Insurance Participation Research Articles

The crop insurance demand response to premium subsidies: Evidence from U.S. Agriculture

Premium subsidies are a common policy tool to promote crop insurance participation in many countries. However, the relationship between subsidies and demand is not entirely obvious given the variation in the use of subsidies and crop insurance participation within the international crop insurance landscape. Focusing on the U.S. Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP) demand is modeled as a system of equations representing decisions at the intensive [coverage level] and extensive [net insured acres] margins. The model makes use of an identification strategy that leverages exogenous variation in government-set pricing policy to address potential sources of endogeneity. Applying the model to over one million insurance pool level FCIP observations spanning two decades (2001–2022) suggest an inelastic response at both extensive and intensive margins to changes in producer-paid premium rates with the response to premium rates becoming increasingly more elastic as subsidies decrease. These estimated elasticities are on the low end compared to previous literature, however, significant heterogeneity across commodity, production practices, policy type, and location are observed suggesting subsets of producers are likely to respond to changes in the cost of insurance in different ways.

Factors affecting farmers' agricultural insurance participation

Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, çok yıllık bitkisel ürünlerde çiftçilerin tarım sigortası yaptırmasını etkileyen faktörleri belirlemektir.
 Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın materyalini üzüm, fındık ve turunçgil üretimi yapan 138 üreticiden anket yoluyla elde edilen veriler oluşturmaktadır. Çiftçilerin tarım sigortası yaptırmasını etkileyen faktörlerin tespitinde logit model kullanılmıştır.
 Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırmada üreticilerin %29’u tarım sigortası yaptırmış, %71’i tarım sigortası yaptırmamıştır. Üreticilerin faaliyet sonrası gelirlerinin üzüm için %6, fındık ve turunçgil için ise yaklaşık %2’sinin sigorta primi için ayrılmasının, ürünü sigortalamak için yeterli olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Üreticilerin sigorta yaptırmasını etkileyen faktörler olarak; işletme sahibinin eğitim durumu ile tarımla ilgili deneyimi, yetiştirilen ürün çeşidi ve arazi büyüklüğü bulunmuştur.
 Sonuç: Model sonuçları, tarım sigortalarının yaygınlaşması için gerekli olan risk yönetim stratejilerinin belirlenmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Analysis of the Impact of Aging on Factors Affecting Economic Dynamism

Population aging is one of the biggest demographic challenges facing China in the 21st century. Its impact on the economy cannot be ignored. This study employs empirical research to illustrate how population aging affects China's economic development. It is mainly explained from the perspectives of the labor force, savings rate, GDP, and pension insurance participation. According to the relevant data and the definition standard of the United Nations on aging society, the relevant data from 2002 to 2020 are selected for empirical analysis. The conclusion is obtained through the ADF test, determination of optimal lag order, the AR characteristic root test, and impulse response analysis. The results display that from the perspective of GDP and savings rate, population aging has an inhibitory effect on the economy, and has a lasting negative impact on the labor force. These results suggest that some measures should be taken to deal with the effects of aging in order to counteract its negative impacts on the economy and society.

Discussing the Issue of Compliance with the Law on Paying Social Insurance Contributions by Non-State Enterprises in Vietnam

In Vietnam, although non-state enterprises account for a very high proportion of the total number of enterprises in the country, the rate of participation in social insurance for employees is still low, the amount of contributions to the social insurance fund is still limited, late payment of social insurance and evasion of payment of social insurance is common. This shows that non-state enterprises have not strictly complied with the law on social insurance contributions. The authors used the method of researching documents, collecting data from secondary sources, and using traditional statistical and analytical methods to clarify the legal provisions on Social insurance contributions and the status of compliance with the law on social insurance contributions by non-state enterprises in Vietnam (status of participation and contribution to social insurance funds, delayed payment of social insurance). On that basis, the authors propose some recommendations to strengthen compliance with the law on social insurance of non-state enterprises in Vietnam.

The consequences of job search monitoring for the long-term unemployed: Disability instead of employment?

We study the effect of job search monitoring (JSM) on individual labor market outcomes of the long-term unemployed. Exploiting the implementation of a JSM program targeted at jobseekers under the age of 49, we set up a regression discontinuity design that credibly identifies the program’s causal effect on unemployment, employment, and disability insurance (DI) participation and participation in other social welfare programs within a three-year period. We find that JSM increases exits from unemployment to DI without affecting transitions into employment or other social welfare programs. We further find that the effect of JSM on DI materializes before any sanction can be imposed and monitored individuals are still 10 percentage points more likely to be on DI three years after the start of monitoring. Ultimately, exploring fiscal implications reveals that the decrease in unemployment transfers as a result of JSM is entirely offset by the increase in DI transfers.

The Intention of Participation in Voluntary Health Insurance under the View of Planned Behavior Theory: Evidence of Hanoi Vietnam

This study aims to understand why the rate of voluntary health insurance participation in Vietnam is still low based on the analysis of human behavior according to the theory of planned behavior of (Ajzen, 1991), and other extensions of this theory include (Ajzen and Fishbein, 2005), (Ajzen, 2008). Research results show that perceived benefits play an important role in forming attitudes toward the intention to purchase individual health insurance. The conclusion of this article can contribute to providing solutions based on the theory of planned behavior to suggest to policymakers or implementing agencies that they bring solutions in terms of psychology to influence health insurance buyers in the context of implementing universal health insurance in Vietnam today.

Determinants of province-based health service utilization according to Andersen’ s Behavioral Model: a population-based spatial panel modeling study

ObjectiveThe Andersen’ s Behavioral Model was used to explore the impact of various factors on the utilization of health services. The purpose of this study is to establish a provincial-level proxy framework for the utilization of health services from a spatial perspective, based on the influencing factors of the Andersen’ s Behavioral Model.MethodProvincial-level health service utilization was estimated by the annual hospitalization rate of residents and the average number of outpatient visits per year from China Statistical Yearbook 2010–2021. Exploring the relevant influencing factors of health service utilization using the spatial panel Durbin model. Spatial spillover effects were introduced to interpret the direct and indirect effects influenced by the proxy framework for predisposing, enabling, and need factors on health services utilization.ResultsFrom 2010 − 2020, the resident hospitalization rate increased from 6.39% ± 1.23% to 15.57% ± 2.61%, and the average number of outpatient visits per year increased from 1.53 ± 0.86 to 5.30 ± 1.54 in China. For different provinces, the utilization of health services is uneven. The results of the Durbin model show that locally influencing factors were statistically significantly related to an increase in the resident hospitalization rate, including the proportion of 65-year-olds, GDP per capita, percentage of medical insurance participants, and health resources index, while statistically related to the average number of outpatient visits per year, including the illiteracy rate and GDP per capita. Direct and indirect effects decomposition of resident hospitalization rate associated influencing factors demonstrated that proportion of 65-year-olds, GDP per capita, percentage of medical insurance participants, and health resources index not only affected local resident hospitalization rate but also exerted spatial spillover effects toward geographical neighbors. The illiteracy rate and GDP per capita have significant local and neighbor impacts on the average number of outpatient visits.ConclusionHealth services utilization was a variable varied by region and should be considered in a geographic context with spatial attributes. From the spatial perspective, this study identified the local and neighbor impacts of predisposing factors, enabling factors, and need factors that contributed to disparities in local health services utilization.

Determination of Term Life Insurance Premiums with Varying Interest Rates Following The CIR Model and Varying Benefits Value

Term life insurance is an insurance that provides protection for a certain period that has been agreed upon in the policy. The policy is an agreement that contains the participant's obligation to pay premiums contributions to the insurance company and the insurance company's obligation to pay benefits in the event of a risk to the insurance participant as agreed in the policy. Interest rates will influence the calculation of premium value and benefits in the long term. So we need a model of interest rates that will change by time. One of the models that can be used is the CIR model. This research purposes to simulate the CIR model that will be carried out to determine interest rates for calculating term life insurance premiums for five years, with premiums paid at the beginning of the 1/m interval or monthly premium payments and benefits paid at the end of the 1/m interval when the participant dies. The case that will be discussed is when the benefit various. The results of this study are the CIR model can be applied to calculate the term life insurance premiums for five years and the premium calculation results show that the amount of the premium increase every year with varying benefits.

Perlindungan Hukum Kreditor Preferent Pada Perusahaan Asuransi Yang Pailit

Legal protection for policyholders, insured or insurance participants, in relation to insurance company bankruptcy, Indonesian positive law has actually provided a way out with several alternative options, namely based on the provisions of the Civil Code, the Bankruptcy Law, and the provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code. Law No.40 of 2014 stipulates explicitly that the rights of the policyholder/insured or insurance participant for the distribution of the assets of an insurance company bankrupt by court or liquidation have a higher (primary) position than the rights of other creditors. Article 52 paragraph (1) states “In the event that an insurance company, sharia insurance company, reinsurance company or sharia reinsurance company is bankrupt or liquidated, the rights of the policyholder, the insured or participants for the distribution of their assets have a higher position than the rights of other parties”. The meaning of this sentence is thar the policyholder has a position as a preferred creditor, namely a creditor whose position takes precedence over other creditors in the distribution of bankruptcy assets of an insurance company. In the distribution of bankruptcy assets, the policyholder has the right to demand priority payment of his rights in accordance with the previously agreed agreement.

Econometric identification of crop insurance participation

AbstractThis paper shows how econometric identification can be improved in studies making use of crop insurance participation as either an independent or dependent variable. The paper provides the reader with a succinct overview of how crop insurance contracts are priced and how to use publicly available data to derive a novel composite crop insurance design parameter that emulates existing crop insurance rating parameters using a procedure that is based on current actuarial practices. The derived design parameter performs well at predicting historic crop insurance loss-cost ratios and satisfies the requirements for an instrumental variable for a variety of empirical applications related to crop insurance. Representative empirical examples are presented where it is shown that the proposed instrument has favorable two-staged least squares diagnostic tests and is effective at eliminating endogeneity bias.

Assessment moral hazard of crop insurance in Indonesia

Moral hazard is crucial issue in insurance not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. This research is to find out the cause of moral hazard on the implementation of crop insurance in Indonesia. To support farmers in risk management and prevent financial losses the Indonesian government subsidizes crop insurance by paying 80% of the premiums. This study asked to farmer as primary data in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. The result indicates that landholding size, farming experience, age, study experience, income, and farmers’ participation in crop insurance influence the farmers’ production cost. While farming and study experience has no significant influence on production cost. This study found that there is a risk of moral hazard when farmers are covered by crop insurance. This means that farmers will not take the necessary precautions to protect their crops, leading to greater losses.

مكانة أصول الفقه في التأمين الشرعي: دراسة التأمين الشرعي لمستقبل الأطفال من أكسا مانديري الشريعة

Amid the many choices of conventional insurance products that are echoed by the private sector and the government, such as health insurance, education, employment, and old age insurance. Besides conventional insurance options, there are also Sharia insurance options. One of the interesting sharia insurance products is sharia child future insurance by AXA Mandiri Syariah. The purpose of this study is to see Maslahah Mursalah in the use of this insurance. This paper will present the position of ushul fiqh in Islamic insurance, a study on the Islamic future insurance program for children by AXA Mandiri Syariah. The analysis used to see this is a literature study related to the literature of the ushul fiqh school. The results of this study indicate that the benefits of using Islamic future insurance are more than not using it. Using the sharia insurance system adds value to the program so that both insurance managers and insurance participants benefit from the program.

Unlocking Opportunities for Migrant Workers in China: Analyzing the Impact of Health Insurance on Hukou Switching Intentions

The Chinese urban–rural binary health insurance structure has contributed to a significant urban–rural segmentation and regional fragmentation, which will affect labor mobilization and urbanization. The purpose of this research is to study whether and how urban–rural binary health insurance impacts the intentions of migrant workers to switch between rural and urban hukou. Pooled data were drawn from China Migrants Dynamic Survey, collected by the National Health Commission of China. The study applied the instrument variable model due to the existence of the endogeneity; and the IVprobit model to conduct the empirical analysis. Our findings are as follows: (1) the urban–rural binary health insurance affects migrant workers’ intentions to switch to urban hukou significantly. (2) The negative impact of originally rural health insurance on migrant workers’ intention of switching to urban hukou is relatively large for low-education-level migrant workers. (3) Compared with new generation of migrant workers, old migrant workers have higher health insurance dependency levels. Finally, our research suggested several policy implications, such as accelerating the establishment of a unified urban–rural health insurance system, increasing the urban health insurance participation rate of migrant workers in their working cities, and including migrant workers in the scope of equal access to urban public services, etc. All the policy suggestions are essential in order to accelerate the citizenization of migrant workers, improve the quality of urbanization, and promote the construction of a unified national labor market.

Air pollution, residents’ concern and commercial health insurance’s sustainable development

As Chinese residents are increasingly concerned about environmental and health issues, the importance of commercial health insurance has come to the fore. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship and mechanism between air pollution and commercial health insurance. This paper empirically analyzes the impact and mechanism of air pollution on the sustainable development of Chinese commercial health insurance. The analysis is conducted using the IV-probit and IV-tobit models with thermal inversion as the instrumental variable for air pollution, with Chinese households as the study population and 2018 as the study period. The results show that PM2.5 concentration has a positive and significant effect on both household participation in commercial health insurance and the level of participation, and that residents’ concern is an important channel linking air pollution and commercial health insurance, where pollution reporting plays a negative transmission role, protective behaviors play a positive transmission role, and healthy depreciation plays a positive transmission role. The results of this study contribute to the comprehensive development of China’s social security system and the sustainable development of the commercial health insurance market.

PEMBERLAKUAN INPRES NO. 1 TAHUN 2022 TENTANG OPTIMALISASI PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM JAMINAN KESEHATAN NASIONAL DALAM RANGKA MENYEHATKAN BPJS KESEHATAN

One of the most striking problems that BPJS Kesehatan has experienced for almost 8 (eight) years of managing the National Health Insurance is the existence of a deficit in the BPJS Health Social Security Fund. Even though in 2021 there has been a surplus of the Social Security Fund for Health, the potential for a deficit to occur again in 2023. In order to overcome the potential threat of a deficit in the Social Security Fund for Health BPJS or in order to make the Social Security Fund always healthy (surplus) BPJS Health, the Government makes and enforces Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2022 concerning Optimization of the Implementation of the National Health Insurance Program which basically requires every Indonesian citizen to become a National Health Insurance Participant of BPJS Health in active status as a requirement to get 8 (eight) ) public service. The Presidential Instruction is used by the Government as a means or tool in an effort to achieve the desired ultimate goal, namely so that there will be no more deficits in the Social Security Fund for Health BPJS, thereby no longer burdening the APBN. Whereas the drafting and enactment of Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2022 concerning Optimizing the Implementation of the National Health Insurance Program still does not fulfill the law aspired to by the Indonesian constitution, namely a law that provides a sense of justice, certainty and prosperity. This writing aims to explain and find out about the enactment of Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2022 concerning Optimization of the Implementation of the National Health Insurance Program as a legal norm that is currently in effect (ius contitutum) through studies, studies and analysis of research methods so that it can be known regarding the accuracy of the choice of application of norms the law in the legal perspective aspired to by the State Constitution, namely law that has justice, certainty and welfare (ius constituendum).

Corruption and informal sector households' participation in health insurance in Sierra Leone.

Lack of credibility and trust in fund managers has been highlighted as one of the key reasons why people do not join health insurance schemes in low- and middle-income countries, especially in Africa. This work investigates the impact of corruption on households' willingness to participate and pay for health insurance in Sierra Leone. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) method was used to elicit households' willingness to participate in a health insurance scheme with different attributes. The data were collected from 1458 representative households working in the informal sector of the Northern and Western regions. We explore the relationship between household characteristics and experienced (respectively, perceived) corruption with binary and ordered logit models. We use a Mixed Logit model to estimate the association between corruption and participation in a Health Insurance Scheme (HIS) and households' willingness to pay for a HIS. We find that corruption decreases participation in a public HIS and the willingness to pay for it. Our results highlight the perverse spillover effects of corruption. Not only does corruption hinder the effectiveness of healthcare systems and, thus, worsen health outcomes. It also undermines the willingness to pay for them, jeopardizing the sustainability of healthcare systems in the countries that need them most.

Economic Efficiency of Rice Farming: A Performance Difference among Agricultural Insurance Participant and Non-participant Farmer

Agricultural insurance is a risk-sharing business arrangement to protect farmers who encounter problems with adverse selection and moral hazards caused by asymmetric information. This situation leads to market inefficiencies since people with more information commonly take advantage of less informed people. This study aimed to compare the performance difference in the economic efficiency of rice farming between Rice Farming Insurance (RFI) participants and non-participant farmers. Primary data were collected from 202 farmers in Tangerang Regency. The marginal value product–marginal factor cost (MVP-MFC) approach was utilized to estimate resource use efficiency in rice production. The t-test was applied to determine differences in input allocation. The MVP-MFC discovered that the use of seeds was efficient for RFI participant farmers. Meanwhile, land, organic fertilizer, and pesticide had not been efficient, and inputs of inorganic fertilizer and labor were inefficient. Conversly, non-participant farmers indicated that the use of land, seeds, organic fertilizers, and pesticides had not been efficient, but the use of inorganic fertilizers and labor was inefficient. However, the comparison test revealed no difference in the input allocation efficiency between RFI participants and non-participant farmers. Hence, innovation in media and extension methods were required to change farmers’ behavior. Government policies were also necessary to ensure the availability of inputs. In addition, avoiding adverse selection and moral hazards in agricultural insurance was required to identify hazardous groups.

Protecting the Community: Improving Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour towards Health Insurance

Indonesia has implemented the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional/JKN) program administered by the BPJS Kesehatan (Health Care and Social Security Agency) to improve the quality of community health and well-being. In eight years, JKN implementation has had many challenges; complicated registration, premium, unsatisfactory service, and the lack of community participation. Policies regarding JKN should be known and understood. This study aimed to know the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour towards health insurance that will be useful for stakeholders to develop public policies. This study was conducted in Umbulsari B sub-village in Sumberharjo, Prambanan, Yogyakarta, the lowest area of JKN participation based on Sleman HDSS data. We used a cross-sectional design study among 91 respondents who filled out a paper sheet questionnaire that consisted of five sections; demographic characteristics and insurance participation, knowledge, attitudes, actions, and satisfaction with the JKN program. Then, the community service activities; coordination with local stakeholders; JKN participation identification using CHIKA; educational media production and publication. Local stakeholders said that awareness about JKN is low. CHIKA data identification from 529 ID shows that 78.1% had become JKN participants, and 73.3% were "active". The respondents answered most of each knowledge point correctly (score >90%). But there are several things that respondents disagree with: "every participant will get the same health services (19.78%) in attitude point, and health workers in health facilities do not discriminate (21.21%) in satisfaction point. Then 21.21% of respondents rarely use health services routinely for medical check-ups. We developed educational media about the importance of JKN, as well as using CHIKA and Pandawa tutorials. Education about health insurance needs to be carried out continuously according to the local cultural context and innovations so that the community remains protected from the financial burden of accessing health services.

Финансовые аспекты современного этапа конвергенции страхования и системы долговременного ухода за пожилыми и инвалидами на уровне частных домохозяйств

The need to provide long-term care for the elderly and disabled persons in a situation of limited personal resources can jeopardize the financial security of a private household. This is related both with additional expenditures on various social services and artificial restricting the economic activity of household agents committed the care function. At some point the financial problems of the household are transformed into social problems. The social nature of the problem of long-term care determines the participation of the state in organizing a special system aimed at solving problems of outside assistance to the elderly and disabled and its financing. The rapid growth in the number of people in need of such assistance leads to searching the sources to cover the increasing costs of maintaining the system and providing social services. One of them is connected with the insurance system that can be introduced into the financial mechanism through the insurance coverage to beneficiaries and financing of infrastructure facilities. There have been analyzed the main options for including non-state insurance into the mechanism of leveling the financial risks of households associated with the long-term care. These are cumulative insurance, classic risky personal insurance and specialized long-term care insurance. There have been defined the immediate prospects for participation of the Russian insurers in this segment, presented the entry points to the modern Russian model of long-term care of the compulsory social insurance system.

The Imperative Role of the Library in Health Insurance Information Needs in Nigeria

This study provides a springboard for stakeholders in health, Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and library (information professionals) to undertake a possible and effective way to improving health insurance literacy and participation in Nigeria. The authors in this study posited creative approaches to using Libraries in Nigeria to improve the awareness of Nigerians on the benefits of the compulsory new Health Insurance Programme through viable partnership with governments at all levels, local and international Non-Governmental Organizations, based on the fact that libraries have succeeded in partnering with the stakeholders in the health sector in different countries of the world to achieve HI needs. Opinion Piece was used as method of research to buttress the clarity of the research perspective. The paper illuminated on some of the roles of the library in Health Insurance Information Needs such as availability of information resources on health insurance, health insurance literacy workshops, reference and research services, assistance with online insurance forms, partnerships with organizations, language and cultural accessibility, confidentiality, education and outreach.