Non-response Research Articles

The influence of sodium alginate on kaolinite flocculation in presence of metal ions: guidance for green processing

In this study, the responsiveness of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Al3+ to sodium alginate (SA) and their influence on kaolinite dispersion/flocculation behavior were investigated through rheology and turbidity tests. The effects of metal ions on the interaction between SA and kaolinite were analyzed by zeta potential, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that Na+ and Mg2+ resulted in a decreasing of the viscosity and modulus of SA solution for they have the electrostatic shielding effect on SA. Ca2+ and Al3+ significantly increased the viscosity and modulus of SA solution because Ca2+ and Al3+ not only have the electrostatic shielding effect on SA but also could form the different network structure complexes. The order of the responsiveness of metal ions and SA sorted by intensity level was: Al3+> Ca2+>Mg2+> Na+. SA has a dispersion effect on kaolinite particles under the background of Na+ and Mg2+, and SA has a flocculation effect on kaolinite particles in the presence of Ca2+ and Al3+. The flocculation efficiency of SA on kaolinite suspension containing Al3+ was much higher than that of SA on kaolinite suspension in the presence of Ca2+. Zeta potential and FTIR results showed that SA could be adsorbed on the kaolinite surface through electrostatic force and hydrogen bond in the presence of Na+ and Mg2+. Microscope observation, XPS and DFT results showed SA could not only form chemical adsorption with Ca2+/Al3+ on the kaolinite surface but also be cross-linked with Ca2+/Al3+ to form a network structure, which could sweep and trap kaolinite particles in suspension. This work has strategic significance for the responsiveness of natural polysaccharide to metal ions and their application in environmental protection of mine wastewater, as well as the clean and circular utilization of water.

Monitoring Chronic Non-Cancer Pain in Denmark Over Two Decades: Prevalence, Mental Health and Loneliness.

Epidemiological surveys have monitored chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and investigated associated factors in Denmark for more than 20 years. This study aimed to analyse CNCP prevalence in the Danish population from 2000 to 2023 and its associations with mental health status and loneliness. Population-based surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2023. In all waves, residents aged ≥ 16 years were randomly selected to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Samples included 10,089 respondents in 2000, 5292 in 2005, 14,330 in 2010, 13,429 in 2013, 13,050 in 2017, 10,384 in 2021 and 9303 in 2023. CNCP was defined as pain lasting ≥ 6 months. Mental status was assessed by Mental Component Summary score of Short Form-12 and severe loneliness by the Three-Item Loneliness Scale. Calibration weighting was applied to reduce potential non-response bias. The prevalence of CNCP increased steadily by 9.4 percentage points from 2000 (19.5%) to 2023 (28.9%), but with a downward tick during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 (25.3%). Women aged 45 years or older had the highest prevalence in all waves. Results showed a worsening of mental health over time in both individuals with and without CNCP; however, the lowest scores were reported by individuals with CNCP. Severe loneliness seemed to be a substantial problem in individuals with CNCP (17.3% in 2021). In summary, CNCP was highly prevalent over the given period and associated with mental health status and severe loneliness in recent years. This study demonstrated alarming trend on chronic non-cancer pain prevalence over time in Denmark. The high estimates of prevalence and related issues, such as mental health and severe loneliness deserve further investigation and prioritisation in the public health agenda.

P1077 Early detection of non-response to non-anti-TNF treatment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients using neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a biomarker

Abstract Background The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as a potential marker of subclinical inflammation. Previous studies suggest NLR may predict therapeutic response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs1,2. However, there is a lack of published data investigating the role of NLR as a predictor for non-anti-TNF treatments. Methods In this retrospective analysis, medical records of 55 patients followed in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) outpatient department from January 1, 2020, to July 1, 2024, were reviewed. All patients initiated non-anti-TNF biologic treatment during this period. NLR was measured at week 4 of treatment, and non-response (NR) was assessed at week 16. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 11)/non-responders and Group B (n = 44)/responders. Statistical analysis of NLR measurements was performed using R. Logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the relationship between NR and ln(NLR). Results The study included 55 IBD patients (27 with ulcerative colitis [UC] and 28 with Crohn’s disease [CD]), with a mean age of 49.81 years. The cohort comprised 23 females and 32 males. Treatment distribution was as follows: ustekinumab (n = 26), vedolizumab (n = 22), upadacitinib (n = 6) and tofacitinib (n = 1).The non-parametric Wilcoxon test revealed statistically significant differences in median NLR between Group A and Group B (P = 0.01464 < 0.05). Logistic regression demonstrated a significant relationship between NR and ln(NLR) (P = 0.024844 < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.7407, with a threshold achieving a sensitivity of 0.9091 and a specificity of 0.5227. Conclusion NLR shows promise as a non-invasive, accessible, and cost-effective biomarker for the early detection of non-response to non-anti-TNF biologic therapy in IBD patients.

The Treatment Experiences of Vegetarians and Vegans with an Eating Disorder: A Qualitative Study.

Vegetarianism and veganism have long been tied to disordered eating and are frequently considered to be methods of limiting available food choices. Health professionals specializing in eating disorder treatment may modify their treatment practices to support their vegetarian or vegan clients. However, there are no formally recognized clinical guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders in these groups. Moreover, no studies have yet explored the experiences of seeking and receiving eating disorder treatment while adhering to vegetarianism or veganism, which are needed to inform the development of guidelines. The present study aims to explore the lived experiences of vegetarians and vegans on eating disorder treatment through semi-structured interviews and reflexive thematic analysis. Seventeen participants (aged 19-48, 76% female, 41% vegan) with a history of receiving eating disorder treatment were recruited. We identified five themes that participants described as important experiences for the treatment of their eating disorder when sought as a vegetarian or vegan: (1) Health professional perspectives, (2) The interaction of dietary status with treatment quality, (3) The give and take of treatment, (4) Lack of flexibility in treatment services, and (5) Current treatment approaches not well equipped to support dietary variations. This paper identifies the complex relationship between eating disorders, veganism, and vegetarianism and the perceptions of treatment from the perspectives of those who have received treatment. Our findings suggest that acknowledgement and the flexibility to work with an individual's vegan and vegetarian values within treatment may contribute to enhanced outcomes and treatment experiences. Limitations include potential participation and response biases and a predominantly female-identifying sample. This study will contribute to the development of clinical guidelines when working with vegan and vegetarian clients.

Estimation for Two Sensitive Variables Using Randomization Response Model Under Stratified Random Sampling

When direct survey are about sensitive characteristics such as addiction to drugs, alcoholism, proneness to tax invasion and sexual violence, nonresponse bias and response bias become serious problems because people oftentimes do not wish to give true information. In this study, when the population is composed of strata such as gender, region, age group, we consider the simple model and crossed model by applying stratified random sampling which can estimate not only the domain population proportion but also the whole population proportion for two sensitive attributes such as drug use and sexual violence in the same time. In addition, when the size of each population stratum is unknown in stratified random sampling, we propose the simple model and crossed model by using stratified double sampling method. In each proposed survey design, the sample allocation of each stratum is dealt with in consideration of proportional allocation and optimal one. We compare the efficiency between the simple model and the crossed model according to the proposed stratified random sampling design.

Strategies to Increase Response Rate and Reduce Nonresponse Bias in Population Health Research: Analysis of a Series of Randomized Controlled Experiments during a Large COVID-19 Study.

High response rates are needed in population-based studies, as nonresponse reduces effective sample size and bias affects accuracy and decreases the generalizability of the study findings. We tested different strategies to improve response rate and reduce nonresponse bias in a national population-based COVID-19 surveillance program in England, United Kingdom. Over 19 rounds, a random sample of individuals aged 5 years and older from the general population in England were invited by mail to complete a web-based questionnaire and return a swab for SARS-CoV-2 testing. We carried out several nested randomized controlled experiments to measure the impact on response rates of different interventions, including (1) variations in invitation and reminder letters and SMS text messages and (2) the offer of a conditional monetary incentive to return a swab, reporting absolute changes in response and relative response rate (95% CIs). Monetary incentives increased the response rate (completed swabs returned as a proportion of the number of individuals invited) across all age groups, sex at birth, and area deprivation with the biggest increase among the lowest responders, namely teenagers and young adults and those living in more deprived areas. With no monetary incentive, the response rate was 3.4% in participants aged 18-22 years, increasing to 8.1% with a £10 (US $12.5) incentive, 11.9% with £20 (US $25.0), and 18.2% with £30 (US $37.5) (relative response rate 2.4 [95% CI 2.0-2.9], 3.5 [95% CI 3.0-4.2], and 5.4 [95% CI 4.4-6.7], respectively). Nonmonetary strategies had a modest, if any, impact on response rate. The largest effect was observed for sending an additional swab reminder (SMS text message or email). For example, those receiving an additional SMS text message were more likely to return a completed swab compared to those receiving the standard email-SMS approach, 73.3% versus 70.2%: percentage difference 3.1% (95% CI 2.2%-4.0%). Conditional monetary incentives improved response rates to a web-based survey, which required the return of a swab test, particularly for younger age groups. Used in a selective way, incentives may be an effective strategy for improving sample response and representativeness in population-based studies.

Participation in The Good Council: Insights from a Private Mini-Public

This study investigates participation in the Good Council for Redistribution. This privately organized deliberative mini-public initiated by Austrian activist Marlene Engelhorn deliberated on wealth distribution and allocated her €25 million inheritance. The initiative lacked a democratic mandate and institutional ties, yet it attracted significant media attention and provided generous financial compensation to participants. Drawing on two surveys fielded before the start of the Good Council, the study examines who sought to take part and explores the motives for willingness to participate. Findings confirm sociodemographic biases in participation that could be mitigated in the statistical selection stage. Moreover, the study reveals differences in the relevance of motives that are linked to sociodemographic and attitudinal factors. The results suggest that understanding the motives for participation may contribute to enhancing representativeness and inclusiveness of deliberative mini-publics.

One direction? Cultural aspects of the mental number line beyond reading direction

Spatial-Numerical Associations (SNAs) refer to the demonstrations of spatial processing of numbers. The Mental Number Line (MNL) is a representation model describing numbers as aligning left-to-right (LR) and was suggested to account for directional biases in participants’ responses during numerical tasks. One common behavioral demonstration of this is the Spatial-Numerical Associations of Response Codes (SNARC) effect, which describes faster left-/right-hand responses to smaller/larger numbers, respectively. The MNL, and, consequently, directional SNAs, show variabilities across different cultures. Reading direction is considered to be the main factor in explaining these differences. In line with this, individuals with right-to-left (RL) reading habits show a weaker or even reverse SNARC effect. In the present study, we investigated whether SNAs are influenced not only by reading direction, but also by cultural directional preferences such as drawing lines, arranging objects, imagining objects (i.e., rightward or leftward facing), or representing events in time (i.e., mentally representing the past/future on the left/right, respectively). To test this hypothesis, we measured the cultural directional preferences and the SNARC effect across three cultures in an online setup; German, Turkish, and Iranian. LR preferences in the Cultural Directional Preferences Questionnaire were most prominent in German participants, intermediate in Turkish participants, and least prominent in Iranian participants. In line with this, the LR SNARC effect was strongest in German, intermediate in Turkish, and weakest (but not RL) in Iranian culture. These findings suggest that cultural directional preferences are involved in the emergence of adult SNAs in addition to the reading direction.

The impact of self-report inaccuracy in the UK Biobank and its interplay with selective participation.

Although the use of short self-report measures is common practice in biobank initiatives, such a phenotyping strategy is inherently prone to reporting errors. To explore challenges related to self-report errors, we first derived a reporting error score in the UK Biobank (UKBB; n = 73,127), capturing inconsistent self-reporting in time-invariant phenotypes across multiple measurement occasions. We then performed genome-wide scans on the reporting error score, applied downstream analyses (linkage disequilibrium score regression and Mendelian randomization) and compared its properties to the UKBB participation propensity. Finally, we improved phenotype resolution for 24 measures and inspected the changes in genomic findings. We found that reporting error was present across all 33 assessed self-report measures, with repeatability levels as low as 47% (childhood body size). Reporting error was not independent from UKBB participation, evidenced by the negative genetic correlation between the two outcomes (rg = -0.77), their shared causes (for example, education) and the loss in self-report accuracy following participation bias correction. Across all analyses, the impact of reporting error ranged from reduced power (for example, for gene discovery) to biased estimates (for example, if present in the exposure variable) and attenuation of genome-wide quantities (for example, 21% relative attenuation in SNP heritability for childhood height). Our findings highlight that both self-report accuracy and selective participation are competing biases and sources of poor reproducibility for biobank-scale research.

Using Video Cameras to Assess Physical Activity and Other Well-Being Behaviors in Urban Environments: Feasibility, Reliability, and Participant Reactivity Studies.

Unobtrusive observation is a promising method for assessing physical activity and other well-being behaviors (eg, social interactions) in urban environments, without participant burden and biases associated with self-report. However, current methods require multiple in-person observers. Using video cameras instead could allow for more accurate observations at lower cost and with greater flexibility in scheduling. This research aimed to test the feasibility of using stationary wireless video cameras to observe physical activity and other well-being behaviors, and to assess its reliability and potential participant reactivity. Across 3 cross-sectional studies, 148 hours of video recordings were collected from 6 outdoor public spaces in Manchester, United Kingdom. The videos were coded by 3 researchers using MOHAWk (Method for Observing Physical Activity and Wellbeing)-a validated in-person observation tool for assessing physical activity, social interactions, and people taking notice of the environment. Inter- and intrarater reliabilities were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Intercept surveys were conducted to assess public awareness of the cameras and whether they altered their behavior due to the presence of cameras. The 148 hours of video recordings were coded in 85 hours. Interrater reliability between independent coders was mostly "excellent" (ICCs>0.90; n=36), with a small number of "good" (ICCs>0.75; n=2), "moderate" (ICCs=0.5-0.75; n=3), or "poor" (ICCs<0.5; n=1) ICC values. Reliability decreased at night, particularly for coding ethnic group and social interactions, but remained mostly "excellent" or "good." Intrarater reliability within a single coder after a 2-week interval was "excellent" for all but 1 code, with 1 "good" ICC value for assessing vigorous physical activity, indicating that the coder could reproduce similar results over time. Intrarater reliability was generally similar during the day and night, apart from ICC values for coding ethnic group, which reduced from "excellent" to "good" at night. Intercept surveys with 86 public space users found that only 5 (5.8%) participants noticed the cameras used for this study. Importantly, all 5 said that they did not alter their behavior as a result of noticing these cameras, therefore, indicating no evidence of reactivity. Camera-based observation methods are more reliable than in-person observations and do not produce participant reactivity often associated with self-report methods. This method requires less time for data collection and coding, while allowing for safe nighttime observation without the risk to research staff. This research is a significant first step in demonstrating the potential for camera-based methods to improve natural experimental studies of real-world environmental interventions. It also provides a rigorous foundation for developing more scalable automated computer vision algorithms for assessing human behaviors.

Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mental Health Problems Among University Students: Data Quality Evaluation Study.

The use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) designs has been on the rise in mental health epidemiology. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the determinants of participation in and compliance with EMA studies, reliability of measures, and underreporting of methodological details and data quality indicators. This study aims to evaluate the quality of EMA data in a large sample of university students by estimating participation rate and mean compliance, identifying predictors of individual-level participation and compliance, evaluating between- and within-person reliability of measures of negative and positive affect, and identifying potential careless responding. A total of 1259 university students were invited to participate in a 15-day EMA study on mental health problems. Logistic and Poisson regressions were used to investigate the associations between sociodemographic factors, lifetime adverse experiences, stressful events in the previous 12 months, and mental disorder screens and EMA participation and compliance. Multilevel reliability and intraclass correlation coefficients were obtained for positive and negative affect measures. Careless responders were identified based on low compliance or individual reliability coefficients. Of those invited, 62.1% (782/1259) participated in the EMA study, with a mean compliance of 76.9% (SD 27.7%). Participation was higher among female individuals (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.06-1.87) and lower among those aged ≥30 years (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.43 vs those aged 18-21 years) and those who had experienced the death of a friend or family member in the previous 12 months (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57-0.94) or had a suicide attempt in the previous 12 months (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.64). Compliance was particularly low among those exposed to sexual abuse before the age of 18 years (exponential of β=0.87) or to sexual assault or rape in the previous year (exponential of β=0.80) and among those with 12-month positive alcohol use disorder screens (exponential of β=0.89). Between-person reliability of negative and positive affect was strong (RkRn>0.97), whereas within-person reliability was fair to moderate (Rcn>0.43). Of all answered assessments, 0.86% (291/33,626) were flagged as careless responses because the response time per item was <1 second or the participants gave the same response to all items. Of the participants, 17.5% (137/782) could be considered careless responders due to low compliance (<25/56, 45%) or very low to null individual reliability (raw Cronbach α<0.11) for either negative or positive affect. Data quality assessments should be carried out in EMA studies in a standardized manner to provide robust conclusions to advance the field. Future EMA research should implement strategies to mitigate nonresponse bias as well as conduct sensitivity analyses to assess possible exclusion of careless responders.

Shared Decision Making in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia.

Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is a primary lymphocytic scarring alopecia which occurs predominantly in Black middle-aged women.1,2 The benefits and prevalence of shared decision-making (SDM) models for CCCA patients have yet to be studied. Our study investigates the role of SDM in the management of CCCA. SDM processes were measured by the SDM-Q9, the Decisional Regret Scale (DRS), and the Patient Control Preferences Scale (CPS). Members of the Scarring Alopecia Foundation (n=1192) were recruited between June and August of 2023 via a one-time email sent via the Scarring Alopecia Foundation listserv. 87 respondents were documented. The CPS (n=87) suggested that most patients (47.6% ; n=41) prefer to share responsibility with their doctor for treatment decisions. The SDM Q-9 (Scored 0-45) and DRS [scored 0-100] demonstrated mean scores of 27.5 (11.5) and 38.4 (19.4), with higher and lesser scores, respectively, demonstrating patient satisfaction with SDM. SDM is useful in complex decision-making when there are several medically reasonable alternatives available for treatment. Patients with CCCA may benefit from this model, and investments in resources such as patient decision aids and SDM training for further dermatologists will aid integration into clinical practice. There was no method of verifying the CCCA diagnosis for respondents. Additionally, most respondents had tertiary education, which limits generalizability to the wider population. Lastly, the low survey response rate (9.7%) predisposes to nonresponse bias. The CPS, SDM-Q-9, and DRS suggest that patients with CCCA prefer to be involved in management decisions.

Inferring a Population Composition From Survey Data With Nonignorable Nonresponse: Borrowing Information From External Sources

Abstract We introduce a method for inference on the composition of a heterogeneous population using survey data, accounting for the possibility that capture heterogeneity is related to key survey variables. To deal with nonignorable nonresponse, we combine different data sources and propose the use of Fisher’s noncentral hypergeometric model in a Bayesian framework. To illustrate the potentialities of our methodology, we present a case study aimed at estimating the distribution of occupation status of Italian graduates one year after graduating, cross-classified by gender and degree program. In our case study, we account for a potential dependence between occupation status and survey response, implying the nonignorable nonresponse. Our findings show that employed people are generally more inclined to answer the questionnaire. Neglecting the nonresponse bias in such contexts might lead to overestimating the employment rate.

P004 Difficult to Treat axial Spondyloarthritis- insights from a tertiary rheumatology service

Abstract Background Therapy non-response (NR) can be seen in 30% of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) with some patients requiring multiple therapies. We wanted to assess in our axSpA population those with difficult to treat (D2T) disease as defined in two ways: (ever) failure of any 2 b/ts-DMARDs which we called “standard definition” or (ever) failure ≥2 b/ts-DMARDs with differing mechanisms of action (MoA), “strict definition”. Aims To describe the clinical, laboratory and imaging characteristics of axSpA patients meeting varying definitions of D2T disease and to compare differences between those responding to their current b/tsDMARD (BASDAI &amp;lt;4) and those who are not (BASDAI ≥4). Methods A cross-sectional analysis of b/ts-DMARD prescribing in the Leeds Specialist Spondyloarthritis Service identified patients with axSpA treated with a b/ts-DMARD between October 2023 and May 2024. Demographics and clinical characteristics including BASDAI, CRP and imaging were assessed. Patients were classified as NR at the time of assessment based if BASDAI ≥4, as a marker of ongoing disease activity. Results Overall, 680 patients on b/ts-DMARDs were identified, of which 109 (16.0%) had (ever) failed any 2 b/ts-DMARDs and 58 (8.5%) ≥2 b/ts-DMARDs with differing MoA. The demographics were similar between groups with mean age (49.2 [SD12.4] vs 49.5 [SD12.3]), predominant male sex (62% vs 65%), HLA-B27 (77% vs 81%), and prevalence of radiographic disease (59% vs 56%) in those meeting standard and strict definitions respectively. At last clinical review, 99 (91%) patients meeting standard definition and 51 (88%) meeting strict definition remained on a b/ts-DMARD. Of the patients reviewed during 2023/2024, 40/55 (73%) meeting the standard definition and 18/25 (72%) meeting the strict definition had NR. In patients experiencing NR, 17/35 (49%) had CRP &amp;gt;5 mg/L in the standard definition compared to 7/15 (47%) in the strict definition. Active inflammation on MRI was found on 1/4 patients meeting the standard criteria and 0/2 patients meeting the strict criteria. All patients had non-axSpA related pathology on MRI. Conclusions In this cross-sectional assessment a small proportion of axSpA patients appear to have D2T disease according to above definitions. Objective evidence of inflammation was seen in less than 50% either by CRP, MRI or both, suggesting a mix of non-inflammatory and true refractory disease. Further characterization of these populations in this and larger cohorts may identify predictors of non-response to b/tsDMARD therapy in axSpA.

The Impact of Employee Appreciation Approaches on Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from Air Traffic Controllers of Sri Lanka to Enhance Human

Understanding the dynamics of job satisfaction among Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) is imperative for ensuring the human performance, productivity, efficiency and safety of aviation operations. This study investigates the impact of various employee appreciation methods on the job satisfaction levels to enhance the performance of ATCs in Sri Lanka. Drawing upon existing literature and analysis of the data collected from the current employees, the research is aimed at filling a critical knowledge gap regarding the relationship between employee appreciation and job satisfaction within the ATC sector. The research problem centres on the need to comprehend how different forms of appreciation, ranging from verbal acknowledgements to tangible rewards, influence ATCs' job satisfaction. Through a structured survey utilizing a Likert scale, the study measured the effects of seven appreciation methods on job satisfaction, namely verbal expressions in one-on-one and public settings, electronic notes, written communications, tangible items, monetary bonuses, and the absence of gratitude. Key research questions addressed the specific impacts of each appreciation method on the job satisfaction of ATCs'. By analysing responses from ATCs in Sri Lanka, the study aimed to provide insights for supervisors and managers to tailor appreciation strategies effectively. The findings hold significance in enhancing the work environment, retaining talent, and promoting organisational productivity within the aviation industry. Acknowledging potential limitations such as participant biases and organisational policies, the research adopts measures to ensure data integrity and confidentiality. By leveraging a comprehensive approach to data collection and analysis, it enhanced the reliability and credibility of the findings of the study.

Why is there no negativity bias in evaluative conditioning? A cognitive-ecological answer.

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is the change of a conditioned stimulus's evaluation due to its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US). While learning typically shows negativity biases, we found no such biases in a reanalysis of meta-analytic EC data. We provide and test a cognitive-ecological answer for this lack of negativity bias. We assume that negativity effects follow from ecological differences in evaluative information's distributions (i.e., differential frequency). Accordingly, no negativity bias emerges because positive and negative information is equally frequent in most EC experiments. However, if negative (or positive) information is rare, we predict a negativity (positivity) bias. We tested this prediction in five preregistered experiments (three laboratory-based, N = 394, two online, N = 391). As predicted, if negative USs were rare, a negativity bias followed. However, if positive USs were rare, we also observed positivity biases in participants' conditioned stimulus evaluations. These data support a cognitive-ecological explanation of valence asymmetries and partially explain why EC experiments show no negativity bias: Typical EC designs do not reflect the ecological information structure that contributes to a negativity bias in the first place. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The impact of reminders on representativeness and survey estimates among web-mode invited in the Danish National Health Survey.

Declining response proportions in health surveys may lead to increased non-response bias. Multiple reminders are often used to increase response proportions, and, thus, we aimed to determine if the use of reminders decreased the magnitude of non-response bias among web-mode invited in the Danish National Health Survey 2023. In the Danish National Health Survey 2023, a national random sample of 23467 individuals (aged ≥16 years) with residence in Denmark were invited by a secure electronic mail service. Invited individuals received up to five inquiries: (i) web invitation, (ii) web reminder, (iii) paper invitation including a questionnaire and a prepaid return envelope, (iv) paper reminder, and (v) paper reminder including a questionnaire and a prepaid return envelope. The cumulative response proportions after first-, second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth inquiries were 19.1%, 28.9%, 37.2%, 39.3%, and 42.0%, respectively. In general, third, fourth, and fifth mailing respondents were more often men, at younger ages, with non-Western backgrounds, and unmarried compared to first mailing respondents. Furthermore, third, fourth, and fifth mailing respondents were in general found to have less favorable health behavior than first mailing respondents, but also a lower prevalence of fair or poor self-rated health and long-standing health problems. In conlusion, reminders are an effective way to increase the response proportion. Furthermore, the use of reminders was found to decrease the magnitude of non-response bias; however, the decrease was small due to the low number of individuals responding after fourth and fifth inquiries.

Which Survey Design Can Serve as an Authentic Citizen Satisfaction Measurement? A Cross-Survey Comparison

A considerable amount of literature has been published on increasing citizens’ satisfaction through satisfaction surveys. However, we know little about how to find the optimal design for a citizen satisfaction survey. Borrowing insights from dual-process theory, the study examines the effects of citizen satisfaction survey design on respondents’ effort and reported satisfaction. A fully randomized 2 × 3 between-subjects factorial experiment revealed a positive relationship between the number of anchors and the cognitive effort, while the effect of survey length is negative. Additionally, an increasing number of anchors will decrease the cognitive bias of participants. This study underscores the critical role of dual-process theory in understanding citizens’ evaluations and offers practical implications for survey design.

DISP-08. GBM PATIENTS FACE TTF ACCESS AND INFORMATION INEQUITY THAT MAY IMPACT PATIENT OUTCOMES AND QUALITY-OF-LIFE

Abstract We evaluated the quality and accessibility of healthcare for Glioblastoma (GBM) patients across the United States through an online survey distributed to the OurBrainBank community and partners and promoted on social media. A total of 297 patients or caregivers completed the survey (85% caregivers; 15% GBM patients). Median age at diagnosis was 57, lower than the national average. 78% described having some college education, and 69% reported commercial insurance coverage. Our preliminary findings highlight that 82% of respondents reported that their treating doctor recommended the standard-of-care for GBM consisting of tumor resection, 3-6 weeks of chemo/radiation, and 6 months of chemotherapy and sometimes Tumor-Treating-Fields (TTF), per the Comprehensive- Cancer-Network (2021) guidelines. 40% reported no discussion of TTF as an option. Of those offered TTF, nearly half (46%) received it as part of their initial treatment combined with standard chemotherapy and 36% received it as a subsequent option. For those attempting to access TTF, 29% encountered difficulties, often due to financial constraints linked to insurance denials. These findings illuminate significant concerns regarding dissemination of information on treatment options, as well as access to treatments. Access to these treatments can have a significant influence on survival and quality of life of GBM patients. The substantial number of patients not offered TTF, combined with challenges to accessing treatments due to insurance issues, highlight critical obstacles to engaging in informed and shared decision-making. Compared to the general GBM-affected population, our survey respondents tend to be younger and from urban areas, indicating a possible selection bias in survey participation. This skew could lead to an underrepresentation of the challenges encountered by patients facing additional barriers. We are adopting measures to engage a more diverse participant group, especially from rural communities Ongoing targeted recruitment will further elucidate barriers to patient-centered care in GBM, with the potential for significant improvements in survival and QOL.

Public Participation GIS for Healthy Urban Planning

This scoping review investigates the utilization of public participatory geographic information system (PPGIS) methods in the context of healthy urban planning. A set of scientific publications (n = 38) applying PPGIS in urban settings has been extracted to map the addressed health topics, the characteristics of science–practice cooperation, and participation bias. Findings show that predominantly spatially well-representable features are subject to PPGIS surveys, while cluster analysis reveals specific patterns in health topic combinations. PPGIS results add value for officials performing their tasks. However, as a new tool, the full potential to aid planning has yet to be unleashed. PPGIS has been believed to reduce participation barriers and partially succeeds in reaching more diverse participants, as experiences with public participation show. However, there is no improvement in the recruitment of participants with lower levels of education.