Group Discussion Participants Research Articles

Patients' perspectives on cancer care disparities in Central and Eastern European countries: experiencing taboos, misinformation and barriers in the healthcare system.

Despite the advancements in oncological medicine and research, cancer remains the second leading cause of death in Europe with Central and Eastern European countries, such as Slovakia and Croatia, showing the highest mortality rates and disparities in access to appropriate and comprehensive cancer care. Therefore, the primary aim of the current study is to investigate cancer patients' perspectives and experiences to understand the possible underlying reasons for cancer disparities. Croatian cancer patients (n=15) and Slovak patients (n=11) were recruited through social media platforms, patients' organisations, and hospital websites and offered participation in online focus group discussions on perceived disparities, barriers or malfunctioning during and after their cancer journey. Transcripts of video and audio recordings of the interviews were translated and analysed using Thematic analysis. Six Croatian and five Slovak themes emerged from the focus group discussions highlighting encountered barriers and perceived disparities, as well as suggestions or unmet needs. Most of the themes are common to both groups, such as the lack of information and use of the internet, and the taboos regarding cancer or psycho-oncological support. However, some themes are specific to each group, for instance, Slovak cancer patients remarked the fact that they do not mind travelling to get treatment as long as they can be treated in the west of Slovakia, while Croatian patients highlighted the need for more information after the illness and the socioeconomic impact deriving from a cancer diagnosis. Urgent intervention is needed in addressing disparities in Central and Eastern Europe. Present results could inform dedicated guidelines or better resource allocation strategies to reduce disparities in cancer care and promote inclusive healthcare.

Reviving BaTonga culture to support community development: A case of Zambezi Valley communities, Zimbabwe

The Tonga culture in the Zambezi Valley has lost some value due to various driving factors which speeded the atomisation of culture amongst BaTonga people in North-Western Zimbabwe. The main thrust of the paper is to identify major causes of cultural decay in the Zambezi Valley communities, assess the impact of cultural decay and suggest solutions that are aimed at preservation of BaTonga culture in ways that promote community development This study was carried out in the Zambezi Valley communities of Binga, Nyaminyami, and Hwange with a sample size of 30 people targeting Tonga people. Mixed methods and simple statistics were used to quantify the data collected during the research. Ethically, local leadership (chiefs and village heads), heads of departments in the districts were consulted to seek permission to carry out the research. The key informants and focussed group discussion participants were carefully selected to include old men and women who were displaced from Zambezi River during the construction of the Kariba dam in 1950’s as well as group of able-bodied men, women and youth to obtain detailed information on the phenomenon which is under review. The need for this research therefore arose due to unbridled increase in disappearance of cultural values and norms among BaTonga people along Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe. How to cite this article using ASWNet style Muntanga W. (2023). Reviving BaTonga culture to support community development. A case of Zambezi Valley communities, Zimbabwe. People centred – The Journal of Development Administration (JDA), 8(4), 121-126. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jda.v8i4.4 Visit journal website: https://jda.africasocialwork.net

Inovasi Sosial di Yogyakarta: Pengabdian Masyarakat dalam Membangun Harmoni Keagamaan

The aim of carrying out this service is to carry out social innovation in Yogyakarta in community service in building religious harmony. The community service initiative in Yogyakarta uses the ABCD approach to strengthen religious harmony by identifying and exploiting local potential, involving the community in training, cross-institutional collaboration, and implementing small programs. Through active participation and dissemination of results to stakeholders, this initiative aims to build mutual understanding and interfaith cooperation amidst the diversity of Yogyakarta society. The results of community service in Yogyakarta by identifying local potential, such as stories, religious figures, places of worship, festivals and traditions, as resources for building religious harmony. Next steps involve establishing working groups, training, and inter-agency collaboration to implement small programs with active community participation, evaluated periodically. Community participation in small group discussions is key in understanding religious needs and expectations, embracing diversity of views, and creating local solutions. Training and the formation of working groups succeeded in strengthening individual skills and the collective capacity of society, creating positive changes in both the short and long term. Dissemination of results through social media and community meetings ensures that inspiration and learning from this social innovation can reach communities in various regions.

Gender mainstreaming campaign as a casualty of the online gender-based humor: A discourse analysis

Cultivation of gender-based humor in social media encourages contrarian language to gender mainstreaming. Gender-based humor posed threat on how to deliver equitable gender mainstreaming campaigns through online. The goal of this study was to determine how gender-based humor impact gender mainstreaming campaign in sociolinguistic sense. There were 14 participants in the focus group discussion providing collective narratives on proliferation of gender-based humors in social media. The participants were language teachers, Gender and Development (GAD) coordinators, and GAD advocates. Discourse analysis indicated that language use in social media hampers the delivery of gender mainstreaming campaigns. Social characterization and social distinctions were prominent components of the humor language, which then cultivated gender normativity. Gender-based humor perpetuate stereotypes, promote discriminatory practices, and reinforce power imbalances through linguistic means. In larger scale, humor language influences the reproduction of humor culture in social media. Gender mainstreaming slows down because of massive cultivation of social belief systems. The problem lies on how gender stereotypes are normalized in society through language use.

Case-Based Immigrant Health Ethics Curriculum: A Pathway to Improve Care and Advocacy.

Introduction Immigrants comprised a significant portion of the total population in the United States (US), and a considerable number of children in the US live with at least one immigrant parent, which has continued to increase over the past decades. However, healthcare providers (HPs) in the US report lack of comfort in interacting with immigrant and refugee populations. Methods The authors, in partnership with the Midwest Consortium of Global Health Educators, developed an innovative,interactive ethics curriculum within the Immigrant Partnership Advocacy and Curricular Kit (I-PACK). They sought to increase HPs' confidence in navigating complex encounters with immigrant families by teaching a relevant ethical framework, highlighting the importance of cultural humility, and equipping learners with an ethics tool (five-box Method) for use in clinical encounters. They piloted the curriculum during threeworkshop sessions in 2020-2021, and this curriculum continues to be used nationally as a part of I-PACK. Results Pre- and post-session surveys indicated thatall participants (100%, n=22) reported acquisition of new skills/knowledge and 19 (86%) felt confident applying this to their clinical practice. The participants reported appreciation for an ethical framework with which to analyze cases, enjoyment of active participation in small group discussions, and utility of the five-box method tool. Some areas of improvement offered were to have more cases and more time dedicated to small-group discussions. Conclusions Given the success of the I-PACK ethics curriculum pilot, the authors plan to incorporate immigrant health cases in the general ethics training in medical school classes and pediatric residency training. Furthermore, they will advocate for the importance of including immigrant health ethics across graduate medical education, as fluency and competence in navigating the ethics of immigrant health are required to provide patient-centered, culturally informed care to all populations.

Climatic extremes’ resilient livelihoods of rural households in the Eastern Ethiopia

Climate change is affirmed as a major challenge to global food security in the twenty-first century and a threat to availability of adequate food for the population. This study was conducted to analyze rural households’ vulnerability to climatic extremes, and their resilience capacities in the eastern Ethiopia. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods of data, and analysis to achieve the objectives. While 397 sample households were randomly selected for household survey, key informants and focus group discussion participants were purposively selected. To analyze the quantitative data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed while thematic content analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data. Rainfall variability, increase in local temperature, frequent drought, irregularity in rainfall, and pest infestation were identified as the key climatic extremes in the study area. The findings of the study asserted that rural local households in the study area have very high vulnerability to climatic extremes underpinned by their dependence on rain-fed farming. Reduction in crop yield (93%), and decline in production and productivity of livestock (91%) were confirmed as the major impacts of climatic extremes in the study area. Contrary to very high vulnerability to climatic vulnerability, local farming households’ resilience capacities were confirmed to be very poor. Moreover, the overall resilience capacity index was 0.44, which is below the minimum threshold and underpinned by low absorptive (0.45), low adaptive (0.47), and low transformative (0.4) capacity of farmers. Furthermore, the indexes derived from the five resilience building blocks imply that the level of household resilience is still poor (0.47). The very high vulnerability to extreme climate conditions and the very low livelihood resilience of rural farmers requires integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and enhance livelihood resilience by governmental and non-governmental organizations. More importantly, it is worth to initiate rural livelihoods diversification and sustainable natural resource conservation, and management strategies. Above all, it is worth to integrate climate-resilient social protection programs into rural poverty reduction policies at national, regional, and local levels to reduce vulnerability, and enhance resilience of rural households in the study area.

Revitalisasi Kecakapan Literasi Informasi Pustakawan Sekolah Melalui Pelatihan Operator GScholar Advanced Search

Purpose: School librarians, although proficient in various search engines, often face challenges in effectively accessing and utilizing resources, particularly the members of the Lampung Province Indonesian School Library Staff Association (Asosiasi Tenaga Perpustakaan Sekolah Indonesia/ATPUSI). The core aim of this project is to enhance the efficient and productive use of global technology. Methodology: Google Scholar (GScholar) Advanced Search Operators Technology Training was introduced as a community service activity to boost ATPUSI members’ information literacy skills. This involved active participation in Focus Group Discussions and offering instructional resources on how to use Google Scholar technology effectively. The service was executed in July 2023, incorporating teaching methods, such as lectures, question-response interactions, and specific evaluation methodologies. To gauge the comprehension level, an evaluation was conducted using pre-set questionnaires in both pre-test and post-test formats. Results: The outcome of this service shows an improvement in the perception and efficiency of school librarians regarding the use of advanced search operators for information retrieval. In addition, there seems to be increased awareness and understanding of the significance of precise information in promoting the growth of information literacy skills among beneficiaries. Limitations: The training was tailored for ATPUSI members; therefore, generalizing the results to other school librarians or regions requires caution. Additionally, unmentioned factors such as librarians' technological infrastructure, prior experience with similar tools, and ongoing professional development could have affected the outcomes. Contributions: Community services improved the information literacy skills of ATPUSI members. This outcome is important because it shows the progress in information literacy in education. The training program equips librarians with access to and leverage reliable information sources effectively.

Smallholder Orange Farmers’ Access to Market Information in Muheza District, Tanzania

This study has investigated market information access by smallholder orange farmers in Muheza District, Tanga Region. Specifically, the study sought to examine the extent to which farmers access market information, their sources of information, and whether their age, gender, and level of education influence them. The study used a descriptive research design and a mixed-methods research approach. It involved 103 randomly selected respondents, four key informants and26 focus group discussion participants divided into two groups, each consisting of 13 participants. To analyze quantitative data, SPSS version 21 was used, and chi-square and logistic regression were run to determine the relationship between variables. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings suggest that the majority of the respondents, access limited market information mainly through relatives and friends, meetings, traders, and radio. Also, at a 5percent confidence level, there is a statistically significant association between preferred information sources, gender, and level of education. Furthermore, the findings suggest that respondents with primary education and below are 91.8 percent less likely to have access to market information. Based on these findings, the study recommends that smallholder orange farmers be encouraged to form or join farmers’ associations to enhance their access to market information.

Other Self-Efficacy in Teaching of Out-of-Field English Teachers: A Parallel Convergent Approach

The purpose of this study is to highlight the experiences and challenges of out-of-field teachers within the Municipality of Kapalong and identify their teaching efficacy. The study employed a mixed method in a convergent parallel design. In the quantitative phase, an adopted survey questionnaire was used. Different statistical tools were used such as Mean; Standard Deviation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that the status of self-efficacy of those teachers was high. The result of the significant difference in the level of self-efficacy in terms of years in service and subject-handled revealed that the number of years in service had no significant difference in terms of the self-efficacy of the out-of-field teachers while on the subject-handled it shows that there is a significant difference in terms of their self-efficacy. In the qualitative phase, there were 7 participants in the in-depth interview and 10 participants in the focus group discussion. Five themes were extracted based on the responses of the participants: a physically and mentally demanding job, being professional and competent, innovating teaching strategies, personality and professional growth, and devotion and versatility. Also, in terms of the beliefs, attitudes, commitment, and aspirations of out-of-field English teachers, four themes were extracted which are: work with so much expectation, positive minded, resiliency, and productivity of students and teachers. Keywords: English,Self-Efficacy, Out-of-Field Teachers, Parallel Convergent Mixed Method, Philippines

A pragmatic approach to the limitations of safety management systems in aviation

Commercial aviation systems are increasingly stretched to their capacity while existing Safety Management Systems (SMS) do not live up to our expectations as higher efficiency standards are taxing human resources, higher competition levels are reducing the potential for collaboration and the sharing of risk data, and technological advances are making systems difficult to operate and re-design. Aviation systems become intractable, defying SMSs that could support prediction and control, and hence, are not amenable to compliance models of regulation. Instead, it is argued here that this ability can be developed by applying a pragmatic safety approach based on the identification of sixteen limitations of SMSs across aviation systems, regardless of the theoretical perspectives and safety techniques adopted. A variety of data collection methods have been employed such as, analysis of incidents, interviews with safety practitioners, participation in group discussions and consideration of safety training. The proposed sixteen limitations of SMS can be useful in addressing these new challenges in the aviation environment by stressing the need for a new perspective in aviation risk governance.

Livelihoods and survival strategies pursued by international return migrants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia as far as the livelihood and survival strategies pursued by international returnees is concerned, such scientific study is scanty or non-existent. The study was devoted to explore the livelihoods and survival strategies chased among the returnees in Addis Ababa to provide scientific evidences and insights for decision making and future intervention efforts. Data were collected from 402 randomly drawn sample returnees via a cross-sectional survey. The supplementary data were collected from purposively selected focus group discussion and semi-structured interview participants. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression Model (OLRM) were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while unemployment was found to be the most categorized livelihood strategy by which returnees were hallmarked and rated above the scale mean on the three-point likert scale (mean = 2.18, Standard Deviation/SD = 0.91); wage-employment and self-employment were rated below the scale mean (mean = 1.41, SD = 0.61; and mean = 1.39, SD = 0.56) respectively, which reflects that majority of the study population weren’t involved in livelihood strategies common in urban settings. OLRM results confirmed that educational attainment and age of the returnees made the first and the second largest contributions in predicting wage-employment in the positive and negative directions with beta coefficients (β = 0.985; and β = |-0.611| respectively at (p ≤ 0.000) level of significance. A notable proportion of Ethiopian returnees deemed to be unemployed and not engaged in any urban livelihood activities and deprived of enjoying the potential benefits obtained from self-employment and wage-employment activities in the study area.

Analysis of student responses toward activities using e-learning in higher education

The aim of this study is to investigate how students respond to learning activities using e-learning. Researchers analyzed students' responses based on four aspects of activity, including attendance discipline, assignment collection accuracy, enthusiastic use of e-learning teaching materials, and participation in group discussions. The research method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method and usability testing method. The data analysis technique used is descriptive percentage. The sample for this study consisted of 100 students from the informatics education study program, including the batches of 2019, 2020, and 2021. The results showed that the average response rate of students towards e-learning activities was 67.19% for the year 2019, 81.32% for the year 2020, and 78.59% for the year 2021. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that students from all three batches responded positively to the e-learning activities.

Analysis of student responses toward activities using e-learning in higher education

The aim of this study is to investigate how students respond to learning activities using e-learning. Researchers analyzed students' responses based on four aspects of activity, including attendance discipline, assignment collection accuracy, enthusiastic use of e-learning teaching materials, and participation in group discussions. The research method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method and usability testing method. The data analysis technique used is descriptive percentage. The sample for this study consisted of 100 students from the informatics education study program, including the batches of 2019, 2020, and 2021. The results showed that the average response rate of students towards e-learning activities was 67.19% for the year 2019, 81.32% for the year 2020, and 78.59% for the year 2021. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that students from all three batches responded positively to the e-learning activities.

Experiences of progestin-only pill users in the United States and attitudes toward over-the-counter access.

Removing the prescription requirement and making oral contraceptive pills available over the counter (OTC) could increase contraceptive access in the United States. Despite current efforts to make a progestin-only pill (POP) available OTC, there are no qualitative data exploring the experiences of POP users and their perspectives on making POPs available OTC. We conducted six online, asynchronous focus group discussions with 36 POP users between July and November 2020. We stratified focus group discussion placement based on three reasons for POP use: breastfeeding, having a contraindication to estrogen (for a reason other than breastfeeding), and for any other reason. We thematically analyzed these data using inductive and deductive coding. The majority of participants described their overall POP experience as positive, mostly because they experienced minor or no side effects and thought the pill was effective. Participants overwhelmingly supported OTC availability of POPs and expressed interest in purchasing an OTC POP. Over one-third of participants had very limited knowledge or held inaccurate assumptions about POPs before they started using this method and many stressed the need to disseminate accurate information and resources about POPs to the public. Most focus group discussion participants were satisfied with POPs and supported OTC access. While misconceptions and concerns about POPs should be addressed, an OTC POP has the potential to be a safe, effective, and convenient contraceptive option in the United States.

An appraisal on the determinants of adaptation responses to the impacts of climate variability on coffee Production: Implication to household food security in Nensebo Woreda, Ethiopia

Climate change and variability already had and will continue to harm coffee production throughout the world. Between 80% and 90% of the world’s coffee is produced by smallholder farmers who depend on nature. This study examines the determinants of climate variability adaptation response in coffee production and its implication for household food security in Nensebo Woreda, Ethiopia. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from randomly selected 181 coffee grower farmers as well as purposively selected key informants, and focus group discussion participants. Arial gridded dikadal meteorological data were also used. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis, descriptive statistics, and econometric analysis methods. The study reveals that in the study area monthly, seasonal, and annual minimum and maximum temperature has been increasing over the last three decades. Rainfall has been erratic both in amount and timing. Multinomial logit analysis showed that age, farm experience, farm size, family size, average days spent on non-farm and off-farm activities, DA contact, climate change information, and income from coffee were the factors that significantly influenced adaptation responses to climate variability. The study also revealed the presence of a varying degrees of household food insecurity. Therefore, to enhance the adaptive capacity of coffee grower farmers, it is necessary to provide area specific and precise weather forecast information. Likewise, the study shows that building the adaptive capacity of coffee grower farmers requires expanding access to credit and savings services as well as market information. Doing all of these requires extensive and continuous awareness creation intervention about the actual and potential effects of climate variability on coffee production.

Determinants of the choice of adaptation strategies to climate variability and extremes among pastoralist and agro-pastoralist households in Yabello and Arero Districts, Southeast Ethiopia

Climate variability and extremes adversely affect the livestock sector by reducing pasture availability, polluting and depleting water resources, aggravating livestock diseases, and distorting the production systems. The cumulative effect of climate variability undermines the adaptive capacity of pastoralists and worsens food insecurity. This study assesses the impact of climate variability and the determinants of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists adaptation strategies in Yabello and Arero Districts, southern Ethiopia. Accordingly, data were collected from randomly selected 296 sample households using a questionnaire survey. Data were also gathered from a purposively selected key informants and focus group discussion participants. Areal gridded dikadal rainfall and temperature data were collected from the National Meteorological Institute. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression data analysis methods were used. The results show that all seasons were significantly warming, while rainfall declined at various degrees and the distribution was highly variable across the study period. The ever rising minimum and maximum temperature and the erratic nature of rainfall has undermined the availability of pasture and water resources, especially during drought years resulting in the prevalence of livestock diseases. The age of the household head, poor access to information, lack of credit and saving services, limited knowledge, and erratic rainfall were found to be the determinant factors in the choice of adaptation options to climate variability and extremes. The study also found that lack of appropriate intervention and support mechanisms by government and non-government actors as well as the reluctance of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to accept the stakeholders’ advice were the barriers to climate variability adaptation. Thus, it is clear that pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ livelihood is at risk for climate variability and extremes and hence, requires context specific adaptive capacity building intervention that ranges from awareness creation to strengthening basic infrastructures and rangeland management.

A qualitative study exploring perceptions of people living with HIV using antiretroviral therapy on self-management of healthy nutrition and the related healthcare service in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT In Ethiopia, undernutrition is a quite common health problem among people living with HIV. Unlike in developed countries, nutritional counseling for people living with HIV has not received much attention. This study aimed to explore the perception of people living with HIV on their dietary practice and the existing health care service in Ethiopia. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted in two hospitals in southern Ethiopia from March to June 2018. A pre-tested interview guide was prepared in English and translated into the Amharic language. The data were collected using key informant interviews, focus group discussions and observations in the ART clinics by six trained nurses. The data were analyzed thematically. Almost all focus group discussion participants mentioned that a healthy diet for ART patients is very important. The majority of the participants mentioned that they were not satisfied with the counseling service given at the ART clinics. Lack of training for health care professionals on nutritional counseling was also reported as a challenge by the nurses themselves. Nutritional counseling given by health care professionals at the ART clinic was poor. Emphasis should be given to the training of healthcare professionals working in ART clinics on nutritional counseling.

Development of Discharge Planning Instruments Based on Patient Family-Centered Care in the COVID-19 Inpatient Room, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya

Introduction: The current era of the COVID-19 pandemic requires innovation in the provision of discharge planning by involving family members through the media safely and effectively. This study aimed to develop a discharge planning instrument based on patient family-centered care. Method: Research design Research and Development. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with a total sample of 110 medical record documents, 23 focus group discussion participants, and 2 experts (expert consultation). Data were collected through observation sheets, focus group discussions, and expert consultations. Data analysis using descriptive analysis, and validity test using I-CVI. Results: Development of a patient family centered care-based discharge planning instrument at the beginning of the patient’s admission (admission), namely sorting and adding assessment items to the level of knowledge of the disease, information and education needs, values, and beliefs, cultural background as well as physical and psychological. During treatment, namely arranging and sorting discharge planning items, providing information and education according to the assessment results using a media approach and the method according to the COVID-19 pandemic protocol. Towards home that is adding items; readiness or environmental conditions (environment), referral plans (Outpatient referral), and continued treatment while at home (Medication). Conclusion: The developed instrument tested is valid. As a result of this development, the new instrument can be tested and applied, and researched in the next stage on the outcomes of patient family-centered care.

Eksplorasi Pengaruh Kecemasan Sosial Terhadap Gaya Komunikasi Pada Mahasiswa

This study explored the impact of social anxiety on communication styles, academic and social performance, as well as strategies used to cope with this condition. The main findings show that social anxiety correlates with a tendency towards a passive communication style and the use of avoidance strategies. Individuals with social anxiety tend to avoid active participation in group discussions and opt for silence, which is influenced by feelings of inadequacy and fear of negative evaluation. Avoidance strategies, such as avoiding public communication situations, are used as coping mechanisms to reduce perceived anxiety. Social anxiety also had a significant impact on academic and social participation. Study participants reported decreased academic participation, such as fear of asking questions or participating in class discussions, which affected understanding of subject matter and academic performance. In addition, social anxiety often leads to social isolation, exacerbating loneliness and anxiety levels. Strategies used to cope with social anxiety include seeking social support from friends and family. This emotional support was shown to help individuals feel more comfortable and safe in social situations, reduce stress and These findings emphasize the importance of social support and interventions that promote social interaction to improve mental well-being and reduce the negative impact of social anxiety.

Phu Chom Ngea Reserved Forest Conservation Model, Xiangngern District, LuangPrabang Province, Lao Peoples’s Democratic Republic

This study aimed to investigate problem conditions, recommendations for problem-solving, and the identification of an appropriate conservation model for the Phu Chom Ngae reserved forest. The locale of the study was at Xiang Ngern district, Luang Prabang province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Focus group discussion was used for data collection conducted with a sample group of three government officials in the area, five members of village forestry committee, five community leaders, and 13 focus group discussion participants. This study consisted of 3 parts: 1) data collection on problem conditions and opinions of officials and villagers to solve problems in the conservation of Phu Chom Ngae reserved forest (Descriptive data analysis); 2) creating a reserved forest conservation model; and 3) Assessment of Phu Chom Ngea reserved forest conservation Model. Results of the study revealed that the conservation problems in the Phu Chom Ngae reserved forest are at a high level (3.59). The following were found at a high level: People in the area, the community administrative organization, and the public sector agency, however, found the problem of conservation to be moderate: Context area and Forest conditions. The opinions of officials and villagers identified: 1) The community should realize the importance and necessity of being involved in forest conservation; 2) concerned agencies should promote occupational training; 3) prevention of forest encroachment by clear determination of the forest area; 4) strengthen community leaders; 5) training on knowledge about conservation; 6) continually instill awareness of forest conservation; 7) should have continual plans on projects implemented in the area; 8) government officials must take the regulations comprehensively and seriously. The Phu Chom Ngae reserved forest conservation model comprised the following: 1) driving force of stakeholders–the government, community administrative organizations and people in the area. 2) operation–3 important sector: The public sector-The former included budgets material equipment support, clear determination of the forest area, issuing regulations and training/education trip; community administrative organization-public relations, campaigning, being a coordinator with people and other agencies. The latter included people in the area-participate in forest conservation. 3) output-increased participate in the forest conservation. The model had been evaluated and approved by experts.