivating factors for taking part in fall prevention activities among the elderly. The research aim is to improve the design and development of IT-based fall prevention programs for a deeper understanding of what motivates users to take part in such programs. Making fall prevention IT-based might improve the situation but might also become an obstacle in itself. To better ground this design process, a review is made of current efforts of fall prevention and of understanding motives for participation in fall prevention programs. As a result, we present a set of driving forces for the elderly to participate in fall prevention and discuss these in the context of technology acceptance theory, giving outlines for a model of motivating factors for them to use IT-based fall preventions systems. The results show a general direction of motivational efforts used in fall prevention to consist of some form of personalization strategy where, e.g., personal goals and conditions are used to adapt prevention measures to the individual.

Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior: A Theoretical Approach for Enhancing Lower Extremity Injury Prevention Program Participation

The integration of theoretical models into exercise-related injury prevention research may advance our understanding of the reasons why adoption and compliance of exercise-related injury prevention programs (ERIPPs) is low. A new model which integrates the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior has been developed to provide insights into the behavioral determinants of ERIPP participation. There are several steps which must be taken to begin utilizing these theoretical models within ERIPP research, including creating an effective assessment tool, assessing the behavioral determinants of ERIPP participation within the target population, and developing and testing interventions based on these theoretical models.

Age Influences Biomechanical Changes After Participation in an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Program

Background: The prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries increases during maturation and peaks during late adolescence. Previous studies suggested an age-related association between participation in injury prevention programs and reduction of ACL injury. However, few studies have investigated differences in biomechanical changes after injury prevention programs between preadolescent and adolescent athletes. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate the influence of age on the effects of the FIFA Medical and Research Centre (F-MARC) 11+ injury prevention warm-up program on differences in biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury between preadolescent and adolescent female soccer players. It was hypothesized that the ACL injury risk factors of knee valgus angle and moment would be greater at baseline but would improve more after training for preadolescent athletes than adolescent athletes. It was further hypothesized that flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction would increase after training for both preadolescent and adolescent athletes. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Institutional Review Board–approved written consent was obtained for 51 preadolescent female athletes aged 10 to 12 years (intervention: n = 28, 11.8 ± 0.8 years; control: n = 23, 11.2 ± 0.6 years) and 43 adolescent female athletes aged 14 to 18 years (intervention: n = 22, 15.9 ± 0.9 years; control: n = 21, 15.7 ± 1.1 years). The intervention groups participated in 15 in-season sessions of the F-MARC 11+ program 2 times per week. Pre- and postseason motion capture data were collected during 4 tasks: preplanned cutting, unanticipated cutting, double-legged jump, and single-legged jump. Lower extremity joint angles and moments were estimated through biomechanical modeling. Knee flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction was estimated from surface electromyography. Results: At baseline, preadolescent athletes displayed greater initial contact and peak knee valgus angles during all activities when compared with the adolescent athletes, but knee valgus moment was not significantly different between age groups. After intervention training, preadolescent athletes improved and decreased their initial contact knee valgus angle (–1.24° ± 0.36°; P = .036) as well as their peak knee valgus moment (–0.57 ± 0.27 percentage body weight × height; P = .033) during the double-legged jump task, as compared with adolescent athletes in the intervention. Compared with adolescent athletes, preadolescent athletes displayed higher weight acceptance flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction at baseline during all activities (P < .05). After intervention training, preadolescent athletes displayed an increase in precontact flexor-extensor muscle co-contraction during preplanned cutting as compared with adolescent intervention athletes (0.07 ± 0.02 vs –0.30 ± 0.27, respectively; P = .002). Conclusion: The F-MARC 11+ program may be more effective at improving some risk factors for ACL injury among preadolescent female athletes than adolescent athletes, notably by reducing knee valgus angle and moment during a double-legged jump landing. Clinical Relevance: ACL prevention programs may be more effective if administered early in an athlete’s career, as younger athletes may be more likely to adapt new biomechanical movement patterns.

Comparison among criteria to define successful weight-loss maintainers and regainers in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) and Diabetes Prevention Program trials

Background: Given the low rates of successful weight maintenance after lifestyle-induced weight loss, it is critical to develop approaches that distinguish successful weight-loss maintainers from regainers.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare published categorization criteria that differentiate maintainers and regainers via quantitative agreement.Design: The study used publicly available data from Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes; n = 1791) and Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP; n = 613) participants with ≥3% initial weight loss after lifestyle interventions and 4-y follow-up data. Eight previously published criteria defining maintainers and regainers were compared with respect to number of participants and concordance via agreement statistics. Criteria were assessed separately among those with 3-9% and ≥10% initial weight loss.Results: Regainers had higher body weight at year 4 than did maintainers (mean difference range: 6.6-11.9 kg in Look AHEAD; 11.5-14.6 kg in DPP; P < 0.0001). Assessing concordance among criteria, agreement was dependent on initial weight loss. Among those with 3-9% initial weight loss in both cohorts, 9 of 28 comparisons were concordant (agreement ≥80%). Among those with ≥10% initial weight loss, 7 of 28 comparisons in Look AHEAD and 13 of 28 in the DPP were in high agreement. The definition of successful weight-loss maintenance "regaining ≤25% of initial weight loss during maintenance" showed high agreement with the most commonly used definition of "staying ≥10% below initial weight" among those with ≥10% initial weight loss (agreement: 85.0% in Look AHEAD; 87.4% in DPP). The same definition of ≤25% regain showed high agreement with the definition of staying ≥5% below initial weight among those with 3-9% initial weight loss (agreement: 91.6% in Look AHEAD; 90.5% in DPP).Conclusions: Although all of the criteria discriminated on the basis of weight loss, many showed low agreement, which limited cross-study comparisons. Among criteria with high agreement, the definition of successful weight maintenance "regaining ≤25% of initial weight loss during maintenance" is a preferred definition of success, given the realistic challenges of maintaining 100% weight loss and flexible application in populations with high initial weight-loss variations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00017953 (Look AHEAD) and NCT00004992 (DPP).

Knowledge and attitude of the secondary school and college students about drug abuse and participation in prevention programs in Tanta city, Egypt

Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and mental human development with substantial risk for initiating substance use. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude of the secondary school and college students about drug abuse and participation in prevention programs. Design and Methods: descriptive comparative study. The study was carried out in technical secondary school in Tanta city and Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University, Egypt. The sample consisted of two groups where their total number constituted 406 students. The tools of the study: The first, structured interview sheet concerning socio-demographic data and knowledge of students regarding knowledge about 1) Drug abuse, 2) Participation in prevention programs. The second tool, it was used to measure the students' attitudes towards abuse and participate in prevention programs of it. Results: the study reveals that about two-thirds of the college students (65.02%) had information about the drug abuse dangers through various media as a main source of information, followed by (30.54% and 21.18%) from professors and subjects at the school and family respectively, compared to (35.47%) of the secondary school students who had information from colleagues and friends, while the information from family constituted 28.08%. (74.88%) of college students and (98.03%) of the secondary school students had poor score knowledge regarding drug abuse, there was statistically significant difference found. While (63.05%) of the college students and (63.55%) of the secondary school students had fair score knowledge regarding participation in prevention programs, there wasn't difference found. The students from two groups had a negative attitude toward drug abuse which represented about (96.55%) for college students and (100%) for the secondary school students, while the college students and secondary students had positive attitude toward participation in prevention programs (87.19% and 94.09% respectively), there were statistically significant difference were found. Conclusion: The students from college and the secondary school students had poor knowledge regarding drug abuse and both groups had fair knowledge regarding participation in prevention programs. On the other hand, the students from two groups had negative attitude toward drug abuse and participation in prevention programs. Recommendations: Secondary school and college based education program as a part of school and college curriculum and through community activities involving parents and faith- based organization. There is also a need for accompanying campaigns to increase the public awareness of the rationale for the drug abuse prevention and intervention initiatives proposed by the current study. This would make it easy to plan and implement them.

Suporte social de gestantes com HIV: revisão narrativa

Objetivo: Identificar, na produção científica, as fontes e repercussões de suporte social das gestantes com HIV. Método: Revisão narrativa nas bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health e SciVerse Scopus. O levantamento dos dados ocorreu em fevereiro de 2016, quando foram incluídos 20 estudos submetidos à análise temática com categorização teórica de suporte social (instrumental e emocional). Resultados: As principais fontes do suporte instrumental foram: participação em programas de prevenção, acolhimento e educação em saúde pela equipe; e do suporte emocional foram o companheiro, amigos, familiares e Deus. As principais repercussões foram na revelação do diagnóstico e adesão à profilaxia da transmissão vertical. Conclusão: A falta de articulação entre as fontes de suporte social pode implicar no abandono dos cuidados em saúde materno e infantil.

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases - Prophylactic program in a selected enterprise

In Poland cardiovascular diseases (CVD), classified as work-related diseases, are responsible for 25% of disability and cause 50% of all deaths, including 26.9% of deaths in people aged under 65 years. The aim of the study was to analyze employee expectations regarding CVD- oriented prophylactic activities in the selected enterprise. A questionnaire, developed for this study, consists of: socio-demographic data, job characteristics, occupational factors, and questions about the respondents' expectations concerning the prevention program. The study group comprised 407 multi-profile company employees aged (mean) 46.7 years (standard deviation (SD) = 9.1), including 330 men (81.1%), mean age = 46.9 (SD = 9.2) and 77 women (18.9%), mean age = 45.9 (SD = 8.2) The study was performed using the method of auditorium survey. Employees declared the need for actions related to physical activity: use of gym, swimming pool, tennis (56.5%), smoking habits - education sessions on quitting smoking (24.6%). A few people were interested in activities related to healthy diet. According to the majority of the study group, the scope of preventive examinations should be expanded. Based on our own findings and literature data CVD- -oriented preventive program, addressed to the analyzed enterprise was prepared. The program will be presented in another paper. The results showed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the classic and occupational CVD risk factors between men and women, as well as in preferences for participation in prevention programs. Therefore, gender differences should be taken into account when planning prevention programs. Med Pr 2017;68(6):757-769.

Migrant\u2019s access to preventive health services in five EU countries

BackgroundPreventive health services (PHSs) form part of primary healthcare with the aim of screening to prevent disease. Migrants show significant differences in lifestyle, health beliefs and risk factors compared with the native populations. This can have a significant impact on migrants’ access to health systems and participation in prevention programmes. Even in countries with widely accessible healthcare systems, migrants’ access to PHSs may be difficult. The aim of the study was to compare access to preventive health services between migrants and native populations in five European Union (EU) countries.MethodsInformation from Health Interview Surveys of Belgium, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain were used to analyse access to mammography, Pap smear tests, colorectal cancer screening and flu vaccination among migrants. The comparative risk of not accessing PHSs was calculated using a mixed-effects multilevel model, adjusting for potential confounding factors (sex, education and the presence of disability). Migrant status was defined according to citizenship, with a distinction made between EU and non-EU countries.ResultsMigrants, in particular those from non-EU countries, were found to have poorer access to PHSs. The overall risk of not reporting a screening test or a flu vaccination ranged from a minimum of 1.8 times (colorectal cancer screening), to a high of 4.4 times (flu vaccination) for migrants. The comparison among the five EU countries included in the study showed similarities, with particularly limited access recorded in Italy and in Belgium for non-EU migrants.ConclusionsThe findings of this study are in accordance with evidence from the scientific literature. Poor organization of health services, in Italy, and lack of targeted health policies in Belgium may explain these findings. PHSs should be responsive to patient diversity, probably more so than other health services. There is a need for diversity-oriented, migrant-sensitive prevention. Policies oriented to removing impediments to migrants’ access to preventive interventions are crucial, to encourage more positive action for those facing the risk of intersectional discrimination.

An Examination of Reading Skills and Reading Outcomes for Youth Involved in a Crime Prevention Program

ABSTRACTThis study examined the incidence of reading impairments, the reading profiles, and the outcomes of a reading intervention for youth involved in a comprehensive crime prevention program. Rates of reading impairments were between 55% and 61%. Reading profiles for participants with reading comprehension impairments showed deficits in phonological decoding and word reading similar to a comparison group without behavioral risks. A subset of the prevention program participants and an age- and reading level–matched comparison group received a phonology- and word-focused reading intervention. Following the intervention, both groups showed reliable and academically meaningful improvements on word- and text-level reading outcomes. The comparison group tended to have higher scores on reading comprehension; however, both groups made significant gains in this area. The reading profiles and positive outcomes in this study suggest that word-focused reading remediation will be effective for youth at imminent risk for antisocial conduct and involvement with the criminal justice system.

Association between care prevention program participants’ physical function and basic health check list results

Association between care prevention program participants’ physical function and basic health check list results

Community participation and malaria prevention programs

Malaria prevention and control programs in Zimbabwe have been hampered by low levels of cooperation by local communities. The study sought to assess the impact of community participation on cooperation in malaria prevention and control programs in Binga, Gokwe and Kariba districts in Zimbabwe. This study is aimed at synthesizing, comparing and contrasting data from these three districts which are, arguably, the most prone to malaria in the country. An intensive and extensive review of related literature was done on the impact of community participation on cooperation in malaria prevention and control. The literature reviewed was focusing on three districts in the country, namely, Binga, Gokwe and Kariba. Typologies of participation were used for the measurement of levels of participation, while analysis was descriptive. Findings revealed that the levels of participation in malaria prevention and control programs in Binga and Gokwe were low, but high in Kariba. The findings from Kariba showed that where the level of community participation was high, cooperation in malaria prevention programs by communities was also high. This study demonstrates the importance of community participation for the success of the malaria prevention and control programs. Although community participation was also very low in Binga and Gokwe malaria prevention and control programs, in Kariba, the program by Save the Children Fund (UK) showed high levels of participation which might have contributed to the high levels of cooperation by community members. Another important issue to emerge from the study is the effectiveness of environmental management methods of vector control, because they are community-based, hence, the success of the Save the Children Fund (UK) program in Binga and Kariba districts. The study revealed that community participation at higher levels on the participation typologies contributes in a significant way to cooperative behavior by community members in malaria prevention and control programs. This is significant, since it improves the effectiveness of malaria control programs. Recommendations made include increased community participation in malaria prevention and control programs to enhance cooperation and educational programs on causes, prevention and treatment of malaria. Keywords: community participation, malaria prevention, malaria control, cooperation. JEL Classification: I12, I18, I14

Association of Material Deprivation Status, Access to Health Care Services, and Lifestyle With Screening and Prevention of Disease, Montreal, Canada, 2012.

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to provide information on the effect of disparities in material deprivation, access to health care services, and lifestyle on the likelihood of undergoing screening for disease prevention.MethodsWe used data from a probability sample (N = 10,726) of the Montreal population aged 15 years or older and assessed 6 dependent variables (screening for breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, blood glucose, and high blood pressure and receipt of the seasonal influenza vaccination), and 3 independent variables (disparities in material deprivation, access to health care services, and personal lifestyle habits). We used logistic regression to analyze data and determine associations.Results Use of preventive health services increased as material deprivation declined, access to health care improved, and lifestyle habits became healthier. The combined effect of household income, an individual measure, and the material deprivation index (consisting of quintiles representing a range from the most privileged [quintile 1: best education, employment, and income] to the most deprived [quintile 5: least education, employment, and income]) an ecological measure, showed that having a Papanicolaou test was significantly associated with high annual household income (≥$40,000) even if the woman resided in a deprived neighborhood (quintiles 4 and 5 of the material deprivation index) (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.84), whereas odds of having a mammogram or influenza vaccination were significantly associated with living in a privileged neighborhood (quintiles 1, 2, and 3 of the material deprivation index) even among people with a low annual household income (<$40,000) (mammogram: OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.00–2.38; influenza vaccination: OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04–1.66).ConclusionIn addition to influencing lifestyle habits and access to health care services, disparities in material deprivation influence whether a person uses preventive health services. Public health professionals need to establish screening outreach programs in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods to enhance public participation in disease prevention programs and reduce disparities in health.