High School Participation Research Articles

High School Intramural Participation and Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis of COMPASS Data

Background There is an association between sports participation and substance use. However, there is some evidence that intramural sports in high school may not have the same effect. Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine the longitudinal associations between intramural participation in high school and substance use. Methods: This study used a three-year linked sample (2016-2018) of grade 9 and 10 (ages 13-17) Canadian high school students in the COMPASS (Cannabis use, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol use, Smoking, Sedentary behavior) study (n = 7,845). Students reported their participation in intramurals over time (consistent, none, initiate, intermittent, and quit) and their substance use behaviors (binge drinking, cannabis use, cigarette use, and e-cigarette use). Mixed effects models were used. Results: 42% of students did not participate in intramurals. For binge drinking, male students who never participated had lower odds (0.66 [0.47-0.93]) compared to consistent intramural participators. Female (3.50 [CI: 1.34-9.16]) and male students (1.97 [1.28-3.02]) who did not participate in any intramurals were more likely to use cannabis than consistent participators. Male students who did not participate were also more likely to use cigarettes (1.81 [1.05-3.12]). No associations were found between intramural participation and e-cigarette use. Conclusion: Intramural participation may be associated with increased binge drinking among male high school students. More promisingly, consistent participation in intramurals may be protective against cannabis use among male and female students and cigarette use among male students.

Cardiovascular risk among ultra-endurance runners.

Our objective was to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of conventional cardiovascular risk factors among ultra-endurance marathon runners. An electronic internet survey to characterize modifiable cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, tobacco exposure and obesity (BMI>30) among competitive ultra-endurance runners. Among 290 respondents (mean±SD, 42±11 years, 31.4% female), 106 (36.6%) had at least one established cardiovascular risk factor. Female sex, younger age and participation in competitive high school or collegiate sports were associated with freedom from cardiovascular risk factors. There were no significant associations between risk factor status and either hours per week of running training (risk factor negative: 10±7 vs. risk factor positive: 11±8 hours, P=0.42) or years of ultra-endurance competition (6±8 vs. 7±9 years, P=0.38). Runners with at least one cardiovascular risk factor were more likely to have had personal or peer concerns about excessive alcohol use. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are common among ultra-endurance runners. Early-life participation in competitive sports, rather than adult exercise habits, is associated with freedom from the development of cardiovascular risk factors during middle age. Determining mechanistic explanations for the legacy effect of early life exercise as a means to reduce cardiovascular risk among aging athletes represents an important area of future work.

In remembrance of: Scott A. Mori (1941–2020), Tropical Botanist Extraordinaire

In remembrance of: Scott A. Mori (1941–2020), Tropical Botanist Extraordinaire

Spatial panel data model on human development index at Central Java

Human development is one of the ways to create human resources that have the ability to drives the economy. It is become the focus of Indonesia’s government attention and listed on several programs implemented at the global and national levels. Human development is measured by one composite index known as the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is often used as a measure of government success in human development. Human development in Indonesia could vary because it depends on the policies of each region, so in a region, it could give an influence between regencies or cities. In this study, focus of attention is Central Java because HDI in this region has always increased from 2017 to 2019. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the factors that affect HDI on regencies or cities in Central Java from 2017 to 2019. Factors used in this study based on previous research are gross regional domestic product, high school participation rates, population density, labor force participation rates, percentage of poor population, and percentage of households with proper sanitation. Based on this study the observed data contains location information, so these observations could be spatially correlated. Method that could handle the issue and also observed in three time periods (years) is spatial panel data model. The spatial panel data model in this study is divided into two, known as spatial lag panel data model and spatial error panel data model. Based on the comparison of two models, it is obtained that the best model could explain the Human Development Index at Central Java from 2017 to 2019 is spatial lag panel data model with all the explanatory variables significant.

Medical Supervision of Illinois Public and Private High School Athletics

ABSTRACT Background High-school sports participation in the United States has increased over the years with a corresponding increase in the number of injuries. Leading medical and sports organizations nationwide advocate for an increase in proper medical supervision of athletes. Objectives To analyze athletic medical coverage in Illinois high schools and compare differences between public and private Illinois high school. Methods A survey addressing various components of sports medical coverage was distributed in 2018 to all 810 Illinois High School Association (IHSA) high schools to be completed electronically. Results The response rate was 50% (407/810 schools). Of the responding schools, 14% were private high schools and 86% public high schools. An orthopedic surgeon, family doctor, pediatrician, or another type of physician were present on sidelines in 9.2% of private high schools and 8.5% of public high schools. Athletic trainers (ATs) were present on sidelines in 91% of private high schools and in 79% of public high schools. There was 68% of private high schools reporting coaches trained in CPR versus 85% in public high schools. Both private and public high schools had high rates of having written emergency action plans (89% vs 91%), AED on site (100% vs 99%), written concussion management protocols (96% vs 97%). Conclusion Our study found similar rates of high school medical coverage as compared to national studies, with some significant differences found between private and public high schools. Most Illinois high schools had high rates of having written EAPs, concussion management protocols and AEDs on site. Overall, an increase of medical supervision and emergency preparedness is needed, which should come in the form of increasing AT and physician presence alongside community and school engagement for improved implementation of coverage.

Childhood Physical Fitness and Performance as Predictors of High School Sport Participation

ABSTRACT Participation in youth sport is positively associated with physical fitness and performance. The purpose of the current study was to examine if physical fitness measures during childhood and early adolescence predicted high school sport participation. Participants included youth in the Michigan State University Motor Performance Study. Measures consisted of the endurance shuttle run, Wells sit-and-reach, jump and reach, standing long jump, agility shuttle run and 30-yard dash. Individual, generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the association between each measure and the odds of participating in high school sport. For both sexes, the endurance shuttle run and agility shuttle run were related to sport participation. For boys only, the long jump and 30-yard dash were also associated with sport participation. Better physical fitness and performance across several dimensions in childhood, including those related to motor skills, enhanced the likelihood of sport participation in high school.

Longitudinal associations between team sport participation and substance use in adolescents and young adults

BackgroundTeam sport participation contributes to positive outcomes, including increased physical activity, better mental health, and enhanced social engagement. However, longitudinal studies show that team sport participation during adolescence is also associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits, including harmful substance use behaviors. Our objectives were to examine these associations in an adolescent sample, assess differences between sexes, examine the association by sport type, and investigate whether associations carry into young adulthood. MethodOver five years of high school participants reported team sport participation, smoking status, and frequency of alcohol use, three years post-high school participants reported the same behaviors as well as marijuana use. ResultsRegression analyses accounting for individual clustering revealed that participation in team sport during high school was associated with an increased likelihood of current smoking in males and more frequent drinking in both sexes during adolescence. These relationships were strongest in individuals who participated in football. Further analyses revealed that team sport participation in high school was associated with an increased likelihood of more frequent binge drinking in young adulthood; however, team sport participation in young adulthood was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of cigarette smoking and marijuana use in young adulthood. ConclusionOverall, results confirm that team sport participation in adolescence is positively associated with substance use in adolescence, and this association differs by sex. However, team sport participation in young adulthood is negatively associated with harmful substance use. Further research is needed to understand if these trends generalize beyond White adolescents and young adults.

The prevalence of high school multi-sport participation in elite national football league athletes

ABSTRACT Objectives: Early youth specialization is increasingly being researched and identified as a risk factor for overuse injuries and burnout. This study aimed to characterize high school sport specialization in top National Football League (NFL) athletes and determine whether associations exist between single-sport specialization and future injury risk, performance, and longevity. Methods: For NFL first-round draft picks from 2008–2017, data on the number of games played in the NFL, overuse injuries causing athletes to miss one or more regular season games, Pro Bowl selections, and current status in the NFL were collected using publicly available information. Results: A total of 318 athletes were analyzed. Multi-sport athletes were highly prevalent (88%, n = 280), while only 12% (n = 38) of athletes were classified as single-sport. No difference between multi-sport and single-sport athletes was found regarding games missed to upper (p = 0.93) or lower extremity injuries (p = 0.49), total games played (p = 0.57), or NFL longevity (p = 0.97). There was no significant difference in the proportions of athletes reaching at least 1 Pro Bowl. Conclusion: The majority of NFL first-round draft picks were multi-sport athletes in high school. Single-sport football participation in high school does not appear to aid athletes in reaching or succeeding in the NFL.

Is there such a thing as leadership skill? – A replication and extension of the relationship between high school leadership positions and later-life earnings

This paper replicates and extends Kuhn and Weinberger's (2005) “Leadership Skills and Wages”. The original article found that those white males who were club presidents and team captains in high school earned significantly more eleven years later. As the empirical relationship between leadership positions and subsequent earnings includes those characteristics that predate high school and those that are developed because of leadership activity participation in high school, the original study cannot differentiate between leadership skills developed earlier and those developed in high school. We employ propensity score matching on leadership exposure in high school to control for potential endogenous observable selection and provide estimates from instrumental variable regressions to assess the robustness of the original effects to other omitted causes. To investigate the generalizability of the original findings, we also extend the sample by including females and non-white males. Lastly, we investigate how an extension of the initial (11-year) time horizon to almost 50 years affects the coefficient estimates. We can corroborate the original effect that those who occupied leadership positions as captains and presidents earn more 11 years after high school and report higher income some 50 years after high school. We fail, however, to find effects for those who occupied only a role as captain or president solely. Moreover, the findings do not generalize to the samples of females and non-white males. Our findings provide important insights into later-life benefits of early leadership exposure and have implications for those designing leadership training programs and those taking on (or refraining from) leadership positions in early life.

AVID Participation in High School and Post-Secondary Success: An Evaluation and Cost Analysis

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) program and to derive estimates of program costs. We used the Coarsened Exact Matching approach to match AVID students with non-AVID students on 40 baseline characteristics. After matching, we estimated group differences in high-school graduation and college enrollment. We used the ingredients method to estimate program costs and calculated cost-effectiveness ratios by the duration of participation. Findings indicate that students who complete at least one AVID elective have higher high school graduation and college enrollment rates than comparable non-AVID students. We discuss how AVID compares to other college outreach programs in terms of costs and effects.

Keeping rural children’s hope to stay in the Senior High School through conditional cash transfer: An Indonesian case

<p>Although the government has allocated cash transfer programs to reduce poverty and improve the education sector, the participation of senior high schools in rural areas in Indonesia is still meager. This research investigates the relationship between conditional cash transfers in Indonesia (Program Indonesia Pintar–PIP and Program Keluarga Harapan–PKH) with high school participation in children in Rural Indonesia. Using the 2018 socioeconomic survey data released by BPS, we found that children benefited from PIP children had a greater opportunity to participate in high school compared to those who did not. On the other hand, children from PKH beneficiary have a lower chance of attending high school, compared to those who come from families who do not receive PKH. Although conditional cash transfers generally have a positive effect on children's school participation, the success of conditional cash transfers relies on the knowledge of the people about the importance of children's education investments, simple program schemes, secure payment schemes, and efficient and effective technology-based controls.</p>

Participation In Sports During Adolescence Positively Impacts Bone Health In Recruits Entering Basic Combat Training

It is well documented that participation in sports during childhood is beneficial to skeletal health. Almost 40% of bone mineral content is attained during years of peak height velocity (females 10-14y; males 12-16y). Improving bone development during these years may be beneficial in mitigating musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) in Soldiers. PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between participation in sports during adolescence and baseline bone microarchitectural parameters in recruits entering Basic Combat Training (BCT). METHODS: Survey data on sport participation from 840 Army recruits entering BCT were analyzed (611M, 25.0±3.7 kg/m2, 20.6±3.6y; 229F, 23.6±2.7 kg/m2, 20.4±3.5y). Low impact (LI) and high impact (HI) sports were categorized according to effective load stimulus scores. Middle school (MS) was defined as grades 6-8 (11-14y) and high school (HS) as grades 9-12 (14-18y). Baseline bone characteristics were measured at the ultradistal tibia using a high resolution CT scanner. Linear models were used to evaluate the association between bone microarchitecture and timing and impact category of sport played. Models were adjusted for ethnicity, BMI, age, and parents’ education. Effect estimates (EE) and p values for bone parameters compared to recruits who did not play sports (98M, 46F) are presented. RESULTS: Table 1 shows that participation in both low and high impact sports during adolescence had a significant effect on baseline bone measures in male and female recruits compared to those who did not participate in sports. While male sports participation in HS had a greater effect than MS sports participation, the opposite was observed in females. We found no significant effects in trabecular thickness, spacing or number. CONCLUSION: Promoting sports participation in children and adolescents, particularly during peak growth years, is important in providing long term skeletal health benefits and may help to reduce MSKIs in Soldiers.

Leadership Skills of Tuskegee University's Forestry/Natural Resources Management Graduates

This study focused on Tuskegee University forestry/natural resources management graduates’ perspectives about leadership skills possessed. Objectives were to: describe Tuskegee University graduates’ participation in high school-, college-, and community-based leadership development activities; describe how the graduates perceived their leadership skills; identify what variables could be used to explain variance in the overall mean scores of the leadership skills constructs; identify what activities and/or demographic characteristics could be used to explain variance in the perceived leadership skills of the graduates; and obtain preliminary data that provided insight and could inform the professions of the level of leadership skills held by some forestry/natural resources management graduates. Data collection occurred via simple random sampling and a survey. Data analyses occurred via descriptive statistics. Study population consisted of all of Tuskegee University forestry/natural resources management graduates, to include those employed in or seeking employment in the forestry/natural resources management professions. It included those who graduated from Tuskegee University and those who completed a two- or three-year program, transferred, and graduated from partner universities. Graduates of TU’s forestry/natural resources management programs agree that they possess leadership skills. Most of the respondents reported that they believed that “participation in college extracurricular activities directly affected my leadership skills.” Majority of the respondents indicated that they believed that “participation in college curriculum courses directly affected my leadership skills.”

Backpropagation Network Optimization Using One Step Secant (OSS) Algorithm

Education is one of the main indicators in national development efforts. The government in its efforts to realize national goals to educate the nation’s life has made a policy for compulsory 9-year schools, namely elementary and junior high schools. To find out how many residents use the education facilities provided by the government can be seen through school enrollment rates (SPR). A high School Participation Rate (SPR) means showing greater opportunities to access education in general. This study aims to optimize artificial neural networks with the One Step Secant (OSS) algorithm. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is part of the artificial intelligence system (Artificial Intelligence, AI) which is one of the artificial representations of the human brain that always tries to simulate the learning process in the human brain. The sample data used for optimization is SPR Indonesia data by province. Using 4 architectural models with 5 input variables, 1 shadow layer and 1 output. The best results obtained between architectures 5-4-1, 5-8-1, 5-16-1 and 5-32-1 are architectures 5-16-1. Obtained prediction accuracy comparisons using the One Step Secant (OSS) algorithm and standard algorithms namely 96.97% and 100%. The standard algorithm is superior in accuracy, the One Step Secant (OSS) algorithm is superior in terms of iterations.

Menelusuri Kembali Peran Investasi Modal Manusia dan Modal Fisik Dalam Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Produktivitas

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of human capital on the level of economic productivity of regencies/cities in West Kalimantan Province. The data used in this study are panel data from 14 West Kalimantan Province/City Districts during the period 2012-2017 whose research results were analyzed using the Random Effect approach panel data regression analysis. The results of the study explained that the role of hum an capital as measured by the level of education, namely the average length of school (RLS), High School Participation Rate, and health level namely life expectancy (AHH) had a non-significant effect on economic productivity. Whereas physical capital investment (PMTB) has a significant influence on the level of economic productivity. The results of the analysis also show that for the human capital variable it has a smaller magnitude compared to the physical capital investment variable. Based on these results, it is concluded that the impact of human capital is very important in increasing economic productivity in the Regency/City of West Kalimantan Province.

Previous High School Participation in Varsity Sport and Jump-Landing Biomechanics in Adult Recreational Athletes.

Early sports sampling is associated with superior biomechanics in youth athletes; however, the effect of multisport participation on adult biomechanics is unknown. To compare jump-landing biomechanics between adult recreational athletes who previously participated in 0, 1, or 2 or more select high school varsity sports (VSs; basketball, lacrosse, soccer, volleyball) that feature landing and cutting tasks. Descriptive laboratory study. University community setting. Fifty adult recreational athletes (22 women, 28 men; age = 23.8 ± 2.5 years) with no high school VS experience or with high school VS experience in basketball, lacrosse, soccer, or volleyball. Athletes were grouped into those who participated in 0 (0VS, n = 11), 1 (1VS, n = 21), or 2 or more (2VSs, n = 18) of these sports at the high school level. The average Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) total score from 3 individual jump landings was determined. A 1-way analysis of covariance using sex as the covariate was calculated to compare groups. The Pearson R was used to test for the correlation between the LESS score and number of sports played, and a linear regression analysis was performed using the number of sports played to predict the LESS score. The α level was set a priori at .05. The 0VS athletes produced similar LESS scores as the 1VS athletes (5.89 ± 1.2 versus 5.38 ± 1.93 points, respectively, P = .463), whereas the 2VSs athletes demonstrated lower LESS scores (3.56 ± 1.97 points) than the 0VS (P = .002) and 1VS (P = .004) athletes. The LESS scores were moderately negatively correlated with the number of high school VSs played (R2 = -0.491, P < .001). The linear regression analysis was significant (F1,37 = 9.416, P = .004) with R2 = 0.203. For every additional VS played at the high school level, the LESS score decreased by 1.28 points. Landing Error Scoring System scores were lower in athletes who had a history of multisport high school varsity participation in basketball, lacrosse, soccer, or volleyball compared with those who had a history of single-sport or no participation in these sports at this level. Multisport high school varsity participation in these sports may result in improved neuromuscular performance and potentially reduced injury risks as adults.

A Service User Perspective Informing the Role of Occupational Therapy in School Transition Practice for High School Learners with TBI: An African Perspective.

Background In the South African context, there are no specific guidelines regarding how to prepare and support adolescents for the transition from a health care to a high school setting post TBI. This raises questions about the relevance and responsiveness of the current transition practices in occupational therapy in terms of adequately preparing and supporting these adolescents to participate in school and hence exercise their right to a quality education. Method This study explored adolescents and other key role players' perspectives on and experiences of the high school transition (i.e., school reentry and continued school participation) post TBI. It was anticipated that this would provide an increased understanding of the enablers and barriers to high school reentry and participation post TBI. This served as a basis to explore the main aim of this study which was to help occupational therapists identify where efforts in terms of service delivery are needed. This study was situated in the interpretivist qualitative paradigm and used a multicase study design, which included semistructured interviews with eight adolescent learners with TBI, their primary caregivers, teachers, and principals as well as observations and documentation review. Results This paper will focus on a central theme in the research, namely, the nature and extent of support needed to facilitate the high school transition of adolescents with TBI within a developing context. Similar to the findings of studies conducted in developed contexts, participants highlighted that they felt that adolescents need support at various stages of the school transition. Participants further alluded to support that should be collaborative, coordinated, flexible, and monitored to ensure it is relevant and responsive to these adolescents' changing needs. Conclusion The study findings conclude that occupational therapists have a crucial role in fostering an enabling environment (directly and indirectly) through fulfilling various roles including that of a facilitator, intermediary, coach, collaborator, supporter, and advocator.

Towards an intelligent country: China’s higher education expansion and rural children’s senior high school participation

Colleges in China were instructed to massively expand their enrollment beginning in 1999, an event referred to as China’s Higher Education Expansion (HEE). As the HEE explicitly enlarged the share of high-skilled labor, there may be a potential positive effect of the HHE on rural children’s willingness to enter senior high schools. This is because their chances to get into colleges are improved. This study found that, after controlling for other observable factors, the probability for rural eligible individuals to participate in senior high schools increased by 0.18 more than their urban counterparts from 2000 to 2005, and this result was indeed caused by the HHE via increased expected gains. Based on the empirical results, the expected returns to education are proven to be critical in educational decisions. To build an intelligent country, the government should raise returns to education by reforming the educational supply and eliminating the distortions and misallocations that depress returns to education.

When “Journalism Kids” Do Better: A Reassessment of Secondary and Postsecondary Achievement and Activities

Using data from the nationally representative Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, this study examined how journalism participation in high school relates to subsequent academic outcomes. The analysis statistically controlled for a host of correlates of academic achievement, isolating the associations between journalism participation and subsequent outcomes. Results indicated that students who take more journalism in high school score higher than their peers on standardized tests of English; are more likely to major in journalism or related fields; and when they do, have higher grades in college English. Students who participate in extracurricular journalism also see some of these gains.

Past Successes and Future Challenges in Rural China’s Human Capital

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the current level of human capital in China and seeks to identify a number of education-related challenges that may slow down the nation’s economy from transitioning to high-income status. Relying on recent census-based data from OECD for the rest of the world and using data from the 2015 Micro-Census for China, the authors show that the low levels of education of China’s labour force is really a problem that has its roots in the past (in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s). In recent years (since 2000), China has been investing heavily in education as shown by the increasing the share of youth, including rural youth, attending high school. Despite this recent effort to raise the nation’s human capital, the education system still faces several challenges in trying to provide high-quality education for all youth. First, the government must figure out a way to overcome the relatively low rates of participation in high school by rural students. Second, there is concern that many vocational schools, especially those in rural areas, cannot deliver quality education. Finally, the paper will show that many rural students may be unprepared due to poor early childhood development outcomes.