Participants In International Relations Research Articles

When and Why the Doctrine of a “Rules-Based International Order” Emerged

INTRODUCTION. It is no understatement to say that the “rules-based international order” doctrine, as opposed to the “international order based on law”, has emerged as one of the most debated concepts in global politics during in the late ХХ and early ХХI centuries. This concept presents a framework where general rules of conduct for states, though not norms of jus cogens under general international law, are considered legally binding for all states and other participants in international relations. Consequently, it challenges the traditionally recognized supremacy of international law in governing these relations, seeking to erode established practices of international law-making. This doctrine is actively utilized by leading Western powers to substantiate their political positions and accuse strategic competitors of failing to adhere to these “rules” deemed as legally binding. Understanding the essence and origin of this doctrine is crucial in unraveling its significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The set of used methodological approaches encompass a range of general scientific and specialized methods, including historical analysis, formal logic, synthesis, as well as systemic and comparative legal methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. The research indicates that the doctrine of a rules-based international order entered international diplomatic discourse in the early 1990s, arising as a consequence of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of a unipolar world.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author reaches the conclusion that in the context of this emerging unipolarity, the United States deemed it appropriate to unilaterally (or at most in conjunction with its closest allies) dictate universally binding rules of conduct in international relations to the global community. The doctrine of a rules-based internation[1]al order provided the necessary scientific justification to validate such a policy. Initially, this doctrine garnered substantial support in international politics but subsequently faced a decline in its proponents, particularly with the shift towards a polycentric world order. While it continues to exist to some extent, the goals for which it was originally conceived have been largely nullified.

Держава і державність: сучасні геополітичні та міжнародно-правові загрози

Modern doctrinal approaches to the definition of the concepts of “state” and “statehood” are debatable and sometimes controversial, which necessitates their clarification in view of the existing global and local trends. It is suggested that “statehood” is broader than the concept of “state”. The former is associated with independence, state sovereignty, the existence of state and municipal authorities, a system of legal norms and their international recognition. The main characteristics of statehood include the national selfidentity of the population of the State, the embodiment of the interests of the national community in the State’s independence, recognition of such a State on the world stage and its participation in international relations. The author clarifies that the concept of “statehood” is not identical to “state”. It is determined that the geopolitical and international legal threats that have a direct impact on the sovereignty and independence of the State include: external and internal armed conflicts, uncontrolled migration, global extremism and terrorism; non-linear methods of warfare, creation of new “zones of tension”, energy revolution, growing social and economic inequality, civil conflicts, strengthening of the role of nation-states, cross-border conflicts, etc. It is noted that these factors also have an indirect impact on statehood through the “blurring” of the self-identity of the state’s population, questioning of its sovereignty, and as a result, the loss of legal personality on the world stage. The author emphasizes that the negative consequences of these influences on statehood may lead to the disappearance of the state itself in the historical perspective. That is why timely countermeasures should be taken to counter such geopolitical and international legal threats.

The influence of the organization of the national currency system on the investment climate in Ukraine

The paper examines important aspects of the influence of the organization of the national currency system on the investment climate in Ukraine. The authors consider the functions of the national currency system, including control of international settlements, management of the foreign exchange market, participation in international relations and provision of favorable conditions for economic development. Special attention is paid to the influence of the organization of the currency system on the investment climate through the analysis of various problems, such as corruption, instability of the economic and political situation, lack of guarantees, etc. The paper puts forward recommendations for improving the investment climate in Ukraine, in particular through the improvement of legislation, the fight against corruption, the creation of a competitive business environment and other measures. The analysis of foreign direct investment schedules informs about the dynamics of the investment process in Ukraine and emphasizes the importance of solving problems for attracting new investments. The conclusions of the paper indicate the need for comprehensive measures to improve the investment climate and increase Ukraine's competitiveness on the international market.

Международные организации и реализм российской доктрины международного права конца XIX — начала XX вв

International organizations gone through a long path of evolution from the unions of ancient Greek states to supranational integration associations of the 21st century, are not only participants in international relations, but also creators of international law. That is why doctrine regarding the study of the nature of international organizations are of particular scientific interest. Russian pre-revolutionary doctrine contributed to the study of this form of interaction between states. This article is devoted to a retrospective study of the ideas of Russian scientists of the late 19th century. — beginning of the 20th century about international organizations as a form of cooperation between states of that time.

Ecojesuit: Collaborating Through Networking and International Relations

Unpacking the experience of Ecojesuit as a global network helps in exploring new ways of collaborating across institutions and committed individuals for better participation in global processes. Ecojesuit, a tiny voice at the fringes of the United Nations (UN) meetings on climate and sustainability, adds effort to the broader social commitment for global action. It connects with other organizations sharing goodwill, capacities and voices caring for our common home and those struggling in the local context of climate disasters. While COP28 has been a great disappointment for those seeking fossil fuel phaseout, research of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is increasingly upheld. Such participation in international relations deepens the Jesuit Universal Apostolic Preferences (UAPs) and Jesuit regional Conferences in apostolic planning. The process of growing a Jesuit network of broad collaboration takes decades; each revision involves greater participation and inclusion of present realities and meaning in life.

Регулирование “облачных сервисов” как инструмент международной конкуренции: определение предметного поля

The development of ‘new political spaces’, particularly within the information domain, is emerging as a significant trend. With the rapid expansion of the global ICT sector, cloud services have become one of the pivotal industries. This paper explores the core aspects of the cloud services sector, delineates its key components and highlights its principal feature: the ability to facilitate long-term cross-border operations through remote program execution and network access. Cloud services constitute a burgeoning global market dominated by the U.S. and China, fostering both economic and non-economic competition, along with associated threats and opportunities. In this competitive environment, various actors, especially states and large corporations, assert their political interests. The study reviews diverse scholarly approaches to cloud services within political science from 2010 to 2022. The author proposes two scientific hypotheses: the first posits that the growth of the global cloud services market, combined with their technical characteristics, contributes to the transformation of this technology into a powerful instrument of international influence and competition; the second hypothesis asserts that governmental regulation of cloud services can serve as an effective method for countries seeking to enhance their international influence and impact on other participants in international relations. The paper examines governmental regulatory goals, types and methods within legal, cultural, political and economic subsystems. Furthermore, the study outlines the existing international regulatory framework for cloud services and proposes an alternative model. This proposed model supports the coexistence of multiple regulatory regimes, enhances coordination among system participants and mitigates the likelihood of destructive actions targeting individual participants.

Global cities as subjects of international relations in the 21st century

Global cities are becoming increasingly influential actors in international relations in the 21st century. That is why this work uses a city as the primary unit of analysis, which, although traditionally considered a state actor, currently develops autonomous initiatives that go beyond internal borders and have a global reach. The goal is to examine the potential and resources of global cities for independent participation in international relations and thereby evaluate their role in foreign policy. To explain this process, the concept of actorness is used. Actorness as a character of the city was discussed in more detail in the example of Sao Paolo by applying Duran?s four-dimensional model, whose criteria are authority, opportunities, autonomy, and presence. This model was applied in search of an answer to the main research question: Can we talk about Sao Paolo as an actor in international relations? The analysis of the case study will be based on an extensive review of primary and secondary data sources, including official documents of the city municipality and the city office for external affairs, media reports, scientific publications, and works on the topic of the city?s international engagements. Based on the analysis of the mentioned data, each of these characteristics has been met in the international activity of Sao Paulo. The intention is to contribute to the existing literature by expanding the geographical scope of the study of international urban activism and shifting the academic focus away from the Eurocentric discourse. The paper adopts a multilingual approach in search of relevant information on the role of cities in international relations in Spanish and Portuguese in order to enrich the debate and fill the gaps found in the literature in English.

СУБЪЕКТЫ АНТИТЕРРОРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ И АНТИЭКСТРЕМИСТСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The subject of the study is the subjects of anti–terrorist and anti-extremist activities in the Russian Federation (hereinafter — the Russian Federation). The main purpose of the study is aimed at identifying the main actors countering extremism and terrorism, as well as at forming an approach to their classification. The hypothesis of the study suggests that the subjects of countering extremism and terrorism presented in the current legislation as public authorities do not cover all participants in the legal relations under consideration. As the main research method, a comparative legal analysis of existing legal sources regulating activities to counter extremism and terrorism was used. As a result of the conducted research, the main circle of subjects countering extremism and terrorism has been identified, as well as the subjects that helped classify them have been identified. Conclusions reached by the author of the study: 1) the subjects of countering extremism and terrorism are both public authorities, civil society institutions and participants in international relations in the field of activity under consideration; 2) the identified links between the subjects allow them to be classified: a) by the level of management: federal, regional, local; b) by the quantitative composition: individual and group; c) by the territory of activity: domestic and international. The results obtained can be used to study the subjects of anti-extremist and anti-terrorist activities, as well as to improve the mechanisms for countering these antisocial phenomena.

Poland as a Democracy Exporter to the East? The Effectiveness of the International Role in the Example of Development Cooperation

This article assesses the effectiveness of Poland’s development cooperation as a tool for realising the role of democracy (and broader – transition experiences) exporter. The assessment implements and adapts the framework presented by Justyna Zając, who indicated that an evaluation of the effectiveness of the international role must consider the rationality of its adopted concept, the feasibility and consistency of its implementation and the degree of its approval by other participants in international relations.

РАЗВИТИЕ ЯПОНО-АМЕРИКАНСКОГО ВОЕННО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО АЛЬЯНСА В ПЕРИОД 1990–1996 ГОДОВ

The end of the Cold War and the subsequent collapse of the bipolar international political system forced all participants in international relations to begin the process of reforming the usual tools of foreign policy communication. The moderator of the new collective security conjuncture was the United Nations under the auspices of the United States. Japan, as an ally of the United States and a direct member of the UN, needed to adapt the principles of its foreign policy to effectively integrate into the new system of international relations. Military conflicts around the world have challenged not only the fledgling system of collective response, but also its participants. This article attempts to determine the impact of new security challenges on the transformation of Japan's foreign policy and interaction with the United States within the framework of the Japan-U.S. politicalmilitary alliance. It uses materials declassified by the U.S. National Security Archive.

Концепт культурного влияния в современной мировой политике

The coverage of the factor of cultural international relations and the role of an instrument of foreign policy in modern conditions is revealed. It is indicated that changes in foreign policy achievements in the field of culture force participants in international relations to have their own options for studying cultural heritage in line with foreign policy. The aim is to analyze national approaches to building external cultural activities. The format of cultural diplomacy is considered as the main model of cooperation between cultures in international relations. The presence of studies of the relationship between culture and foreign policy in modern political science is stated, which lead to a discussion in considering the terms "foreign cultural policy" and "cultural diplomacy". The presence in the modern political discourse of studies of the relationship between foreign policy and culture is stated, which contributes to the discussion of the terms "cultural diplomacy" and "foreign cultural policy". It stands out that the cultural interaction of Russia with a number of countries is limited by the "cancellation of Russian culture" abroad and, as a result, leads to a decrease in Russian cultural influence. In conclusion, the need to update the priority areas of the State Cultural Policy Strategy for the period until 2030 is indicated, taking into account the current foreign policy situation. Within the framework of Russian cultural diplomacy, measures are proposed to counteract the practice of a “cancellation culture”. Materials of the periodical press are used, as well as special literature on the problem.

Анализ внешнеэкономического потенциала стран Латинской Америки

The article analyzes the foreign economic potential of Latin American countries in the context of its development in the last decade, characterized by significant global crises and geopolitical upheavals. Considering that Latin American countries are active participants in international relations, including with the Russian Federation, and also play a significant role in the international division of labor, we have set the goal of the study – to quantify the changes and the state of the main economic indicators that reflect both foreign economic and domestic processes in the leading countries of the region under consideration, which determine their foreign economic potential. To achieve this goal, traditional methods of scientific knowledge, analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of analytical tools for working with statistical data were used: tabular, graphical, coefficient method, analytical indicators of time series. Based on the results of the study, a number of patterns of recent years have been identified. In particular, the region under consideration experienced the colossal destructive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, however, under these conditions, it generally retained its position in the share of world GDP, which is demonstrated by the analyzed international statistics. According to the results of the analysis, it was noted that the realization of the potential of Latin American countries and the development of their economies is ensured through significant structural changes with priorities for such sectors as the agro-industrial complex and high technology, which largely provides prospects for further development of foreign economic activity and strengthening its position in world markets. The data of international statistics demonstrate the effectiveness of the efforts of the leadership of these states to reduce dependence on the export of the oil and gas industry and develop other types of economic activity. A special place in the economies of countries and their potential as a global supplier is occupied by the modernizing agro-industrial complex, and the tourism services sector plays a significant role. The development of enterprises in the field of information and communication services and digital technologies is assessed by experts as the potential for new positive qualitative changes both for the domestic economy and for international cooperation. However, despite the potential, the economies of Latin America are also subject to systemic problems, which are also clearly reflected in the statistics. The main ones are: corruption, which prevents the formation of a favorable market environment; the complexity of organizing business activities; negative investment flows reflecting capital flight; low standard of living of the population as a whole. As a conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the main systemic problems that prevent the countries of Latin America from realizing their socio-economic potential, as well as about the possibilities of foreign economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and them.

Problems of the Carrier's Liability for Violation of the Terms of Cargo Delivery

Territorial changes in the modern world cause an ambiguous reaction of participants in international relations. The entry of the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation entailed the application of restrictive measures against Russia, the Russian economy was under severe pressure. In modern realities, the correct legal regulation of market segments, one of which is the transport system, is of great importance. The article discusses the proposal of the deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on the release of the open joint-stock company "Russian Railways" (hereinafter referred to as RZD) from paying penalties for late delivery of goods. Through the analysis of the concepts of "force majeure" and "international sanctions" on the example of the situation in the Eastern Railway region, this aspect is critically comprehended.

Współpraca regionalna a bezpieczeństwo militarne Polski

Each state, through participation in international relations, constantly strives to ensure and then maintain an appropriate level of security. Functioning in the environment of other countries, it must pursue many interests, thanks to which it guarantees its survival, but at the same time ensures comprehensive development. The security of citizens of each state depends on many factors, including geopolitical and military conditions. One of the most important factors guaranteeing both the stability of the state’s constitutional order and the protection of its democratic values is political security. Ensuring it requires maintaining state structures in constant readiness in order to take up challenges, reduce threats and take advantage of opportunities in the political aspect. Closely related to this factor is military security, which concerns the relations between the state and the international environment, in which the military factor plays an important role. This requires maintaining the state’s own military capacity as optimal as possible and participating in adequate military alliances to prevent threats. The security of Poland and the region is usually perceived in the context of our participation in the most important international organizations, such as: the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). However regional initiatives are equally important. The aim of the article is to analyze selected regional initiatives and their impact on ensuring Poland’s military security.

Renewal of WTO law and ensuring the right to international order: modern discourse

The article analyzes the essence of the international order and lists the participants in international relations that guarantee it. The system of law of the WTO, the history of its formation and current state are separately described, the necessity of its updating is substantiated and it is offered to carry out codification of norms of law of the WTO. For this purpose the actual legal basis of activity of the WTO is investigated, the basic normative documents are resulted. It seems that some ways of solving problems of the international order by diplomatic means and by providing consultations used by the WTO were justified in the context of the global economic crisis, COVID-19 and military aggression as temporary, but should give way to rule-making and judicial mechanisms of ordering the social processes in general and international trade in particular. As the maintenance of the international order depends only in part on such a separate subject of international law as the WTO, the main goals of sustainable development are also listed, the realization of which guarantees stability in the world, which should be the basis of modern international order. It is clear that the goals of sustainable development will be realized, thus bring stability to the international order, restore harmony in nature, balance in social relations will be specific individuals and communities, so understanding the essence of current global social processes is extremely important, and this indicates the relevance of the study.
 In general, this work is based on the assertion of the importance enshrined in Art. 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of December 10, 1948, the right of everyone to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Historical and legal aspect of the formation of the external function of Ukraine: from state formations to the cossatians

Purpose. In this scientific research we will try to cover the times from pre-state formations that took place before the formation of the famous Kievan Rus to the times of the Cossacks and trace their ways of negotiating, consolidating agreements or marriages, which affected areas. Different periods of Kievan Rus under different princes, their activities and its impact on foreign relations are going to be mentioned. Let us highlight the times of her descendant - the Galicia-Volyn principality, which for years maintained the traditions of its ancestor, the times of the Cossacks, the figure of B. Khmelnytsky, the search for allies and the preservation of the once-cathedral lands. Method. The method involves the analysis of available scientific and theoretical materials and the formation of recommendations that meet the requirements of the time. Methods. During this scientific research were used such methods of scientific knowledge as historical, comparative, analysis and synthesis, functional. Results. We note that the issues of historical and legal aspects of the formation of external functions of the state, which today include: protection of sovereignty; integration into the international community of self-sufficient democracies; foreign economic activity; diplomatic cooperation with other states; international cooperation on environmental protection; The fight against international terrorism, money laundering, drug trafficking, human trafficking and illegal migration has a long tradition and reflects the same long and difficult path as the history of the state itself, but is always relevant and extremely important. stage of legal analysis in the general system of legal sciences and especially in the science of theory and history of state and law. The study found that the requirements for participants in international relations were formed almost together with the formation of the that state entities, which are virtually unchanged today, it is more appropriate to indicate that they are evolutionary. No less important are the facts of spirituality, volunteerism and wisdom of the head of state, on which depends the international legal activity and position. Scientific novelty. The modern world is currently going through difficult times in the context of global changes and transformations, which entails several consequences to which many states, as well as international law itself, are not adapted. The Ukrainian scientific literature practically does not comprehensively study the issue of updating the international legal functioning, which is an extremely important issue both in general and for Ukraine in particular, which has embarked on a path of radical renewal of its international functional wardrobe. That is why we have been conducting research since the beginning of statehood to develop the most up-to-date recommendations for updating the current situation. Practical significance. The results of this study can be the basis for further research in this historical and legal field and during lectures and seminars in the discipline "Theory and History of State and Law".

The Rise of International Health Law

INTRODUCTION. Over the past decades under the influence of demographic processes, economic shocks, morbidity increase and other systemic problems a whole spectrum of threats to health has gradually formed at the international level, characterized by severe socio-economic consequences for each country regardless of the welfare level. Today, the challenges of ensuring universal coverage of services, access to safe, quality medicines, control of health care costs, effective response to health emergencies, antibiotic resistance are not limited by the WHO regulations, but are included in the agenda of the UN, ILO, FAO and other intergovernmental organizations. The need to form a unified approach to regulate activities of numerous participants in international healthcare regulation has served as an incentive for the gradual development of international legal regulation of the field of health protection, becoming the subject of study by leading legal scholars, as well as international organizations. The presented article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main historical stages in the development of international cooperation in the field of health protection, which served as the basis for the formation of international health law in the field of health protection as a new branch of international law. Special attention in the article is paid to the assessment of the role of globalization processes in changing the nature of threats to human and public health and their impact on the formation of global health governance concept. Based on the systemic problems that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, the author formulated the main directions for improving the international legal regulation of the health sector.MATERIALS AND METHODS. During article preparation the following document were studied: acts of a universal and regional nature, resolutions of international organizations, legal positions of UN specialized agencies, as well as professional scientific associations. The theoretical basis of the research are the scientific works of national and foreign scientists in the field of international law and international relations in the field of health protection. The article was prepared using the general scientific method of cognition, including the formal logical and situational method and private law methods, such as comparative, historical and formal legal methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. Within the framework of the study, a conclusion was formulated about the formation of "international health law" as a new branch of international law, uniting international legal norms and principles governing the relations of subjects of international law, as well as other participants in international relations in the field of human health. In the work, the author presents the main sources of "international health law" and formulates the subject of regulation of this branch of law.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Describing the features of international cooperation in the field of health protection, expressed in an increase in the number of involved international organizations and other participants which are not subjects of international law, the author substantiates the formation of the concept of global health management and analyzes the main scientific publications in this area. Having studied the nature of health threats that have formed over the past decade under the influence of globalization processes, as well as the systematic problems of international cooperation demonstrated by the coronavirus pandemic, the authors emphasize the need to implement the repeatedly proposed initiative to develop a universal act that forms the basis of international legal regulation of health protection.

Парадипломатия российских регионов: возможности и ограничения (на примере Свердловской области)

Introduction. For three decades, the subjects of the Russian Federation have been participants in international relations, establishing international, foreign economic, cross-border cooperation with foreign partners. What are the opportunities and limitations of the international activities of the Russian regions? Have they transformed during this period? If so, in which direction and what was the reason for this? The purpose of this article is to find answers to these questions. Methodology. The conceptual basis of this study is the concept of paradiplomacy. The methodological basis of the study was the approach of Manuel Du- ran. The researcher suggests studying four aspects relevant to the study of the role of subnational government (powers, capabilities, abilities and presence). Methods. From the view point of the research design, the article is a case study, because it is based on the method of studying specific cases (case-study). The Sverdlovsk region was chosen as the object of the research. Results. Summarizing the results of the analysis of the Sverdlovsk region’s paradiplomacy, the author comes to the conclusion that Russian regions enter into international / foreign economic agreements, but only with the subjects of foreign federal states, administrative-territorial entities of foreign states. Secondly, the subjects of the Russian Federation take part in the work of international organizations, but only with those created specifically for these purposes. Thirdly, the regions also communicate with foreign states authorities, but only with the consent of the Government of the Russian Federa- tion. Fourthly, the subjects of the Russian Federa- tion open their representative offices outside the country, but in agreement with the Russian Foreign Ministry. Finally, the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation create institu- tions of paradiplomacy, which is expressed in the activities of regional ministries whose task is to as- sist in the developing international cooperation. Conclusions. The author outlines possibilities and limitations of paradiplomacy at the legislative level. Informally, the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be guided by the foreign policy line formulated by the head of the state. On a number of foreign policy events, certain Russian governors can take a firmer position than the federal center.

Soviet-Greek church relations as a factor of post-war stabilization in the world (1946–1953)

We consider the role of religion and religious leaders in the Soviet foreign policy towards Greece. The reasons for the conflict between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Church were not rooted in religion, the cultural divide between the two autocephalous churches was transferred into the sphere of political regulation. On the issue of Russian monasteries on Mount Athos, we considered the Soviet-Greek church relations from 1946 to 1953. The events described took place during the Greek Civil War – 1944–1949, and the first years after it. Based on the documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the letters of Patriarch Alexy I to the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, which are stored in it, the nature of the actions of Soviet representatives on the issue of Russian monasteries on Athos, we analyze and made an assessment of the actions of church representatives of the USSR in the line of external church relations. Based on the analysis of the source documentary material, we concluded that the USSR projected ideological dogmas on its foreign policy in the Orthodox world as well. Greek Civil War 1944–1949 showed the dependence of the confessional sector of Greek society on the political component. The political confrontation between the USSR and the USA turned out to be decisive in the adoption of the pro-Western state course of Greece, including in the religious society. It is shown that the peculiarities of the Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches, as participants in international relations, are the close coordination of their international activities with the work of the relevant state political institutions. The role of church diplomacy for establishing communications between the two states regarding the deplorable situation of Russian monasteries on Mount Athos is shown, and we make a conclusion about the peacekeeping potential of the Russian Orthodox Church. It is emphasized that based on the centuries-old experience of cooperation between politics and religion, we can talk about the existence of similar positions in the field of regulation of social activity.

Міжнародні санкції як інструмент зовнішньої політики

International relations in the 21th century are experiencing the systemic crisis marked by an increase in the number of local conflicts and hybrid confrontations, as well as by the geopolitical rivalry. Transformations require the development and application of an effective mechanism to combat violations of international law. One of the mechanisms actively used today by participants in international relations is the application of sanctions. The paper analyses different types, purpose, specifics and other characteristics of international sanctions regarded as a tool of modern international policy. There is no certain definition of “sanctions” in international legal instruments. Along with the term, the terms “coercive measures”, “international legal responsibility”, “countermeasures”, etc. are used. International organizations and states are guided by their own advanced documents (i.e., international treaties, laws, etc.) which prescribe the mechanisms for international sanctions application. International sanctions are the form of international legal responsibility applied to a violator of international agreements. Sanctions as a tool of foreign policy are aimed to put pressure on the violating state to halt illegal actions. Sanctions can be imposed in several dimensions: diplomatic, economic, political, etc. Diplomatic sanctions are aimed at expressing disapproval or dissatisfaction with a certain action of the violating state through the international political isolation of the state. The application of the international sanctions involves the use of political means aimed at counteracting the illegal actions of violating countries allowing in such a way the use of the mechanism of international condemnation, partial isolation etc., which leads to negative changes in the image of the violating state. Economic sanctions are the measures of an economic nature directed at the violating state. In modern international relations, the practice of imposing economic sanctions is quite common, which outweighs the quantitative indicators of the total number of sanctions imposed. At the same time, modern international sanctions are mostly targeted as opposed to comprehensive sanctions which separate those responsible for pursuing a particular policy or taking certain actions against the country’s citizens.