Labor Participation Research Articles

Economic evaluation of the recent French tobacco control policy: a model-based approach

BackgroundOne in four French adults smoked daily in 2021, compared with one in six in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. To strengthen its tobacco control policy, in...

The degree of population aging and carbon emissions: Analysis of mediation effect and multi-scenario simulation

The continuous deepening of aging has posed new challenges for global sustainable development. Measuring the impact of population aging on carbon emissions is crucial for the next stage of climate governance. However, the structural changes in social production and consumption make it difficult to evaluate the impact effects. Therefore, this study constructed a bidirectional fixed Space Durbin Model to explore the mediating pathway of aging's impact on carbon emissions. Furthermore, we have established high-precision prediction models to simulate the evolution trajectory of carbon emissions under multi-factor driving scenarios. The main findings are as follows: (1) The process of carbon emission reduction due to population aging has significant energy hindrance effect and industrial structure effect, while the process of carbon growth is constrained by the consumption enhancement effect, technology progress effect and labor participation effect. (2) The moderating effects of energy consumption and technological innovation on carbon emissions under the aging process are 10.74% and 10.24%, respectively, while the moderating effects of industrial structure and labor force participation are relatively weak. (3) The goodness of fit of the MNGM-ARIMA and MNGM-BPNN models is over 97%. Carbon emissions in the high aging regions show a decreasing trend in all scenarios except the energy consumption-driven scenario, while in the medium and low aging regions decrease slowly only in the R&D- and labor supply-driven scenarios. This study advocates developing heterogeneous emission reduction measures based on the degree of aging, accelerating supply side upgrading, and increasing the proportion of green consumption.

Impact of Investment and Labor Participation on Energy Consumption: A Panel Analysis on Selected OIC Countries

A country's economy cannot be separated from economic activity and energy consumption. A country's economic activity increases in proportion to its income. Furthermore, countries will respond to increased economic activity by changing their energy use. This research aims to assess how much extra energy is being utilized by economic activity to maintain the current environment. The results of the analysis show that the gross fixed capital creation variable has a major impact on the energy consumption of OIC countries. The labor force participation of individuals aged 15 to 24 also has a significant effect on energy use. Energy consumption can therefore be increased by raising investment and labor force participation. An annual data series (2010–2015) is used in this investigation. Panel data is the term for the sort of data that is utilized. Further research subjects can do dynamic panel data (countries) analysis by including factors not included in the research mode.

The Global Economic Recovery From COVID-19 Vaccinations

The analysis examines the COVID-19 pandemic’s economy-wide global effects, assessing the impact on gross domestic product (GDP) through reduced labor supply and productivity in diverse sectors. Utilizing a Computable General Equilibrium model from the Global Trade Analysis Project database, the results highlight the pronounced influence on Light and Heavy manufacturing due to disrupted global supply chains. The vaccination’s effectiveness in economic recovery is emphasized, indicating increased labor participation and productivity. The study underscores vaccine disparities among developing nations, affecting global economic resurgence. Overall, it stresses the interconnectedness of COVID-19’s impact on national GDP, the manufacturing sectors, and the crucial role of vaccination in driving economic activity and global recovery.

Higher Educational Attainment and Lower Labor Participation among Bangladeshi Migrant Muslim Women in Australia: Disparity and Internal Barriers

Higher Educational Attainment and Lower Labor Participation among Bangladeshi Migrant Muslim Women in Australia: Disparity and Internal Barriers

Impact Of Female Labor Participation In The Mexican Financial Sector For Sustainable Development: Focus On New Technologies (2020-2030)

Impact Of Female Labor Participation In The Mexican Financial Sector For Sustainable Development: Focus On New Technologies (2020-2030)

A Study of the Structure of Labor Participation and Changes in China's Rural Population

A Study of the Structure of Labor Participation and Changes in China's Rural Population

Impact of Spatial Characteristics on Gendered Retail Consumption in Seoul: A Gender-Sensitive Urban Planning Perspective

This study examines the impact of spatial characteristics on gendered retail consumption in Seoul, South Korea, providing empirical evidence for gender-sensitive urban planning. Gender-sensitive urban planning integrates gender perspectives into all stages of urban development, aiming to address the diverse needs and experiences of all genders spatially. While existing research has predominantly focused on gender differences in labor participation, this study shifts the focus to retail consumption, which is a critical aspect of daily life. Our research analyzes the spatial attributes of urban spaces at the neighborhood scale and their influence on aggregated retail consumption by gender. The aggregated retail sales by census output area (jipgyegu) represent the aggregated retail consumption. Utilizing spatial regression methods, this study identifies significant spatial autocorrelations and clustering patterns in retail sales data. The findings reveal that traditional markets, less-developed commercial areas, and specific retail sector (retailing, medical, and educational services) densities positively impact SMW (subtraction of men’s retail sales from women’s retail sales), while city center areas, developed commercial districts, special tourism zones, and specific retail sector (restaurants and entertainment) densities have negative impacts.

Determinants of women’s labor participation rate: Evidence in ASEAN

Attention to women's involvement in the workforce is increasing in social and economic development, particularly in developing countries such as those in ASEAN. However, data indicates that despite progress, the Gender Inequality Index (GII) remains high in ASEAN countries. This condition underscores the importance of focusing specifically on women's empowerment, reproductive health, and participation in the labor market. This research analyzes the influence of wages, women's involvement in parliament, women's life expectancy, fertility rates, and maternal mortality rates on women's labor participation rates in ASEAN. Data for this research was acquired from the World Bank. The study is quantitative, utilizing panel data regression analysis from 2011-2022, covering 11 ASEAN countries, using the Random Effects Model (REM) approach. The research findings indicate that wage, women's life expectancy, fertility rate, and maternal mortality rate variables significantly influence women's labor participation rates in ASEAN from 2011-2022, while women's involvement in parliament does not significantly affect women's labor participation rates. Therefore, ASEAN countries' governments should increase women's wages and healthcare access, promote family planning, support gender equality in education and employment, and enhance women's political participation.

Can tourism contribute to gender equality? Evidence from South American countries

The research examines the causal relationship between tourism and gender equality for 10 South American countries in the period 2006-2019. Panel data modelling has been used to account for unobservable heterogeneity derived from time series and cross-sectional data. Estimates of the gender equality index have been made for both fixed and random effects for four models, considering as explanatory variables international tourism receipts (% of exports) which were kept constant in each of the estimates, in addition to real GDP per capita (model 2), education expenditures (model 3) and female labor participation in agriculture, industry and services (model 4). Based on the estimates we selected, through the Hausman test, those with fixed effects in three of the four models, which were corrected for the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems. The results show that tourism has a positive and significant effect on gender equality. With respect to the control variables, education expenditure and GDP per capita are found to be statistically significant, showing a direct relationship with gender equality, similarly to international tourism receipts. An inverse relationship is identified between gender equality and women's labor participation in agriculture and services.

Longer school schedules, childcare and the quality of mothers’ employment

Summary Better employment quality can improve personal well-being, social cohesion, and inclusive growth and development. Yet good quality jobs – associated with greater well-being – are less accessible to women than men. While it is understood that policies balancing family and work lead to greater female labour participation, this paper investigates whether one such policy – increased childcare – improves the quality of jobs where mothers are employed. The context we analyse is a nationwide school reform in Chile that extended school schedules for primary school-aged children, providing childcare services. We combine administrative data of the phase-in of the policy with panel data of individual mothers’ employment outcomes and socio-economic characteristics. We estimate a fixed-effects model that controls for mothers’ unobserved heterogeneity and identifies the effect of the policy from plausibly exogenous temporal and spatial variations in access to schools with long schedules and exogenous exposure to the policy. We find a positive effect of childcare on several measures of employment quality and gender gaps within the couple. Our evidence suggests that the mechanism driving the impact is the implicit subsidy to the cost of childcare, affecting the opportunity cost of mothers’ time. In addition, we find heterogeneous results by mothers’ education level. Access to childcare through longer primary school schedules can increase household welfare and can play a role in reducing income and gender inequalities.

Relational Empowerment and Ethnic Minority Women in Vietnam: How Do Household and Community Relations Matter?

ABSTRACT Empowerment projects and research have focused on marginalised women, but often with less attention to the intersectional and relational conditions affecting their marginalisation. Ethnic minority women in Vietnam have multiple marginalising conditions, and they are targeted by government programmes to increase their participation in labour markets, their income, and their empowerment. Yet what the empowerment process looks like and achieves for these women is an important area for further study. This paper draws on a mixed-methods longitudinal study of an economic empowerment and livelihoods project that involved Hmong and Dao households in Vietnam. The quantitative data showed differences in women’s and men’s empowerment as measured on the A-WEAI, and among the different ethnic groups. Given these differences, we explored how power relations in the household and in the community affected Hmong and Dao women’s empowerment differently. We used a relational capabilitiarian approach to analyse the relations between men and women as well as the community structures that affected empowerment and wellbeing. The analysis shows that women’s and men's sharing of information, resources and workload are critical for improving women’s livelihoods and wellbeing, but these processes look different for Hmong and Dao women, and they are affected by different social structures.

Female Engagement in Asian Workforce: Exploring the Impact of ICT

The labor market in Asian countries has both challenges and opportunities for women to participate in the work force. The aim of this article is to investigate the association of ICT, female education, and fertility with the female labor force participation in 48 Asian countries from 2014 to 2021 in fixed effect model. The results reveal that there is positive and significant association of internet use with female labor force participation, whereas there is a negative relationship between mobile phone usage and female labor force participation which is only significant at ten percent. Similarly, the control variables, GDP and female secondary school enrollment have also positive relationship with female labor force participation. The fertility rate has negative association with female labor force participation. Furthermore, it is found that ICT has significantly affected to female labor participation in Central Asia and South-Eastern Asia. The findings of this article explain that the ICT has increased female labor force participation, their empowerments and returns in the Asian countries. However, it is applicable for the appropriate policies of ICT usage in such a way that it not only increases female labor force participation but also increases the productivity of female workforce. The policy makers should increase the skill-oriented applications in both mobile applications and internet browsers. There should be restrictions on certain applications in the devices which reduce work productivity thereby assuring increase in female labor force participation.

Analyzing Elderly Labour Participation: The Role of Intergenerational Cash Support, Financial and Loneliness in Malaysia

Objective – Malaysia's elderly population is expanding at an unprecedented rate, surpassing the pace of ageing in historically established 'aged nations.' Statisticians project that Malaysia will reach 'aged nation' status by 2030, a transition occurring more rapidly than any previously recorded. Methodology – The concept of productive aging is pivotal to national sustainability, implying that the elderly should remain active contributors to society, both socially and economically, to alleviate potential strain on governmental resources. This study probes the labour force participation of Malaysia's elderly by examining the influence of intergenerational cash support, financial status, and feelings of loneliness on their employment decisions. Findings – Employing bivariate and logistic regression analyses, the research conclusively demonstrates that these variables significantly affect labour force engagement among the aged. Specifically, the absence of cash support from employed adult children, lack of savings or investments, and experiences of loneliness increase the probability of the elderly re-entering the workforce. Novelty – The implications of these empirical findings are profound for policymakers, who can utilise this data to craft more nuanced policies aimed at incentivizing labour force re-entry among the elderly. Such policies could not only foster productive ageing but also mitigate the risks of an inactive elderly population during their later years. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: J14, J18, J22 Keywords: elderly people; financial status; intergenerational cash support; labour force participation; loneliness; sustainability Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Chung, C.F.; Voo, I.C.; Hamid, R.B.A. (2024). Analyzing Elderly Labour Participation: The Role of Intergenerational Cash Support, Financial, and Loneliness in Malaysia, J. Bus. Econ. Review, 9(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2024.9.1(1)

<p>Psychosocial Risks at work: Are Women More Stressed than Men?</p>

Indeed, stress has emerged as one of the foremost challenges to maintaining occupational safety and health for organizations worldwide. This article explores the factors that contribute to job stress experienced by employed individuals in Spain, focusing particularly on gender disparities. From the estimation of probit ordered models using data form ECVT (2010) survey, the general result indicates that both sociodemographic and work-related characteristics contribute to explaining the level of stress. Regarding gender, it is confirmed that women report, ceteris paribus, higher levels of stress. This extra stress can be explained by women's traditional greater dedication to family work, occupational segregation and differences in personality traits. The findings indicate that governmental initiatives aimed at increasing women's labour participation in the workforce should be complemented by legislation focused on improving women's working conditions, particularly regarding flexible work schedule and a better balance between work and personal life.

Madheshi Dalit Women’s Access to Citizenship and Livelihood Alternatives in Nepal

This article delves into the ramifications of Madheshi Dalit Women’s (MDWs) access to citizenship on their strategies for livelihood. Within the context of Nepal, the discourse surrounding citizenship often portrays the MDWs as immigrants or insufficiently authentic citizens. This perception is rooted in historical social hierarchies that have systematically marginalized individuals possessing multiple subordinate identities, such as Madheshis, Dalits, women and the landless. Remarkably, the MDWs embody all of these identities. The prevailing narrative of a hill-based national identity endorsed by the state has prompted inquiries into the loyalty of the MDWs to the nation, consequently undermining their rightful citizenship claims. Drawing upon qualitative field research conducted in Nepal’s central and eastern Tarai districts, where a significant population of Madheshi Dalits resides, this study investigates the intricate interplay between access to citizenship and its implications for livelihood strategies and survival challenges: land ownership and labour participation. The findings underscore the considerable challenges faced by the MDWs, including limited livelihood options, acute landlessness and unorganized wage labour.

Digital Adoption and Women in the Labor Market: Indonesia’s Case

Although the advantages of digitalization are frequently mentioned, there is still a persistent gender disparity in labor participation, especially in developing nations. This study examines the extent to which digitalization guarantees gender equality. Specifically, it aims to analyze the impact of internet usage on women’s involvement in Indonesia’s workforce. This study additionally examines the impacts in various parts of the country. Through the use of panel Tobit regression, utilizing district-level data obtained from SUSENAS-KOR, SAKERNAS, and INDO-DAPOER for the years 2017-2019, we have discovered a noteworthy and positive correlation between the utilization of the internet and the participation of women in the labor force. The observed effect remains strong even after accounting for additional factors. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that the correlation between internet usage and female labor force participation is more pronounced in the Java region than in areas outside Java. However, obstacles still prohibit women from accessing the advantages of digitalization. Hence, the proposed policy entails prioritizing equitable internet access and diminishing the obstacles to women’s participation in the labor market to attain gender equality.

(Joint) Bank Savings, Female Empowerment, and Child Labor in Rural Ethiopia

Abstract This study examines whether the random allocation of single and joint savings accounts to cash crop farmers in rural Ethiopia is associated with increased savings and changes in decision-making authority and control over resources that could ultimately affect child labor and schooling resource allocations. Consistent with posited channels of intrahousehold bargaining models, women from households assigned to the joint saving treatment group show significant gains in autonomy and control of savings resources, broader financial empowerment, and increased labor participation. Positive effects on school participation and attendance are reported for girls, although point estimates are measured imprecisely. In a setting where schooling and child labor are not mutually exclusive, children work more when joint deposit accounts are available. In the absence of impacts on household income, this increase in child labor is explained by complementarities between adult farm labor and child labor in the household production function, which is reinforced by lumpy investments in labor-intensive agricultural inputs that likely increased the opportunity costs of children's time.

LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS AND FERTILITY

AbstractSome high‐income countries have total fertility rates as low as one child. Using Spanish administrative data, we document that temporary contracts correlate with lower first birth rates. Also, women with children are less likely to work split‐shift jobs with long breaks in the middle of the day. We build a life‐cycle model where women decide on labor supply and fertility. We show that reforms eliminating duality or split‐shift jobs raise women's labor participation, narrow the employment gap between mothers and nonmothers, and boost fertility for working women. These reforms, together with childcare subsidies, increase married women's fertility to 1.8 children.

Labor Force Participation Rate Prediction of China: Scenario Simulation Based on Education and Retirement Strategies

This study uses detailed population statistics and analyzes labor participation rates in China from the perspectives of education and retirement. It presents different hypothetical scenarios and predicts future labor participation rates using queue factors. The results indicate that under the baseline scenario, the overall labor participation rate (51.43%) is projected to significantly decrease by 2060 compared to 2020 (73.76%). The lock-in effect of education leads to a declining participation rate for the 15–24 age group, which persists until approximately the age of 50. Generally, women have higher labor participation rates than men prior to retirement. In the education-centered hypothetical scenario, the quantity impact of educational expansion is evident. Although the relative impact of additional education diminishes toward the end of working life (60–74) compared to the entire working life (15–74). The improvement in the labor market due to educational reform is sustainable across all scenarios. In the retirement-centered hypothetical scenario, reducing retirement rates across age groups increases labor force participation, but this improvement mainly focuses on those under the age of 70 and is not sustained. Thus, delaying retirement policies is only effective in the short term.