Participation In Brazil Research Articles

Participação e miséria brasileira: o participacionismo nas condições de possibilidade do capitalismo no Brasil

Resumo O presente ensaio propõe um tratamento materialista da participação a partir de sua diferenciação ante as correntes dominantes na explicação das dificuldades de efetivação das formas participativas na esfera política no Brasil. De um lado, coloca-se o culturalismo que acusa a ausência de uma preparação formal ou cultural para a participação. De outro, insurge a corrente que identifica no neoliberalismo o fator impeditivo. A proposta de diferenciação aponta para o estudo das condições reais de possibilidade da forma política a partir da análise do processo de objetivação do capitalismo no Brasil, trazendo à baila a particularidade dessa formação pela chamada via colonial. A constatação básica é a de que a participação no capitalismo atrófico é uma forma particular de participacionismo em razão de processos de transformação incipientes e de modernização excludente que bloqueiam a participação popular, garantindo os interesses ligados às conciliações das classes dominantes.

A influência do mercosul no desenvolvimento da economia criativa no Brasil

A finalidade deste artigo é realizar uma análise sobre a importância do processo de integração regional do Mercosul para o desenvolvimento da Economia Criativa no Brasil. Para isto, o artigo apresenta o conceito de economia criativa, sua origem histórica e alguns fatos que evidenciam sua aplicabilidade, especialmente, o reconhecimento do tema como estratégico por diversos países e por organismos internacionais. Em seguida são estudados os impactos que a participação do Brasil junto ao bloco regional traz para o desenvolvimento do setor criativo brasileiro, especialmente no que concerne a falta de uma política econômica conduzida pelo Bloco regional. Conclui-se que, o atual estágio de desenvolvimento do Mercosul contribui para a economia criativa brasileira em alguns aspectos importantes, porém torna-se necessário um avanço e aprofundamento do sistema de integração para no mínimo, uma União Aduaneira completa, face às peculiaridades que o setor exige e a forte concorrência que ocorre com outros países cuja estratégia de ação no setor criativo já se encontra em estágios mais avançados. Em razão de seus objetivos, utilizou-se o método descritivo analítico como modalidade de raciocínio lógico e a pesquisa bibliográfica como técnica.

Parallels between research in mental health in Brazil and in the field of Global Mental Health: an integrative literature review.

Global Mental Health is a field of teaching, research, and practice whose goal is to improve access to mental health and reduce inequalities in mental health outcomes for all people worldwide, especially proposing action in low- and middle-income countries like Brazil. Given this global scenario and Brazil's progress in health and psychiatric reforms, it is important to investigate the current status of the Brazilian mental health literature and its relationship to Global Mental Health, describing how Brazilian research deals with key topics in the Global Mental Health field. The authors performed an integrative literature review using a qualitative and descriptive approach. The article search was performed for the years 2014 and 2015 in Portuguese and English, using the terms "mental health" and "Brazil", combined with key words corresponding to the principal themes addressed by authors in Global Mental Health. The search yielded 88 articles, which were analyzed according to authorship, periodicals and regions, and the analytical categories of access, primary care, community mental health services, social determinants of health, human rights, and equity. Brazil's mental health research revealed a rich and diverse body of studies, showing parallels with the literature on global mental health, but with limited systematization. Although the review revealed efforts to generate knowledge in this field within Brazil, some barriers may be limiting Brazil's participation in the international debate on Global Mental Health.

Financialised internationalisation and structural hierarchies: a mixed-method study of exchange rate determination in emerging economies

This paper conducts an extensive mixed-method study of exchange rate determination in the Brazilian foreign exchange market. It combines semi-structured interviews with foreign exchange market participants in Brazil and London and advanced time-series econometrics. In line with Post Keynesian theory and critical realist ontology, the interviews uncover the context-specific expectations and underlying processes and structures that condition exchange rate dynamics in Brazil and emerging economies more generally. The results point to important structural changes in Brazil’s financial integration in the form of currency internationalisation and financialisation. Moreover, they show that this internationalisation has been mediated through a structured and hierarchic international monetary system which fundamentally distinguishes exchange rate drivers in emerging economies from those in developed ones.

<b>Desempenho das exportações brasileiras de milho: uma análise de Constant-Market-Share para o período 2002 a 2012

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a dinâmica das taxas de crescimento das exportações do complexo milho no Brasil, para o período entre 2002 e 2012, com vistas à decomposição de suas fontes de crescimento. Para tanto, foi utilizado o modelo Constant-Market-Share para os principais produtos desse complexo, cuja finalidade foi verificar a competitividade dos produtos frente ao mercado internacional. Os resultados obtidos mostram a crescente participação das exportações brasileiras do complexo milho no mercado mundial, sobretudo no mercado de milho em grão. Com relação às fontes de crescimento, verifica-se que a competitividade foi o efeito que mais contribuiu para o crescimento das exportações do país. Ademais, o crescimento do comércio mundial também deteve o poder de explicação de outra parcela significativa dos incrementos na exportação brasileira de milho. Desta forma, este estudo evidencia a crescente participação do Brasil no comércio mundial de milho, o que exsurge a necessidade de formulação de políticas públicas e/ou privadas que auxiliem no desenvolvimento de infraestrutura e comercialização inerente ao mercado de grãos.

Attitudes toward Consent-Based and Non-Consent-Based International Law in a Regional Power Context

ABSTRACTInternational legal scholars have identified and argued for and against new forms of non-consent-based international law. We study variation in Brazilian public opinion about adherence to international law created in three different ways: through a consent-based multilateral treaty, by the U.N. Security Council with the participation of Brazil, and by the U.N. Security Council without the participation of Brazil. Information that Brazil has participated in creating the international legal obligation through a multilateral treaty or membership on the Security Council yields levels of support for adherence to the legal obligation that are similar to those found when the origins of the legal obligation are generic. Information that the international legal obligation was created without Brazil’s participation, on the other hand, results in reduced support for compliance. This difference, which is particularly concentrated among highly educated respondents, is not driven by reduced concerns about reputational consequences or sanctions. Our results suggest that the increased use of non-consent-based forms of international law might be challenged by a lack of public support for compliance.

A modernidade nas teias da floresta: o Brasil na exposição Universal da Filadélfia de 1876

O presente artigo realiza uma breve discussão sobre os aspectos que envolvem a concepção de modernidade inserida na participação do Brasil nas Exposições Universais da segunda metade do século XIX, especialmente a partir do exemplo da exposição da Filadélfia, em 1876, problematizando o contraponto geralmente abordado entre desenvolvimento tecnológico e exibição de recursos naturais pela historiografia. Pretende-se mostrar como o Brasil se inseriu nesses grandes eventos internacionais a partir da divulgação das suas riquezas naturais, como parte da construção de uma dada noção de modernidade que atendia aos interesses de vários setores proprietários no país.

Vamos para Rua! Taking to the Streets Protest in Brazil

The unprecedented protests that unfolded in June 2013 in Brazil, surprised even the most observant Brazilian scholars. A local conflict over the increase of public transportation fare took an unexpected turn and ignited a massive nationwide mobilization. These protests have perplexed many because Brazil was not experiencing the context of economic or political instabilities that are common to other countries around the world, where massive protests have emerged. Using data from the World Values Survey, we developed a general analysis highlighting individual factors that were significant in explaining protest participation among Brazilians to shed light on possible indicators that could have predicted the recent mobilizations. In particular, this work seeks to understand the extent to which a change from materialist to post-materialist values, as theorized by Inglehart (1971), could contribute towards explaining the recent protests in Brazil. Our findings demonstrate that post-materialist values are a significant explanatory force in determining political participation in Brazil.

Preferences for menu labelling formats of young adults in Brazil and in the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT Objective This pilot study was aimed at exploring preferences of young adults in two different contexts on restaurant menu labelling formats. Methods Five focus groups were conducted with 36 participants, two focus groups with 11 participants in Brazil and three focus groups with 25 in the United Kingdom. Themes originating from the content analysis of the transcriptions were organised around four possible menu labelling formats: 1) numerical information on calories; 2) numerical information on calories and nutrients; 3) traffic light system plus Guideline Daily Amounts; 4) food information with ingredients list plus highlighted symbols. Results In both countries, participants preferred the ingredients list plus symbols format, considered more comprehensive and useful to make an informed food choice. Organic food and vegetarian symbols were the ones considered most important to appear on restaurant menu labels with ingredients list. However, most participants in Brazil and in the United Kingdom rejected the information restricted to calories and calories plus nutrients formats, saying that these would not influence their own choices. Conclusion This is the first multicultural qualitative study exploring preferences of people living in different countries with different eating habits, but where menu labelling is voluntary. Results evidenced similarities in participants’ likes and dislikes for menu labelling formats in these two different contexts. Discussions showed participants in both countries prefer qualitative information than numerical information, suggesting that ingredients list and symbols provide information that people want to see on the menu.

Vamos para Rua! Taking to the Streets Protest in Brazil

The unprecedented protests that unfolded in June 2013 in Brazil, surprised even the most observant Brazilian scholars. A local conflict over the increase of public transportation fare took an unexpected turn and ignited a massive nationwide mobilization. These protests have perplexed many because Brazil was not experiencing the context of economic or political instabilities that are common to other countries around the world, where massive protests have emerged. Using data from the World Values Survey, we developed a general analysis highlighting individual factors that were significant in explaining protest participation among Brazilians to shed light on possible indicators that could have predicted the recent mobilizations. In particular, this work seeks to understand the extent to which a change from materialist to post-materialist values, as theorized by Inglehart (1971), could contribute towards explaining the recent protests in Brazil. Our findings demonstrate that post-materialist values are a significant explanatory force in determining political participation in Brazil.

Pathways to agroecological management through mediated markets in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Agroecology, as a social movement and scientific discipline, applies ecological principles to the design and management of agricultural systems to improve environmental outcomes and livelihoods for farmers and rural communities. However, little research to date has assessed the policy mechanisms that could facilitate increased adoption of agroecological management practices. We investigated if and how public food procurement programs that provide financial incentives for organic and agroecological production can mitigate key constraints to agroecological transition. We explored the experience of participants in Brazil’s National School Feeding Program (PNAE) in Santa Catarina, which offers both a structured market for small-scale family farmers and a price premium for certified agroecological production systems. We found that the PNAE provides an economic incentive for small-scale farmers to begin an agroecological transition by creating a price-differentiated market that is otherwise absent in the regional context. However, without external network linkages – such as participation in farmers’ associations, cooperatives, and non-governmental agricultural extension programs that support agroecological practices – the influence of PNAE is limited in stimulating a broader scaling up of agroecological production.

Labour Market Participation in Brazil: A Discrete Game Approach

The paper aims to investigate the labour market participation of couples in Brazil in 2013. The observed endogenous variables portraying participation are assumed to be the outcome of a static discrete game between the partners. Different solution concepts are considered (Nash, Stackelberg and imposed Pareto optimality), and the estimations are implemented for rural and urban areas. The evidence, in comparison with previous evidence for more developed and homogeneous countries, displays qualitative similarities in terms of own wage, cross wage and age effects and a stronger inhibiting role of the number of small children in the case of the female partner. In particular, cross-wage effects also indicated gender asymmetry. Additionally, one identifies a more limited role of schooling on labour market participation in rural areas and gender contrasts in terms of the number of persons in the household that have a positive significant effect only for male partners.

VAMOS PARA RUA! TAKING TO THE STREETS PROTEST IN BRAZIL

The unprecedented protests that unfolded in June 2013 in Brazil, surprised even the most observant Brazilian scholars. A local conflict over the increase of public transportation fare took an unexpected turn and ignited a massive nationwide mobilization. These protests have perplexed many because Brazil was not experiencing the context of economic or political instabilities that are common to other countries around the world, where massive protests have emerged. Using data from the World Values Survey, we developed a general analysis highlighting individual factors that were significant in explaining protest participation among Brazilians to shed light on possible indicators that could have predicted the recent mobilizations. In particular, this work seeks to understand the extent to which a change from materialist to post-materialist values, as theorized by Inglehart (1971), could contribute towards explaining the recent protests in Brazil. Our findings demonstrate that post-materialist values are a significant explanatory force in determining political participation in Brazil.

Brazilian sparkling wine: A successful trajectory

The objective of this study was to explore the evolution of internal and external commercialization of Brazilian sparkling wines during the period between 1986 and 2015, giving an overview of the current situation and its market trends, and highlighting the importance of Brazil in the world scenario for sparkling wines. This research is based on quantitative data sources provided by different institutions: International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), Brazilian Union of Viticulture (UVIBRA), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) and Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). Brazil is a promising country for the sparkling wine market. From 1986–2015, there was an increase of 465.6% in the sales of sparkling wine in the Brazilian domestic market, especially the last ten, which accounted for an increase of 215.7%. In 1998, Brazilian sparkling wines accounted for 70.5% of sparkling wines sold in Brazil. Today, they represent 82.1%of national market, and proved to be one of the most prestigious products from Brazilian viticulture when compared, for example, to non-sparkling wines, which 79% are imported wines. Of the imported sparkling wines consumed in Brazil, six countries account for 98.5% of the market (France: 32.7%; Italy: 24.8% and Spain: 21.9%). The volume exportation of Brazilian sparkling wine has grown significantly in recent years (4,210.2%), with Paraguay, China, Uruguay, the United States, France and the United Kingdom being the major buyers. The evolution of exports shows that Brazilian sparkling wine becomes an alternative to those produced in traditional countries, such as France, Italy and Spain, due to their quality and price. There is an increase in the commercialization of sparkling wines in the Brazilian domestic market, in addition to the growing participation of Brazil in the volume of exports in the world market, placing Brazil in a leading position in the production and sale of sparkling wines.

Citizenship, activism and participation on the internet: brazilian experiences

A number of social and political actions have been strengthened and potentiated by internet support, with use of its network architecture to disseminate information, promote collective discussion and support activism. In order to discuss how internet tools can contribute to political and social participation in Brazil, were identified on two websites: Vote on the Web (Vote na Web), which is privately owned, and Participatory – Youth Participatory Surveillance (Participatório – Observatório Participativo da Juventude), which is the result of an initiative by the government through the National Youth Secretariat (Secretaria Nacional da Juventude - SNJ). From these examples, this study aims to analyze the use of the internet for the creation, organization and dissemination of social and political participation and online activism in Brazil. It is understood that the websites are limited and that online tools are not used to their full potential. However, considering a context of citizenship and online participation, it is possible to verify that the architecture of those websites encourages participation - even without civic engagement - and can be a step forward towards an enhanced civic practice.

Corrupção e participação política no Brasil: diagnósticos e consequências

Resumo Investiga-se a relação entre corrupção e participação política no Brasil, a partir de análises sobre padrões de associação pertinentes e sobre a permissividade à corrupção de perfis sociais que combinam categorias de experiência com corrupção e de ativismo político. São realizadas discussões teóricas e análises empíricas, tendo como fonte exclusiva de dados o Barômetro das Américas, rodadas de dados de 2007, 2008, 2010 e de 2012. Como principais resultados, verifica-se a natureza multidimensional da participação política, segmentada em quatro modalidades distintas. Também é destaque a inequívoca associação positiva entre experiência com corrupção e engajamento político. Por fim, identifica-se uma maior permissividade à corrupção (tolerância ao pagamento de propina) entre os indivíduos que possuem experiência com corrupção, independentemente dessa característica estar ou não acompanhada de ativismo político.

Participatory citizenship in the making? The multiple citizenship trajectories of participatory budgeting participants in Brazil

ABSTRACTMost scholarship on participatory budgeting (PB) has highlighted its impact on democratic processes and redistributive outcomes, but there is also an implicit argument associating it with citizenship learning processes at the individual and collective levels. As a mechanism for social interactions, it is often called a ‘school of citizenship’ nurturing the development of ‘better citizens’ who participate as agents and members of a political community. This relation is, however, more ambiguous in practice. The article looks at this relationship and at the rise of so-called participatory democratic citizenship. Drawing from surveys conducted among PB participants in two Brazilian cities in 2009 (Porto Alegre) and 2014 (Belo Horizonte), the article shows that, at the individual level, multiple trajectories of citizenship can emerge among participants and can coexist in participatory processes. Contrary to the common wisdom, the article brings to light the complexity of differentiated citizenship learning processes among individuals active in participatory mechanisms. These cases thus show that PB does not necessarily contribute to the creation of a civic community, that is, a durable and active form of social organization that fosters the rise of a participatory and democratic citizenship.

Analysing interventionism beyond conventional foreign policy rationales: the engagement of Brazil in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)

Most of the analysis dealing with so-called “emerging powers” in the field of peace and security seek to explain the intentions and motivations (supposedly) behind these states’ foreign policy and changing normative positions. Several of those studies see foreign policy decisions as the result of rational processes, defined by a “means-and-ends” logic, essentially oriented by preconceived national interests, clear ideational precepts and fixed identities. Through a non-conventional analysis of the participation of Brazil in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), the paper aims to advance an understanding of foreign policy as an identity practice that, especially in moments of domestic identity crisis, helps reinforce and stabilize specific representations of the state self and of those acting in its name. Informed by a post-positivist approach, the case discussed in the paper opens some avenues to explore how interventionism can be analysed beyond traditional foreign policy rationales and mainstream international relations theories.

Proposing an agonistic analytical framework to assess participatory initiatives in Brazil

This article intends to review the main arguments developed by the contemporary literature dedicated to assess the conditions for and outcomes of social participation in Brazil. Considering the emerging criticism that new aspects should be incorporated to this debate, this work explores an alternative line of thinking – Chantal Mouffe’s agonistic theory of democracy - from which I contend a new analytical framework can be developed in order to improve the understanding of the contributions of social participation to Brazil’s democracy.

Potential impacts on local quality of life due to sugarcane expansion: a case study based on panel data analysis

Agribusiness participation in Brazil generates investments in rural infrastructure and employment, with direct effects on local quality of life. In this sense, government policies to support the production of ethanol from sugarcane and to promote bioelectricity from bagasse production have made Brazil a country of world leadership in this field. This paper reports an assessment of socioeconomic impacts due to sugarcane production in three regions in Brazil (Piracicaba, Presidente Prudente and Southwest Goias). Local quality of life is defined as five dimensions: income and inequality, education, infrastructure, health and general development, analysed using panel data modelling, with variables that could explain differences in development due to local characteristics, including sugarcane activity. Presidente Prudente has the highest levels of progress in education, poverty, infrastructure and general development indicators. The models indicate that participation of sugarcane has positive impacts on the indicators of the microregion. In case of Piracicaba microregion, in two models (“L-Theil” and “Illiteracy rate”) indicators related with sugarcane sector are significant explanatory variables, contributing for better indicators. Finally, Southwest Goias—where sugarcane activity develops later—is the single microregion in which the adjusted models have no significant explanatory variables related to sugarcane sector.