Supply Chain Participants Research Articles

Evaluating the purchasing behavior of organic food among Chinese consumers

Purpose This study aims to identify the key factors that influence the intention and behavior of Chinese consumers toward purchasing organic food. The extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model is adopted as the underlying theory to explore the relationship between attitudes (ATT), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) on consumers’ intention and behavior to buy organic food. Trust (TR) and the moderating role of short food supply chain preferences (SFSCPs) were integrated to address the research gap. Design/methodology/approach Three hundred three questionnaire responses were received from organic food buyers in China using a convenience sampling method. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and to examine the relationship between the various constructs. Findings The results demonstrated that the purchase intention (PI) of Chinese consumers correlates positively with ATT, SN, PBC and TR. Additionally, the results show that consumers’ SFSCPs positively moderate the relationship between PI and purchase behavior (PB). Practical implications The findings of this study provide valuable insights for marketers to develop compelling messages that evoke positive ATT, establish consumer TR and integrate short food supply chains to drive PB. The study can also be useful to policymakers and other supply chain participants. Social implications An increased understanding of the factors influencing Chinese organic food consumption can contribute to promoting healthier food choices, supporting sustainable agriculture and fostering environmentally friendly consumption habits. Originality/value This research contributes to the existing pool of knowledge by incorporating TR into the conventional TPB. The study also introduces SFSCP as a moderating variable on the relationship between PI and PB.

Determinants and consequences of sales/production report issuance

This study empirically examines the determinants and consequences of firms’ issuance of sales/production reports. Our findings demonstrate that firms choose to issue these reports in order to meet the information needs of investors, supply chain participants, and industry peers. As a result, these firms experience higher firm value, attributed to improvements in the information environment, increased trade credits, and strengthened tacit collusion. Our results remain robust when considering endogeneity and when replacing the binary issuance variable with the frequency of sales/production reports. Furthermore, the stock market shows a significant response to the information contained in these reports, reflected in larger abnormal returns and trading volumes, and the market reaction is positively related to the news conveyed by these reports. Overall, our findings indicate that the issuance of sales/production reports brings about economic benefits.

Decision-making in a low-carbon supply chain considering consumers’ fairness concerns

The purpose of our study is to discuss the impact of consumers’ market distribution and consumers’ fairness concerns on the decisions of supply chain participants. Based on utility theory, we innovatively incorporate consumers’ fairness concerns as a significant factor into the game model and focus on the impact of the utility gap between products on consumers’ purchasing willingness. In this paper, we establish a two-echelon supply chain consisting of one traditional manufacturer, one low-carbon manufacturer, and one retailer, and comparatively analyze the equilibrium results under the initial state and consumers’ fairness concerns. The results show that the presence of consumers’ fairness concerns results in the higher wholesale price, higher retail price, and larger profit of low-carbon products yet leads to a decline in traditional products’ pricing and profit, and the impacts on the low-carbon manufacturer are more significant than on the traditional manufacturer. A reduction appears in the retailer’s profit since consumers’ fairness concerns decrease the retailer’s ability to differential pricing. Additionally, the impacts of consumers’ fairness concerns on the game equilibrium are also affected by consumers’ market distribution and low-carbon manufacturers’ technical efficiency, and the impacts are more pronounced in an environment where low-carbon manufacturers’ R&D investments are more efficient. Furthermore, in a market dominated by low-carbon preferred consumers, low-carbon manufacturers are always more profitable than traditional manufacturers, while in a market dominated by traditionally preferred consumers, low-carbon manufacturers are only able to achieve higher profits than traditional manufacturers when R&D is quite efficient and consumers’ fairness concerns are relatively strong.

Hosting the Tobacco Industry Supply Chain and Political Interference.

We found no comprehensive studies on the location of transnational tobacco and leaf company (TTLC) subsidiaries (business entities they control) or the consequences of their presence on health policy. Here we assess (1) the global reach of TTLCs by mapping their tobacco growing and manufacturing subsidiaries and (2) the relationship between in-country presence of the tobacco industry and their power and interference. Data on subsidiaries were collated through systematic searching for countries' supply chain activities in documents and web pages. Cross-sectional multiple regression analysis was used to assess the association between the number of agricultural and manufacturing TTLCs and the Tobacco Industry Interference score, and the degree to which these were mediated by tobacco control, good governance, and economic importance of tobacco. TTLC supply chain activity had global reach. As the number of TTLCs with tobacco growing and manufacturing activities rose, interference increased significantly. Interference was associated with poorer tobacco control. The association with more TTLCs undertaking final product manufacturing was related to higher-value tobacco exports but was not related to tobacco making a bigger contribution to the economy. TTLCs continue to control the global tobacco supply chain through their globe-spanning subsidiaries. The presence of TTLCs in a country is associated with political interference. Countries should consider their participation in the tobacco supply chain alongside the understanding that they are likely to cede political power to TTLCs, potentially undermining the health of their populations. Tobacco control research has traditionally concentrated on the demand side of tobacco. Our results lend support to calls for more research on the supply of tobacco. Governments should require tobacco companies to provide detailed, up-to-date information in an easily accessible format on in-country supply chain activities. Policymakers should take the likelihood of political interference in health and environmental policy into account when making decisions about foreign direct investment offered by the tobacco industry.

Реверсивна логістика в системі логістичного менеджменту: вплив на формування конкурентоспроможності підприємства

In the context of the evolutionary development of the concept of logistics in the enterprise management system, the problem is the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations of logistics activities of enterprises. The terminology of logistics management, description of synergistic relationships between logistics and other activities at an enterprise, assessment of the impact of such relationships on the competitiveness of an enterprise, and study of logistics reserves for increasing the competitiveness of an enterprise (which also include reverse logistics) need to be clarified. In this article, the authors, using a value-based approach, aim to clarify the role of logistics management in the process of forming the competitiveness of an enterprise, and, consequently, in the process of managing the latter. Again, based on the value-oriented approach, the article describes the place of reverse logistics in the structure of logistics management; the principles and advantages of using reverse logistics are summarized. The article considers the relationship between the competitiveness of enterprises, the value chain and consumer value. The structure of benefits that the value chain generates for the end consumer (benefits from ownership of goods, benefits of exchange, benefits of place and time, reputational benefits) is determined, and the role of logistics activities in creating such benefits is shown. In the context of focusing on maximizing consumer value, the necessity of integrating the work of various departments of the enterprise and partner enterprises in the implementation of logistics activities is substantiated. The essence of logistics management as a type of management that focuses on the management of logistics operations based on the formation of cross-functional and inter-organizational integration in order to optimize the functioning of the supply chain, maximize customer value for end users and increase the competitiveness of supply chain participants is disclosed. In the structure of logistics management, the author defines the place of reverse logistics, which is a type of phase logistics activity that creates competitive advantages for partner enterprises by strengthening integration in logistics chains, saving costs through the use of secondary resources in production processes, optimizing inventories, production and trade assortment in relation to current and future demand, and, as a result, maximizing consumer value for end consumers.

ДОРОЖНАЯ КАРТА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЦЕПЯМИ ПОСТАВОК НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВИТЕБСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

In the context of Western sanctions and restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the relevance of managing regional supply chains is substantiated. A roadmap has been developed for the formation of a regional supply chain management system in the Vitebsk region of the Republic of Belarus, including the creation of a regional logistics development department as a center for coordinating participants in supply chains and flows; development of a regional digital platform as a tool for managing the supply chains of a certain territory; joining the platform of all potential participants of regional supply chains and other stakeholders; mapping of regional supply chains; managing risks associated with potential disruptions in regional supply chains; monitoring the efficiency of regional supply chains based on ESG principles. The proposed activities are aimed at sustainable logistics development of the Vitebsk region, as well as the transformation of the regional logistics system into a high-tech territory for communication, support for innovation, development of a circular economy and improvement of the environmental situation in the region.

Modeling the medical and wellness tourism supply chain for enhanced profitability: An open innovation approach

This research article contributes to the advancement of the medical and wellness tourism supply chain through the development of a robust mathematical model aimed at optimizing profitability. Rooted in the principles of open innovation, our study delves into innovative avenues to enhance the economic sustainability of the sector. By strategically integrating diverse medical services including health assessments, dental care, beauty treatments, and spa services into the tourism framework, our model captures the intricate interplay among various stakeholders. Our findings underscore the current adequacy of supply chain capacities. However, a substantial challenge emerges in light of an anticipated 30% upswing in tourist volume, which necessitates a corresponding augmentation of medical facilities without commensurate increases in hotel and tourist route capacities. Rectifying this imbalance becomes pivotal in accommodating forthcoming demands effectively. The study identifies several pivotal factors—tourist numbers, medical center capacities, and resultant profits for supply chain participants—as key drivers of overall profitability. Embracing the tenets of open innovation empowers stakeholders to cultivate collaboration, shared knowledge, and collaborative solutions that optimize these factors, thereby fostering the economic viability of the broader ecosystem. This research offers insightful strategies for resource allocation optimization, operational efficiency enhancement, and sustainable economic growth within the realm of medical and wellness tourism. This contribution is intended to resonate with practitioners, policymakers, and industry stakeholders.

Block Chain based Contribute Sequence Tracking System for Secure Data Ascription Management

Block chain technique is developed from a distributed, dependable application development platform to an irreversible record of crypto currency transaction history. Block chain technology's emergence has sparked a number of possible changes in how corporate operations are managed across numerous industries. However, to the best of research experience, no prior effort has concentrated on integrating block chain to establish a secure and unchangeable data and evidence attribution maintenance architecture that autonomously checks the origination records. Therefore, the research work proficiently introduces the novel Block Chain based Contribute Sequence Tracking (BCCST) system with amalgamation of Trail based Smart Indenture (TSI) and Release Attribution Model (RAM). The study begins by outlining a practical application of the proposed TSI for the disintermediation of commercial activities utilising a notional, shared information ledger. This ledger not only makes monitoring data exchange easier, but it also encourages supply chain participants to cooperate together on a multilateral network. The novel RAM to create immutable data trails that make it easier to gather, maintain, and verify reliable data provenance.

Influence Mechanism of Green Supply Chain Interest Linkage of Grassland Livestock Products: A Study from the Perspective of Pastoral Modernization

Building a reasonable and stable interest linkage mechanism is key to ensuring the efficient operation of the green supply chain of grassland livestock products, and it is also an inherent requirement to promote the income of herders. Firstly, according to the stakeholder theory and the green supply chain theory, a conceptual model of interest linkage-influencing factors of the green supply chain of grassland livestock products was constructed on the basis of public policy effect, green business status, willingness to cooperate, characteristics of decision-making behavior, and circulation characteristics. Secondly, on the basis of 358 research data samples from participants in the green supply chain of grassland livestock products in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the structural equation model was used to empirically study the action law of each influencing factor and the mechanism of influence on the interest linkage. The results showed that willingness to cooperate had a significant positive influence on interest linkage; circulation characteristics did not have a significant direct influence on interest linkage but had an indirect positive influence on it through willingness to cooperate; characteristics of decision-making behavior not only had a direct positive influence on interest linkage but also enhanced the willingness to cooperate through the circulation characteristics of livestock products, which had an indirect positive influence on interest linkage; and green business status did not directly influence interest linkage. The public policy effect did not directly influence interest linkage but indirectly influenced the interest linkage through green business status, willingness to cooperate, characteristics of decision-making behavior, and circulation characteristics. Finally, managerial implications for constructing a reasonable interest linkage mechanism were proposed, including enhancing the willingness of subjects to cooperate, stabilizing the distribution channels of livestock products, cultivating market awareness of the interested subjects, strengthening the main body’s awareness of green development and expanding the scale of green operation, increasing government input and policy publicity to highlight the public policy effect, and improving relevant laws and regulations to effectively safeguard the interest of market entities.

Trade credit or credit insurance? A green supply chain finance design scheme with multi-objective programming

Classical supply chain finance (SCF) primarily focuses on the financial service among all upstream and downstream supply chain participants. Due to the continuously deteriorating of the ecological environment, an environmental-friendly SCF system is urgently needed. In this paper, we propose a novel SCF design scheme with environmental concerns, i.e., green supply chain finance (GSCF), consider the financing channels both from banks and from consumers, and design a bi-objective optimization model that depicts the trade-off between the benefit and the emission. Further, an improved normalized normal constraint (INNC) Pareto method is developed to address the optimal financing strategy of the bi-objective model. We then conduct a numerical case of a Taiwanese steel firm to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. Results show that our model provides a portfolio of optimal solutions on Pareto frontier which can be applied as an effective decision support system when designing a GSCF. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis also presents the impact of environmental investment cost, technological ratio of companies and the interest rate of trade credit on the optimal configuration of the GSCF.

Cooperation strategies with third‐party platform: E‐tailer and manufacturer perspectives

AbstractWith the rapid development of e‐commerce, both e‐tailers and manufacturers have actively cooperated with third‐party platforms to expand distribution channels and enhance competitiveness. There are three typical choices for firms to cooperate with a third‐party platform: (i) non‐cooperation, (ii) agency selling cooperation mode, and (iii) reselling cooperation mode. We consider a three‐tier supply chain and establish a stylized theoretical model to explore whether and how the e‐tailer or the manufacturer cooperates with a third‐party platform. We investigate the optimal channel cooperation choices from both the e‐tailer's and the manufacturer's perspectives under various channel structures and cooperation modes, revealing their different roles in cooperating with third‐party platforms. Our results indicate that large potential market size of the third‐party platform motivates the e‐tailer to cooperate with the third‐party platform. On this basis, agency selling cooperation mode is preferred by the e‐tailer at mild channel competition and reasonable commission rate, while reselling cooperation mode dominates at high channel competition or when the commission rate exceeds a threshold. Interestingly, we find that the manufacturer has generally similar mode preference with the e‐tailer, and they have opposite preferences under the condition of low commission rate and moderate channel competition intensity. More importantly, our results reveal that direct channel cooperation between the manufacturer and third‐party platform harms the e‐tailer's interests, whereas the channel cooperation between the e‐tailer and third‐party platform may increase profits for all supply chain participants. Our study provides valuable insights for e‐tailers, manufacturers and third‐party platforms to make better channel cooperation decisions and achieve successful partnership in online retailing.

Discounting strategies' effects on a closed-loop dual-channel environmentally friendly supply chain of complementary products under sales effort

ABSTRACT The relevance and impact of the internet are growing in every aspect of daily life, particularly in business which has the potential to address a lot of issues and transform many conventional techniques and procedures, including distribution. Many manufacturers have expanded their traditional retail channels to include a channel to trade the products to consumers exclusively. This paper investigates the pricing decision and the effect of discounting in a dual-channel closed-loop supply chain with two green complementary products by exploring the market demand is linearly correlated with the product selling prices, sales effort level and green innovation level. Here, four different models are analysed analytically under a game-theoretic methodology and then validated the findings using a numerical example. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the impacts of a few significant critical parameters on the supply chain participants. The findings of the article demonstrate how environmentally and economically advantageous green innovation can raise profits throughout the supply chain. Also, it is worth noting that sales efforts contribute to an increase in supply chain profit. Moreover, the discounts policy proves to be more profitable when the discount rate surpasses a specific threshold.

Направления внедрения цифровых логистических технологий и сервисов в международных цепях поставок на рынке энергоресурсов с учетом их возобновляемости

The article formulates the prerequisites for the introduction of digital logistics technologies and services in the energy market, which consist in a high level of competition and tariff pressure, require the search for new opportunities to reduce capital and operating costs. The state and interstate regulation of the energy market, which manifests itself in the adoption of strategic trade and political decisions, requires the development and implementation of market mechanisms for the adaptation of supply chain participants and the creation of new economic ties. A customer-oriented approach to the design of supply chains in the energy market defines the introduction of digital technologies and services to create a more comfortable customer environment: increased transparency and ease of use, interconnection with other services, cheaper energy. There are defined the main directions of the introduction of digital logistics technologies and services. It is revealed that the differences in the design of supply chains in the energy market, taking into account their renewability, are based on the object of material flow management. In the supply chains of non-renewable energy sources, the object of management is resources (coal, oil and petroleum products, gas and gas chemistry products, etc.) and processes aimed at their exploration, production, processing, transportation, storage and consumption. In the supply chains of renewable energy sources, the object of management is the generated electric energy, as well as equipment and technologies for its production and storage – turbines for nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, wind generators, solar panels, storage devices for storing electric energy, etc. It has been inferred that certain digital logistics technologies and services in international supply chains on the energy market will take place subject to the resource renewability.

A Supply Chain Inventory Management Method for Civil Aircraft Manufacturing Based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

Effective supply chain inventory management is crucial for large-scale manufacturing industries such as civil aircraft and automobile manufacturing to ensure efficient manufacturing. Generally, the main manufacturer makes the annual inventory management plan, and contacts with suppliers when some material is approaching critical inventory level according to the actual production schedule, which increases the difficulty of inventory management. In recent years, many researchers have focused on using reinforcement learning method to study inventory management problems. Current approaches were mainly designed for the supply chain with single-node multi-material or multi-node single-material mode, which are not suitable to the civil aircraft manufacturing supply chain with multi-node multi-material mode. To deal with this problem, we formulated the problem as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model and proposed a multi-agent reinforcement learning method for supply chain inventory management, in which the dual-policy and information transmission mechanism was designed to help the supply chain participant improve the global information utilization efficiency of the supply chain and the coordination efficiency with other participants. The experiment results show that our method has about 45% performance improvement on efficiency compared with current reinforcement learning-based methods.

The relationship between supply chain finance and firm performance: Evidence from Thai listed firms

The idea of supply chain finance (SCF), often called "working capital management", is to optimize the flow of funds across the entire supply chain in businesses, theoretically enhancing supply chain participants' efficiency. This study aims to investigate if the relationship between supply chain finance and firm performance is consistent across industry sectors. The sample includes businesses that were listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) between 2016 and 2020. The study compared 64 firms in the agro-industry with 668 firms from all SET industries. The annual financial report (Form 56-1) and data from the SETSMART database were mined for source data. Though the multiple regression study found a substantial positive relationship between SCF and firm performance for the agro-industry, it was not consistent across all other industries. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between SCF and firm performance. This research thus assists in understanding how companies listed on the SET manage their financial supply chains. The listed companies may apply the findings to improve their performance through effective working capital management. In addition, governmental agencies can use the results to develop policies that support effective financial supply chain management for all supply chain participants.

Pricing Decisions and Coordination in E-Commerce Supply Chain with Wholesale Price Contract Considering Focus Preferences

Decision makers’ behavioral preferences have always been important in coordinating the supply chain. Decision makers need to choose a partner wisely to increase the profitability of the entire supply chain, especially in the competitive e-commerce environment. In this paper, we examine a two-echelon e-commerce supply chain with one retailer and one supplier using the most popular wholesale price contract to facilitate collaboration. Traditional research has shown that the classical expectation model cannot coordinate the supply chain. We apply the focus theory of choice to describe the retailer’s behavior as a follower, and we examine the impact of the retailer’s pricing decisions on the supplier under different focus preferences and the coordination for the entire supply chain. The lower the parameter φ, which represents the degree of positivity, and the higher the parameter κ, which represents the level of confidence, the closer the profit of the whole supply chain is to the coordination result—both are visualized through numerical experiments and images. In the case of φ determination, the lower the κ, the better the supply chain coordination. The finding implies that the retailer may be able to coordinate the supply chain and produce better results than the expectation model when he or she makes choices using a positive evaluation system that includes both higher levels of optimism and lower levels of confidence. The findings of the FTC model can simultaneously offer a theoretical foundation for expanding collaboration among supply chain participants and management insights for decision makers to choose cooperation partners.

Relations between the use of performance indicators and the role of individual companies in supply chain coordination process

This paper aims to investigate the relations between the use of performance indicators and the role of individual companies within supply chain coordination process. A survey among 36 individual agribusiness companies was undertaken taking the role of each company in the coordination process of its supply chain into consideration. Senior managers were asked to declare the role of each company in the coordination process of its supply chain as well as to indicate which performance indicators they used through a questionnaire which presented a list composed by 49 performance indicators divided into the four traditional perspectives. Fisher's exact test and a logit model were used to analyze the relations between the usage of performance indicators and the role played in supply chain coordination process. The statistically significant results from Fisher's exact test were relating to inventory, operational costs, operational cycle, information and integration of materials, and risk management. The results from the logit model point out that inventory, and operational costs presented significant predictability levels regarding to the identification of individual supply chain participants, while operational cycle, information and integration of materials, and risk management presented significant predictability levels relating to individual supply chain coordinators. The research carried out in this paper is based on responses provided by senior managers regarding managerial practices and the sample size is limited. However, the results presents a new perspective about the relevance of the role of individual companies within the coordination process of supply chain regarding to performance indicators from which further research may be conducted. The implications relating to management control arising from the findings suggests that metrics selection criteria within in the context of supply chain can be based on both individual motivations and objectives.

Short supply chain choice and impact amongst rice processors in rural Ghana

PurposeThis paper examined the factors influencing the participation of rice processors in short supply chains and the participation impact on the amount of rice processed, per capita expenditure of household and value of sales.Design/methodology/approachThe Seemingly Unrelated Regression and Doubly Robust Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting Model (AIPW) were used to analyse the determinants of short supply chain participation and the impact of short supply.FindingsFrom the results, the mean value of rice processed was GH₵18385 (US$ 3,069.28), with the minimum value being GH₵ 25 (US$ 4.17) and the maximum GH₵ 67200 (US$ 1,1218.70) per annum. Processed rice aroma and grade characteristics positively influence the value of processed rice sold via short supply chains as well as the expertise rate of the processor, Farmer-Based Organisation membership, and marketing information availability. Women rice processors' per capita expenditure, total sales value and the value of processed rice was positively influenced by the short supply chain participation.Research limitations/implicationsEven though the sample size was appropriate, a larger sample size could further support the study's finding since a limited geographical area with predominant domestic rice processors was studied. Again, future studies should consider behavioural theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, amongst others, in understanding the reasons for the choices of short supply chains compared to other sales outlets.Originality/valueAlthough there is a growing body of literature on rice, most of the studies focussed on the marketing outlet of rice producers, rice processing, constraints and opportunities faced by rice farmers and processors and an out-grower scheme involving rice processors amongst rice producers with none of these on the choice of short supply chains amongst women processors. Also, amongst all the studies on rice producers, none applied a theory; however, the Women in Development (WID) Theory was used to analyse the impact of the short supply chain on the impact on household per capita expenditure (poverty), the value of sales and amount of rice processed, a modest theoretical contribution of the paper to literature.

Contract farming led by a seed enterprise and incentives to produce high quality: Which contract design performs best?

AbstractMotivated by real‐world practices in China, we consider a three‐level agri‐food supply chain consisting of a seed enterprise, a grower, and a buyer–processor, where the seed enterprise is fully vertically integrated in the seed industry and acts as the leader to coordinate the grower and buyer–processor of the agri‐food supply chain. We call this seed company‐led agri‐food contract farming. First, we develop analytical models to derive optimal solutions under penalty contracts, revenue‐sharing contracts and cost‐sharing contracts. Then, we analytically compare the optimal strategies of the three contracts using data from China's fresh maize industry as the numerical example. Finally, we do the sensitivity analysis of contract parameters. Results demonstrate that: (1) The seed company‐led agri‐food contract farming obtains quality advantages and improves profits by responding quickly to external demand changes and effectively coordinating internal technical capabilities. (2) The penalty contract performs poorly in both quality and profit. (3) The profit of the whole supply chain increases with the increase of the revenue‐sharing proportion from downstream supply chain participants to upstream participants; but the relationship between the proportion of cost‐sharing and the profit of the whole supply chain is nonmonotonic. [EconLit Citations: C79, O13, Q13].

Fresh Produce Supply Chain Coordination Based on Freshness Preservation Strategy

Today, consumers are increasingly demanding higher quality in fresh agricultural products. The issues that need to be addressed now are how to keep fresh products fresh and how to coordinate the operations of supply chain participants. Three decision models are developed in this paper using the Stackelberg model: supplier-led decision making, retailer-led decision making, and centralized decision making. The comparative model analysis shows the following: (1) Regardless of the decision model, the supply chain system under centralized decision-making is always more profitable than the supplier-led or retailer-led one. (2) The optimal profit and freshness preservation strategy of the supply chain system depends on the sensitivity coefficient of consumers to price and freshness. (3) Suppliers and retailers can coordinate the costs of freshness inputs according to how the cost-sharing coordination contract is structured. (4) Finally, the numerical analysis is applied to demonstrate the correction of the model.