Participation In Partnerships Research Articles

Optimization model : Broiler chicken farmers plasma members from the core partnership of broiler chicken farming in Indonesia for recruitment and welfare

The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of broiler chicken farmers regarding their motivation in partnering in broiler chicken partnerships, to find out the factors that influence the loyalty of broiler chicken farmers to broiler chicken partnerships, and to know the optimization model for receiving BPJS contributions from members of broiler chicken partnerships. The method used is (research objective) this research is descriptive correlational, which aims to determine the description of the research variables and determine the relationship between these variables. The research results show that the breeder’s characteristics have a significant influence on the motivation to participate in the partnership. This means that the better the breeder’s characteristics, the higher the livestock’s motivation to participate in the partnership. From the results of the research presented, it can be concluded that Farmer characteristics influence the motivation for farmer participation in the plasma boiler chicken core partnership, farmer characteristics and community empowerment influence partnership member loyalty and motivation for participation in the partnership, community empowerment, partnership member loyalty, optimization of recruitment, and Empowerment influences member welfare, then member welfare influences the optimization of BPJS health contribution payments.

Minimum Wage Hike and Multinational Enterprises' Employment: Firm-Level Evidence from South Korea

This study examines the impact of a consecutive double-digit hike in Korea's minimum wage from 2018 to 2019 after the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye as an exogenous shock on the employment of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Notably, this topic has received limited attention in extant literature. Using a firm-level dataset covering the period 2006-2020, we find that MNEs respond to increases in the minimum wage by reducing their total employment size, including both regular and temporary workers. Furthermore, the effects are heterogeneous and depend on the participation of international trade and strategic partnerships. Our findings indicate that the minimum wage policy can even lead to a decrease in high-quality jobs within high-productivity companies, underscoring the need to adjust the pace of such increases to mitigate their side effects on the labor market.

MODERN MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN VOCATIONAL (VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL) EDUCATION IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

The relevance of this article is defined by the need to substantiate the modern mechanisms for the development of public-private partnerships in vocational (vocational and technical) education to attract private investment and innovative technologies into professional training of skilled workers for various sectors of the economy in the post-war period. It will be based on mutually beneficial economic and organisational relations between state authorities, local governments, the private sector and vocational education institutions. The aim is to identify and justify the modern mechanisms for the development of public-private partnerships and to find out the possibilities of their use in improving the quality of vocational (vocational and technical) education in line with the demands of the labour market in the post-war period. Methods: studying of scientific sources, legislative and regulatory documents, empirical data to determine the state of public-private partnerships in the field of vocational (vocational and technical) education; theoretical analysis and synthesis, generalisation of scientific approaches to the problem under study in order to determine the mechanisms for the development of public-private partnerships in vocational (vocational and technical) education and drawing conclusions. Results: there are identified and substantiated the modern mechanisms for the development of public-private partnerships, including forms, means, and tools that are key to ensuring effective interaction between partnership participants to improve the quality of vocational (vocational and technical) education and meet the needs of the labour market in the post-war period. Conclusions: the modern mechanisms for the development of public-private partnerships in vocational (vocational and technical) education, which define the framework for cooperation between the state and the private sector and are implemented to improve the quality of vocational (vocational and technical) education, include: contract, institutional, investment, concession, leasing, franchise and project forms of partnership; means (contract for the provision of educational services, outsourcing, councils for vocational (vocational and technical) education and labour market, educational programmes, direct investment in infrastructure development, joint investment projects, leasing of equipment and technologies, leasing of educational premises; franchise of educational programmes, franchise of educational services, joint educational projects, joint research projects); instruments (service agreement, outsourcing agreement, agreement on the establishment of joint educational institutions, charter of a joint educational institution, concession agreement, agreement on the development and implementation of educational programmes, investment agreement, memorandum of understanding, leasing agreement, maintenance agreement, franchise agreement, educational services agreement, joint project implementation agreement, research cooperation agreement). Their use is key to achieving sustainable development and introducing innovations in vocational (vocational-technical) education.

The Resident or Community Partnership with Police in Addis Ababa City Administration

The future competition is anticipated to focus on Police Community Partnerships rather than physical material production in order to evaluate the Ethiopian community's participation in police member community partnership with police. This study was done to evaluate Police Community Partnerships procedures and issues specific to the Ethiopian population. The following particular goals were created: 432 police officers were chosen by the researchers using a scientific manner out of a total population of 13755 in order to evaluate the community partnership with police practices of police officers. The data was acquired using basic random sampling and purposeful sampling procedures, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyses both the quantitative and qualitative data. The main conclusions were that there were insufficient human resources, financial resources, and competent and accountable selectors. Additionally, there were insufficient background checks, physical and psychological examinations, assessments of applicants' potential for leadership, and the use of appropriate performance evaluation methods. According to the research team's recommendations, the Ethiopian community should work with all regional and local police commissioners, develop clear policies and standards, assign enough human resources, fulfil an adequate budget, and reject informal hiring practices. By working with accountable organizations, the Ethiopian community seeks to create a positive public impression of police officers, government support, and community perception to cooperate with all stakeholders during recruiting and selection.

Effectiveness of Dyadic Psychoeducational Intervention on Cancer Patients and Their Caregivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Dyadic psychoeducational intervention targets the dyads of cancer patients and caregivers as active participants in partnership, which can potentially address the needs and challenges faced by patients with cancer and their caregivers. However, there is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of the intervention on psychological health and illness-related outcomes among the dyads. To systematically examine the dyadic psychoeducational intervention of cancer patients and their caregivers on psychological health and illness-related outcomes. Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and 4 Chinese databases were searched from inception to May 29, 2022. Two investigators independently extracted data and evaluated methodological quality. RevMan 5.4 was used for meta-analysis; heterogeneity was evaluated using Higgins' I2 (%). Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the effects. Eight randomized controlled trials that involved 1234 dyads were collected. Meta-analysis showed that the intervention was effective in reducing the dyadic depression (patients' SMD, -0.41 [95% CI, -0.78 to -0.04; P = .03]; caregivers' SMD, -0.70 [95% CI, -1.31 to -0.09; P = .03]). It also improved caregivers' quality of life (SMD, -0.29 [95% CI, -0.56 to -0.03; P = .03]), whereas no significant effect was found on patients' quality of life. Dyadic results including anxiety, self-efficacy, disease communication, and appraisals of illness/caregiving were observed. Dyadic psychoeducational intervention reduced the dyadic depression. It also improved caregivers' quality of life. Nurses can apply dyadic psychoeducational intervention in clinical practice. More studies are needed to draw higher-quality conclusions and investigate the effects on psychological health and illness-related outcomes in cancer patients and caregivers.

Bridging communities and schools in Urban development: community and citizen science

This paper presents the results of two community and citizen science research projects – Cities at Play and Community Drive – in which young students (aged 11–15) from vulnerable residential areas in Copenhagen, Denmark, collaborated with architects and urban developers to engage in urban development initiatives in their neighborhoods. An educational design was developed over the two research projects in which students underwent phases of discovery, interpretation, ideation, and experimentation. Data were collected from surveys, observations, and interviews to elucidate the ways that three bridges central to community and citizen science projects can function. These include professional (bridges student learning in school and professional communities outside school), citizen (bridges student learning in school and local communities), and student (bridges student learning in school and new student communities) bridges. This research makes both theoretical and practical advancements. Theoretically, it advances our thinking about the diverse roles that participants in multi-sector partnerships can have, as well as how CCS widens the view of cultural asset-based learning by viewing students as experts of their local communities. Practically, we offer four guidelines that were gleaned from the results that can be instructive for the design of future educational community and citizen science projects.

Tobacco industry corporate social responsibility activities and other interference after ratification of a strong tobacco law in Ethiopia

BackgroundSince strict new tobacco control laws were introduced in 2019 and 2020, the National Tobacco Enterprise (NTE), the main manufacturer and distributor of cigarettes in Ethiopia, strategically engaged in corporate...

The Empowerment of Indigenous Papuan Women Through Home-Based Industries: A Case Study in Papua, Indonesia

The importance of women's empowerment in poverty alleviation programs in eastern Indonesia became the main objective of the research. This research aims to identify the approaches to empowering indigenous Papuan women in Yoboy Village, Jayapura. In addition, this research aims to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors in this empowerment. Indigenous Papuan women are a group of indigenous peoples from Indonesia. Several factors diminish the role of women in Jayapura, such as poverty, domestic violence, and the difficulty of self-reliance. Yoboy village has limited options for economic facilities. Therefore, this research conducted Andrew Barlette's Empowerment Theory as an analysis tool. The data collection techniques in this qualitative research were conducted by observation, interview and documentation. Three entry points must be completed to optimize empowerment in poor communities. This research indicated that the empowerment of indigenous Papuan women is also applied through participation, self-reliance, and partnership techniques. The creativity and self-confidence of indigenous Papuan women have made these empowerment programs successful. However, business capital, lack of concern, and cooperation among indigenous Papuan women have become inhibiting factors in empowerment. Therefore, the empowerment of indigenous Papuan women still requires developing and strengthening various programs. The participation of partnerships is one of the important keys to this development.
 
 Received: 5 July 2023 / Accepted: 24 August 2023 / Published: 5 September 2023

Persistence of antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines among participants in the COVID-19 Community Research Partnership

IntroductionHigh levels of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the community correlate with protection from COVID-19 illness. Measuring COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence and persistence may elucidate the level and length of protection afforded by vaccination and infection within a population. MethodsWe measured the duration of detectable anti-spike antibodies following COVID-19 vaccination in a multistate, longitudinal cohort study of almost 13,000 adults who completed daily surveys and submitted monthly dried blood spots collected at home. ResultsOverall, anti-spike antibodies persisted up to 284 days of follow-up with seroreversion occurring in only 2.4% of the study population. In adjusted analyses, risk of seroreversion increased with age (adults aged 55–64: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.19 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 3.92] and adults aged > 65: aHR 3.59 [95% CI: 2.07, 6.20] compared to adults aged 18–39). Adults with diabetes had a higher risk of seroreversion versus nondiabetics (aHR 1.77 [95% CI: 1.29, 2.44]). Decreased risk of seroreversion was shown for non-Hispanic Black versus non-Hispanic White (aHR 0.32 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.79]); college degree earners versus no college degree (aHR 0.61 [95% CI: 0.46, 0.81]); and those who received Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine versus Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (aHR 0.35 [95% CI: 0.26, 0.47]). An interaction between healthcare worker occupation and sex was detected, with seroreversion increased among male, non-healthcare workers. ConclusionWe established that a remote, longitudinal, multi-site study can reliably detect antibody durability following COVID-19 vaccination. The survey platform and measurement of antibody response using at-home collection at convenient intervals allowed us to explore sociodemographic factors and comorbidities and identify predictors of antibody persistence, which has been demonstrated to correlate with protection against disease. Our findings may help inform public health interventions and policies to protect those at highest risk for severe illness and assist in determining the optimal timing of booster doses.Clinical trials registry: NCT04342884.

Public-Private Partnership Participation in Road Infrastructure Construction Projects in Tanzania: Challenges and the Way Forward

Developing countries face inadequate resources for funding road infrastructures. This has amalgamated the public and private sectors into a mutually beneficial relationship through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). Although extensive documentation exists on PPPs globally in various sectors, studies examining the challenges to PPPs in Road Infrastructure Construction projects in Tanzania are inadequate. This study aimed to address this shortfall. Purposive sampling was used to select 20 respondents for the study. A qualitative research design was used in the study, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document reviews. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data from interviews and focus group discussions. Over two-thirds of the interviewed respondents revealed that lack of preparedness, limited information on available opportunities for PPP projects, and inadequate capital market were among the main challenges facing PPPs on road infrastructure projects in Tanzania. The study calls for improving the institutional framework to enhance private sector participation in PPPs in road projects

Benefits and Challenges to Implement Public-Private Partnerships in Water Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe

The rationale of the study was built on the water infrastructure challenges in Zimbabwe and the challenges in government policies and capacity that demand the participation of public private partnerships (PPPs) in the development of water infrastructure in Zimbabwe. The study adopted the qualitative research approach, and the information is compiled through literature review. Through conceptual and document analysis of information, the study also recognised that there are challenges in the existing PPP arrangements in Zimbabwe that require improvement for their absolute contribution to the management of water resources in the country. The data generated by this study were used to understand the complexities and contestations in Zimbabwe and enrich the body of knowledge and literature about water-related PPPs. Effective PPPs for improved urban water infrastructure cannot be achieved by chance. Effective PPPs require deliberate efforts and comprehensive reforms. The study, therefore, posits that with an environment conducive to operating PPPs, in addition to proper planning and meticulous implementation, Zimbabwe has a high chance of successfully implementing such partnerships for improved urban water infrastructure.

COMMUNITY, GOVERNMENT, AND MEDIA PARTNERSHIP PARTICIPATION (TRIPLE HELIX) IN INCREASING THE EXISTENCE OF CITIIS GALUNGGUNG TOURISM

This research aims to increase the partnership participation of local communities, local government, and media (triple helix) in increasing the existence of Citiis Galunggung tourism. The method used in this research is a case study research method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews with three-helix actors, and focus group discussions (FGD) regarding partnership participation between the community, government, and media to increase the existence of Citiis Galunggung tourism. The research results show that there are three patterns of partnership participation carried out by the community, government, and media (triple helix) which are running optimally, however, we found the need for a more structured sustainable support capacity from these three helix actors so that the existence of Citiis Galunggung tourism can be maximized.

Virtual Balancing: How Digital Environments Influence the Participation and Efficiency of Cross-Sector Partnerships

Cross-sector partnerships (XSP) that address complex societal issues tend to struggle to achieve a substantial impact. To attain successful collaboration, the way in which these XSPs balance participation and efficiency in collaborative practice is vital. While it is commonly examined in a face-to-face environment, this study investigates the practice in a digital context. Based on observations of virtual meetings in an XSP on climate change mitigation, a multimodal discourse analysis presents how affordances of communicative channels influenced the relationship of participation and efficiency, with consequences of increased centralization, virtual methods of governance and difficulties of dealing with complexity.

Quality Education Beyond Borders: An International Content Analysis for Transnational Distance Education

Due to the forces of globalization, higher education institutions have increased their participation in international partnerships and the flow of academic services and resources across borders. This international academic mobility is known as internationalization, and transnational distance education is an example of an innovative internationalization strategy. Despite the exponential growth and the projected acceleration of transnational distance education enrollment, there is a dearth of knowledge in the measurement and practice of international quality dimensions and learning outcome indicators to support internationalization efforts for transnational distance education. This research utilized content analysis to organize networks of concepts and capture quality indicators from five internationally accepted frameworks to establish a quality dimension typology. Based on preliminary findings, 27 internationalization indicators were identified to support transnational distance education internationalization efforts. Findings support a need for more holistic quality frameworks with greater attention to internationalization quality dimensions to guide successful outcomes across borders.

Cost-benefit analysis for health project evaluation (example of a Russian outpatient clinics' project in the Novosibirsk region).

The development of social infrastructure projects in medicine corresponds to transforming public priorities toward social development in general and health care in particular. Therefore, there is a need to develop comprehensive quantitative methods for evaluating such projects. This paper uses a combination of two approaches: first, cost-benefit analysis taking into account the relationship between financial and economic efficiency; second, the study of the efficiency of participation in a public-private partnership concerning project efficiency. The model's financial bloc is focused on analyzing the return on investment in fixed and working capital, considering the terminal value. The economic bloc includes social and tax effects (along with environmental, price, indirect, and other specific public effects). We apply fixed effects regression models to calculate multipliers used to estimate the social effects. Multipliers are based on: public health expenditure, human development index, and life expectancy. The proposed methodology has been adapted for evaluating the Seven Polyclinics' project as a flagship project for developing social infrastructure in the Novosibirsk Region. The evaluation results revealed a deficient level of financial efficiency of the project characterized by negative net present value and low internal rate of return. Simultaneously, the efficiency of participation in the project for private investors using the public-private partnership mechanism is characterized by high rates of return on private investment. In the transition to the economic analysis, the results fundamentally change, taking into account social and tax effects and detecting an exceptionally high level of all economic indicators of the project. As the project's primary beneficiaries, the economic analysis identified polyclinic patients who received the opportunity to acquire new medical services. At the same time, within the financial analysis framework, the mechanisms for implementing the project were determined, ensuring the consistency of interests. The distribution of effects among the project participants was compared for various funding methods, including the public-private partnerships mechanism. It is shown that the project implementation leads to significant social effects and provides a noticeable improvement in population health. The proposed methodology can be used for decision making on the implementation of similar projects.

Family physicians collaborating for health system integration: a scoping review

BackgroundIn Canada, Ontario Health Teams (OHTs) are a new model for integrated healthcare. Core to OHTs are family physicians (FPs) and their ability to collaborate with other FPs and healthcare providers. Whereas the factors for intra-organizational collaboration have been well-studied, inter-organizational collaboration between FPs and other healthcare organizations as an integrated care network, are less understood. This paper aims to explore the structural factors, processes, and theoretical frameworks that support FPs’ collaboration for integrated healthcare.MethodsA scoping review was undertaken based on Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping review and using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Review (PRISMA_ScR) checklist. A search for academic and relevant grey literature published between 2000–2021 was conducted across databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCOhost).Thematic analysis was used to identify the key findings of the selected studies.ResultsThirty-two studies were included as eligible for this review. Three structural components were identified as critical to FPs’ successful participation in inter-organizational partnerships: (1) shared vision/values, (2) leadership by FPs, and (3) defined decision-making procedures. Also, three processes were identified: (1) effective communication, (2) a collective sense of motivation for change, and (3) relationships built on trust. Three theoretical frameworks provided insight into collaborative initiatives: (1) Social Identity Approach, (2) framework of interprofessional collaboration, and (3) competing values framework.ConclusionFPs hold unique positions in healthcare and this review is the first to synthesize the best evidence for building collaborations between FPs and other healthcare sectors. These findings will inform collaboration strategies for healthcare integration, including with OHTs.

Methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of financial instruments and levers of public-private partnership: controversy in the scientific environment

Introduction. The implementation of partnership relations between the state and business is based on the principles of mutual benefit, which must be measurable. Taking into account the above, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of its financial instruments and levers for each of the participants is of great importance in the financial mechanism of the public-private partnership. Performance evaluation requires the study of this phenomenon and the analysis of its main components in order to clarify the value and expediency.Target. The purpose of the article is to highlight the debatable views of scientists regarding the expediency of using a certain methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of financial instruments and levers of public-private partnership.Research methods. The methodological basis of the research is the methods of bibliographic analysis, comparison, synthesis and generalization, as well as the fundamental theoretical approaches of economists, which make it possible to determine the essence of performance evaluation and the importance of its use in the process of implementing public-private partnership projects.Results. The article describes various approaches to the implementation of the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of financial instruments and levers of public-private partnership. They are reflected in normative documents, many domestic and foreign publications, which causes the absence of a single methodology for this assessment. However, taking into account the fact that there are two parties involved in the partnership, most scientists believe that a comprehensive assessment should be based on indicators that should take into account the benefits of all participants in the public-private partnership. This will make it possible to assess the level of realization of the interests of the partnership participants, identify negative trends in the process of achieving them, and identify factors that prevent the desired result from being achieved.Perspectives. Further scientific research will be aimed at uncovering the pragmatics and issues of evaluating the effectiveness of financial instruments and levers at each stage of implementation of public-private partnership projects.

Healthy financial habits in young adults: An exploratory study of the relationship between subjective financial literacy, engagement with finances, and financial decision‐making

AbstractThis paper provides insights into young adults' financial habits and decision‐making considerations as they enter the workforce. We use 28 semi‐structured interviews with Australian university graduates to explore how their motivation to engage with personal finances and their subjective financial literacy, i.e., self‐reported, support healthy financial habits. Our findings show that a young adult's social context and exposure to financial hardship rather than their financial confidence determine the health of their financial habits. We observed research participants in a romantic partnership as more focused on their future. This future focus motivates them to engage more with their finances and manifests as explicit goal setting, formal budgeting, or adherence to strict bucket systems. These insights might be useful for policymakers and educators: social context matters when designing financial health interventions, while financial education programs predominately should aim at demystifying complex long‐term financial decision‐making such as investments and retirement.

Japanese FDI and Development Vision of Bangladesh: Lessons from Thailand

Bangladesh is aspiring to become a developed country under the ‘Vision 2041’. However, materialization of this development vision requires huge amount of fund. Regrettably, country’s dependency on foreign aid is still more than 35%. Internal borrowing is also increasing considerably, where as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can make a significant contribution to the financial basket of the country. Nonetheless, government has set a target to increase the contribution of FDI to 3% of the GDP in the 8th Five Years Plan (FYP) which was 1% in 7th FYP. Being one of the most trusted friendly nations, Japan continued its support towards Bangladesh since the independence. Japan has the tendency to shift FDI to a country after improving the infrastructure through Official Development Assistance (ODA). The same trend is also appearing in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has become the number one recipient of Japanese ODA in 2020 and the amount of Japanese companies is also increasing in Bangladesh which is curtly around 320. With a view to mitigating the gap between aspiration and reality while succeeding to accomplish development goals, countries with limited resources like Bangladesh can be hugely benefited by the Japanese FDI. The ASEAN nation Thailand, with more than 6000 Japanese companies, is one of the economies that has been significantly benefited by the Japanese FDI. Therefore, this qualitative research investigates the case of Thailand based on key stakeholders’ interviews and analysis of documents. The major findings of this paper in terms of main challenges Bangladesh is facing to attract Japanese FDI are national image crisis, lack of infrastructure, skilled human resources, local procurement of raw materials, frequent change in law and policies, uncongenial regulations regarding VAT, tax and customs and port clearance. The main lessons Bangladesh can learn from Thailand to attract FDI from Japan includes lower corporate tax, port facilities, easier port clearance and participation in economic partnerships, such as RCEP. This paper contributes to the literature in the area of business studies, economics, development studies, international relations, public policy studies and Japanese Studies.

ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТЬ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЭКОНОМИК ПРИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ИНДО-ТИХООКЕАНСКОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ США ЧАСТЬ 2. ОЦЕНКА ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЭКОНОМИК В РАМКАХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ КООПЕРАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВ – УЧАСТНИКОВ ИНДО-ТИХООКЕАНСКОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА

Ensuring the economic security of the state is carried out in the form of economic patronage from the government and the central bank, economic cooperation and economic confrontation with other countries of the world. The prospects for changing the level of economic security of the states of the Asia-Pacific region – participants in the Indo-Pacific Partnership (IPP) are considered. The paper considers the indicators of economic security of the states – participants of the Indo-Pacific Partnership. With the help of statistical and econometric methods, the prospects for changes in the level of economic security of the United States, Japan, India and Australia in the implementation of the Indo-Pacific Partnership are assessed. An approach to the comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states is proposed. The importance of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in the context of globalization for ensuring the economic security of the countries of East Asia is analyzed. The proposed approach to a comparative assessment of changes in the level of economic security of the ITP member states makes it possible to identify the priorities of economic cooperation and economic confrontation in modern conditions. It is concluded that the agreements within the framework of the Indo-Pacific Partnership should establish new regulations and standards for world trade, thereby giving an increase in the level of protection of the national economies of ITP participants.