Participation In Educational Activities Research Articles

Cool to be Smart or Smart to be Cool? Understanding Peer Pressure in Education

AbstractWe model and test two school-based peer cultures: one that stigmatizes effort and one that rewards ability. The model shows that either may reduce participation in educational activities when peers can observe participation and performance. We design a field experiment that allows us to test for, and differentiate between, these two concerns. We find that peer pressure reduces takeup of an SAT prep package virtually identically across two very different high school settings. However, the effects arise from very distinct mechanisms: a desire to hide effort in one setting and a desire to hide low ability in the other.

The use of visual schedules and work systems to increase the on‐task behaviour of students on the autism spectrum in mainstream classrooms

Apparent differences in executive function can lead to challenges for students on the autism spectrum in mainstream settings. Difficulties with staying on‐task and transitioning between tasks and task elements can interfere with students’ participation in educational activities and lead to stress and anxiety. While the use of visual supports, such as visual schedules and work systems, has been shown to be effective in supporting students to stay on‐task in special education and autism‐specific settings, there is little research to support the use of these strategies by teachers in mainstream classrooms. This study evaluated the use of visual schedules and work systems in supporting four students on the autism spectrum to stay on‐task and work independently in a mainstream setting. These strategies were implemented by teachers as inclusive practices, and evaluated using observations within the natural classroom environment to examine their feasibility in mainstream settings. All participants demonstrated improvements in on‐task behaviours. Results for other, secondary, dependent variables were mixed, with some students showing reduced off‐task behaviours and increased productivity. The implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.

Born in Chains: Perceptions of Brazilian Mothers Deprived of Freedom about Breastfeeding

Objective: To analyze the perception of mothers deprived of freedom about breastfeeding. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was developed in four prison units in the state of Paraiba, Brazil. The non-probabilistic type sample was composed of inmates who were breastfeeding. Information regarding mother, infant, prenatal care, breastfeeding and sucking habits were collected. Data were analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and presented through descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 496 women under closed prison system, only 13 (2.6%) were breastfeeding their children in the prison environment. The age of mothers ranged from 19 to 35 years, and the most frequent age group was 19-23 years (46.2%). The majority had no partner (84.6%), low schooling (60%) and had other children (84.6%). All were pregnant when they were arrested and 76.9% underwent cesarean delivery. Infants aged 1-5 months and 61.5% were female. The majority of inmates performed prenatal care (76.9%), with prison being the referred site (60%). Participation in educational activities on breastfeeding was reported by 90.9%, and nurses were the health professionals who provided these guidelines (66.6%). Exclusive breastfeeding was reported by 69.2%, but the maximum period was two months (33.3%). All mothers complemented breastfeeding (100%). Nocturnal breastfeeding was reported by 15.4%, being used for the child to sleep. All children started bottle-feeding from the first trimester of life. Pacifier use was observed in all infants. Conclusion: Inmates are predominantly young, single, of low schooling and underwent cesarean delivery. Prenatal care was carried out at the prison and mothers participated in educational activities about breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding was reported by the majority; however, the maximum time was two months. All infants used bottle and pacifier use was reported from birth.

RETRACTED: Farmers’ Technical Knowledge about Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Olive Production

While Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach of pest control, contributing to reduced use of pesticides and risks on human health and the environment, farmers have shown limited interest in practicing this method. The present study explored the levels of technical knowledge about integrated management of the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) among olive growers in Roudbar County of Iran and factors underpinning olive farmers’ technical knowledge of integrated management. Data were collected in a survey of olive farmers, on the basis of a structured questionnaire. Almost half of the farmers (48.4%) had good to excellent levels of technical knowledge of integrated management, while almost a third of the farmers (35.4%) had a moderate knowledge level. However, a noticeable portion of the farmers (15.9%) had poor knowledge of integrated management. Moreover, most farmers showed average knowledge of the adverse effects of pesticides on human health. While most farmers showed good levels of social participation, cooperation with institutes, and participation in extension activities, they showed low levels of community involvement (involvement in a group of people that have and share common interests with each other). Olive imports and the lack of a common action for olive fly control were perceived as the main barriers of IPM adoption among most farmers. Regression analysis revealed that increased community involvement, large area under olive farming, participation in education activities, and high farming experience promoted farmers’ technical knowledge of integrated olive fly control. Strengthening growers’ technical knowledge of IPM through community involvement and extension services among inexperienced small-scale olive farmers is recommended for reducing possible unnecessary insecticide sprays in olive production.

Pharmaceutical care in Brazil's primary health care.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE To characterize the activities of clinical nature developed by pharmacists in basic health units and their participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion.METHODS This article is part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015), a cross-sectional and exploratory study, of evaluative nature, consisting of a survey of information in a representative sample of cities, stratified by the Brazilian regions that constitute domains of study, and a subsample of primary health care services. The interviewed pharmacists (n=285) were responsible for the delivery of medicines and were interviewed in person with the use of a script. The characterization of the activities of clinical nature was based on information from pharmacists who declared to perform them, and on participation in educational activities aiming at health promotion, according to information from all pharmacists. The results are presented in frequency and their 95% confidence intervals.RESULTS From the interviewed subjects, 21.3% said they perform activities of clinical nature. Of these, more than 80% considered them very important; the majority does not dispose of specific places to perform them, which hinders privacy and confidentiality in these activities. The main denominations were “pharmaceutical guidance” and “pharmaceutical care.” The registration of activities is mainly made in the users’ medical records, computerized system, and in a specific document filed at the pharmacy, impairing the circulation of information among professionals. Most pharmacists performed these activities mainly along with physicians and nurses; 24.7% rarely participated in meetings with the health team, and 19.7% have never participated.CONCLUSIONS Activities of clinical nature performed by pharmacists in Brazil are still incipient. The difficulties found point out to the professionals’ improvisation and effort. The small participation in educational activities of health promotion indicates little integration of pharmacists with the health team and of pharmaceutical services with other health actions.

1597P - The effects of nurses’ empathy skills on attitudes towards patients with cancer

Background: Empathy is sine qua non-ability of nurses and the positive effects of empathy on clinical management have been documented. In addition, its positive effects have also been reported in oncology practice. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the predictors of empathy skills and attitude towards cancer patients and association between nurses’ empathy skills on attitudes towards patients with cancer. Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the nurses’ empathy skills and their attitudes towards to patients with cancer. Jefferson Scale of Empathy(JSE) and Attitudes Towards Cancer Scale (ATCS) were used. The predictors of JSE/ATCS scores and correlation between JSE and ATCS were analyzed. Results: 305 nurses participated in the study (84.2% of all nurses). The median age was 33 (20-52) and most of the nurses were female (82.6%). Most of the participants were married (188,61.6%) and 40.3% of nurses had an job experience more than 10 years. Female sex, being married, having job experience more than 10 years or caring more cancer patients were associated with higher JSE scores. Nurses caring more cancer patients weekly, experience with cancer patients, participation in educational activities about cancer care or presence of relative with a diagnosis of cancer were found to have more positive attitudes towards cancer patients. Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive, weak correlation between JSE and ATCS (r = 0.017, p = 0.38) Conclusions: Empathy skills are important while caring patients, especially in oncology practice. Although a direct correlation between empathy skills and attitudes towards cancer patients couldn’t be demonstrated, health care workers caring cancer patients should be both evaluated for empathy skills and educated. Legal entity responsible for the study: N/A Funding: None Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF LIFE: AGE-RELATED CHANGES AND COHORT DIFFERENCES

Participation in educational activities (e.g. go to lectures, take classes) decreases with age. Previous research shows educational activities are associated with better health and well-being throughout the lifespan, therefore, it is important to understand how age affects educational participation. However, it remains an open question, if changes in educational behavior reflect age or cohort differences or primarily indicate changes in opportunity structures, e.g. transition into retirement. Using data of two national representative surveys of Germany, this study aims at disentangling cohort differences and age-related changes in educational activities. Participation in educational activities will be analyzed using cohort-sequential data of the German Ageing Survey (N = 20.113, 40–85 years old, samples assessed in 1996, 2002, 2008, 2014) and longitudinal data of the National Educational Panel Study (N = 13.115, 40–70 years old, annually assessed since 2009). Analyses of the cohort-sequential data show age differences in educational activities consistent with previous findings: Participation in educational activities in adulthood is more common than in old age. However, individuals around the retirement age (58–69 years) increased their participation over time. Preliminarily analyses indicate that generations approaching old age now are more active then generations before them. Those results will be complemented by examining age-related changes using longitudinal data. Findings will be discussed with regard to implications of age-related changes and cohort differences in educational activities as well as to what extent changing opportunity structures, e.g. being employed vs. being retired, account for differences in educational activities in the second half of life.

빈곤가정 유아의 유치원 생활에 대한 위험요인 및 보호요인 탐색

This study aimed to explore lives of young children in poverty and to identify risk and protective factors having an influence on their kindergarten experiences. Participants were 13 public kindergarten teachers who had experiences of teaching young children in poverty, and the data were generated through interviews. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the teachers perceived that there were no distinct differences between young children in poverty and their peers in developmental aspects, yet, they were concerned about them in terms of cleanliness and eating habits, cultural experiences, and participation in educational activities compared to other peers. Second, as risk factors having an influence on the children’s lives, the teachers pointed out 1) a lack of appropriate parenting attitudes and behavior and 2) parents’ insufficient communication and participation in their children’s education. On the other hand, they highlighted as protective factors 1) teachers

The effects of Nurses' Empathy Skills on Attitudes towards Patients with Cancer

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the predictors of empathy skills and attitude towards cancer patients and association between nurses’ empathy skills on attitudes towards patients with cancer Patients and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to evaluate the nurses’ empathy skills and their attitudes towards to patients with cancer. Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) and Attitudes towards Cancer Scale (ATCS) were used. The predictors of JSE/ATCS scores and correlation between JSE and ATCS were analyzed. Results: 305 nurses participated in the study (84.2% of all nurses). The median age was 33 (20- 52) and most of the nurses were female (82.6%). Most of the participants were married (188, 61.6%) and 40.3% of nurses had a job experience more than 10 years. Female sex, being married, having job experience more than 10 years or caring more cancer patients were associated with higher JSE scores. Nurses caring more cancer patients weekly, experience with cancer patients, participation in educational activities about cancer care or presence of relative with a diagnosis of cancer were found to have more positive attitudes towards cancer patients. Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive, weak correlation between JSE and ATCS (r= 0.017, P= 0.38) Conclusion: Empathy skills are important while caring patients, especially in oncology practice. Although a direct correlation between empathy skills and attitudes towards cancer patients couldn’t be demonstrated, health care workers caring cancer patients should be both evaluated for empathy skills and educated.

Transforming Nephrology.

Transforming Nephrology.

Impact of Nightfloat on Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Education [27I

INTRODUCTION: Nightfloat rotations are common in Obstetrics and Gynecology residency programs. The impact of this type of schedule on resident education in OB/Gyn has not been evaluated. This study was initiated to determine how the scheduling challenges of nightfloat rotations may impact OB/Gyn residents’ ability to participate in educational opportunities. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted via two surveys. One survey was sent to all U.S. OB/Gyn residency program coordinators to collect information on their rotation structure and educational activities. A separate survey was sent to residents in these programs to evaluate their perspective on participation in educational activities while on nightfloat rotations. RESULTS: 58 program directors (24.8% response rate) and 202 residents (16.1% response rate) from 54 programs responded. Of the program coordinators who responded, 98.2% reported having nightfloat rotation. Of these, only 8.8% had nightfloat specific educational activities. Attendance at regular didactic sessions was required by 33.9% of programs, however 76.9% of residents felt that they were not alert during these sessions. The survey also revealed that 66.4% of residents thought that their educational experience on nightfloat could be improved but most stated that required attendance at didactics would be ineffective. Residents’ suggestions for alternative options included ideas such as dedicated modules and recordings of regular didactic sessions. CONCLUSION: There is a need to improve the educational experience for residents on nightfloat rotations.

“We Are Not a Small Island, We Are the Ocean”. Becoming a Student in Mature Age. An Exploratory Analysis on Italy and Spain

The complexity underlying motivations and obstacles encountered by Mature Adults (MA; people over 45 years old) in their participation in educational activities, requires a thorough analysis to determine which factors are most salient for this social group. Under the project funded by the European Commission "IMAL: Innovations in Mature Adult Learning", a study through a questionnaire (n = 1.066) was conducted. From that sample, data for two of the participating countries, Spain (ns= 106) and Italy (ni= 460), have been drawn. The aim of the paper is to make an exploratory analysis of both samples in order to determine the most important motivational factors for MA in their educational participation, through descriptive and bivariate analysis (independent sample test), and to test how the sociodemographic variables influence these factors by an analysis through logistic regression. The results show great similarities between both samples. Lower levels of education and not being in working condition were found as risk factors for not undertaking learning activities. In both samples, the weight of “internal” motivations is very relevant. This evidence leads to interpret MA learning as a process addressed towards personal enrichment, thus claiming for a more holistic and learner centered vision in adult education.

Adolescent health risk behaviors and Family Health Strategy educational activities in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2011

to analyze health risk behaviors in adolescents and Family Health Strategy (FHS) educational activities in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. a cross-sectional study was conducted using data from a survey with adolescents registered with FHS in 2011/2012; Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%). there was low participation in educational activities on alcohol (23%), food (10%) and physical activity (9%); insufficient physical activity was higher in girls (PR=0.76 - 95%CI 0.68;0.85), alcohol consumption was associated with the 15-19 age range (PR=1.48 - 95%CI 1.29;1.71) and low fruit and vegetable intake was associated with income of ≤2 minimum wages (PR=1.17 - 95%CI 1.02;1.33). there was no significant association between adolescent risk behaviors and their participation in FHS educational activities.

Etos Kerja Dosen

In the reform era, the lecturers' work ethos needs to be reformulated. This formulation will give a clearer information about lecturers' behavior in teaching and in other activities so that the efforts to speed up the quality of education in the universities in this era will be easier. The formulation of the lecturers' work ethos is demonstrated by dedication in terms of moral and morale dimensions, problem solving skills, human relationships, participation in educational activities, mastery of subject matters, mastery of learning-teaching procedures, research capabilities, and abilities in conducting community services

Promoting heart health and behavior change in a vulnerable older adult population

Background: Older minority populations in low socioeconomic classes are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and a host of other heart-related health conditions. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and poor use of health services is a major contributor to these health disparities. The Heart Health Program was developed to improve health outcomes by encouraging behavior change in a group of low-income older African Americans attending two urban senior centers. Using the Health Belief Model as a guiding framework, group sessions were conducted bi-weekly over the course of a three month period. Session leaders engaged participants in educational activities and helped to develop individual ‘action steps’, or actionable goals for each participant to strive toward as a means of improving heart health. Methods: Twenty-five low-income, African American seniors participated in the Heart Health Program. A prepost design was used to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the program. Results: Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the program as a whole and successful accomplishment of action steps. Results indicate limited long-term behavior change at the program’s conclusion. Conclusions: Lessons were learned about implementing this type of behavior change program in a senior center focused on: preparation, logistics, and relationships between the project team, senior center staff, and participants. Based on the initial experience of the Heart Health Program, plans are underway to refine the program and broaden its delivery to more older adults.

Knowledge Of Women Sex Workers About HIV/AIDS

Objective: Analyze the knowledge of female sex workers about HIV/Aids, whereas the variables age, education, monthly income, professional practice and participation in educational activities. Methods: Exploratory and quantitative study, conducted with 90 women sex workers, from May to September 2014, through a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic information and a test of knowledge about HIV/Aids with 66 items as the forms of contagion and prevention, physiological and behavioral attributes of aids (D3); that HIV causes symptoms in humans (D4); treatment of aids (D5). Friedman's test was held, Λ of Wilk and Wald (p 0.05). The knowledge presented significant difference in the average percentage of hit by D3, D4 and D5 dimensions (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The low knowledge of women may indicate vulnerability to infection by HIV, which reinforces the need for implementation of new strategies for prevention of virus in this social group which features odd conditions of risk to HIV.Keywords: Sex worker; HIV, knowledge.

Promoting heart health and behavior change in a vulnerable older adult population

Background: Older minority populations in low socioeconomic classes are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and a host of other heart-related health conditions. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and poor use of health services is a major contributor to these health disparities. The Heart Health Program was developed to improve health outcomes by encouraging behavior change in a group of low-income older African Americans attending two urban senior centers. Using the Health Belief Model as a guiding framework, group sessions were conducted bi-weekly over the course of a three month period. Session leaders engaged participants in educational activities and helped to develop individual ‘action steps’, or actionable goals for each participant to strive toward as a means of improving heart health. Methods: Twenty-five low-income, African American seniors participated in the Heart Health Program. A prepost design was used to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the program. Results: Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the program as a whole and successful accomplishment of action steps. Results indicate limited long-term behavior change at the program’s conclusion. Conclusions: Lessons were learned about implementing this type of behavior change program in a senior center focused on: preparation, logistics, and relationships between the project team, senior center staff, and participants. Based on the initial experience of the Heart Health Program, plans are underway to refine the program and broaden its delivery to more older adults.

CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF SUBJEСT EXPERIENCE OF STUDENTS IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY

The article addresses the problem of studying the subjective experience of students in educational processes. The article analyzes the concepts of “experience” and “subject” that allows the author to define the term “subjective experience in educational activities”. Based on the analysis, the author identifies the structure and content of subject experience of students in educational process. The last decades in Belarus are marked by a whole range of reforms in the higher education system, such as: reduced period of study for a number of specialties, introduction of the rating system of academic achievements of students, optimization of the educational process, increased proportion of independent work of students, active use of new information and communication technologies, distance learning development. Under such conditions, Belarusian university students are in a completely new situation and become active participants in educational activities, determining the achievement of educational goals and levels. Modern students should be able to determine the goals and objectives of the educational activities, to choose the direction and individual educational trajectory, organize their own learning activity, monitor its progress and results, choose the appropriate ways and means of its implementation, solve the emerging difficulties, evaluate objectively the results obtained, be ready for creative perception and transformation of environmental activities. In this context, the problem of formation of students’ individual experience in educational activities acquires special importance.

ACCESSIBILITY OF ADOLESCENTS TO SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Introduction: adolescence is a phase that entails biopsychosocial changes with specific emotional and behavioral impact on sexual and reproductive health of both sexes. The World Health Organization considers adolescents to be the ages from 10 to 19 years. Chronologically this is important for epidemiological research, for development of public health policies , to define programs and specific actions for this audience. The concern with the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents is due to early onset of sexual activity, which contributes to expose these young people to the risks of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Objective: to identify the sources of information used by adolescents in public schools about sexuality and reproduction. Methods : descriptive quantitative study. There were 90 Semi-structured interviews applied to adolescents with predominant age between 16 and 19 years old from the second year of high school in a Public School located in the urban periphery of a capital in the northeast of Brazil. Results : it was observed that the adolescents of this study has a relatively high accessibility to the educational activities in the area of sexual and reproductive health. The school was the main area cited by the participants of the study. As for the search for information on the subject, friends are the most sought after by adolescents. Afterwards, the most often cited are family members. The majority of the adolescents said that the source of information most sought was television (35.5%), followed by the internet, books and magazines. Contraception was practiced by only 14 (36.9%) of the adolescents. Conclusion: this study points to the school as the main area of participation in educational activities on sexual and reproductive health among adolescents, in addition to friends, television and the internet.

The re-socialisation of migrants in a local community in Shanghai, China

Following China’s economic reforms in the early 1990s, the wave of internal North-to-South, West-to-East and rural-to-urban migration has still not subsided. The purpose of this study was to investigate how a local community in Shanghai supported migrants from other provinces in China in the process of their re-socialisation. By examining the component parts of re-socialisation (integration, assimilation and culturalisation), this paper analyses how the learning programmes and services provided in Shanghai’s Zhabei District played a role in migrants’ adaptation to their new community environment. The author conducted interviews with migrants of both rural and urban origin at two migrant clubs, and complemented her respondents’ statements with formal and informal background research. Her findings indicate that participation in educational activity is only one aspect of migrants’ re-socialisation. She demonstrates how educational activities merge into a larger community context and are mingled simultaneously with other activities which relate to employment, healthcare, setting up a business, etc. She argues that educational activity loses its backbone if the initial entry-level support given to migrants is not followed up with advanced development activities, such as providing migrants with lifelong learning opportunities tailored to their aptitudes and needs, motivating them to engage in learning which can serve as a pathway towards their career goals, and helping them improve their life circumstances.