Attention Of Participants Research Articles

Configuration of the action observation network depends on the goals of the observer

Observing the actions of others engages a core action observation network (AON) that includes the bilateral inferior frontal cortex (IFC), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) (Caspers et al., 2010). Each region in the AON has functional properties that are heterogeneous and include representing the perceptual properties of action, predicting action outcomes and making inferences as to the goals of the actor. Critically, recent evidence shows that neural representations within the pSTS are sharpened when attending to the kinematics of the actor, such that the top-down guided attention reshapes underlying neural representations. In this study we evaluate how attention alters network connectivity within the AON as a system. Cues directed participant's attention to the goal, kinematics, or identity depicted in short action animations while brain responses were measured by fMRI. We identified those parcels within the AON with functional connectivity modulated by task. Results show that connectivity between the right pSTS and right IFC, and bilateral extended STS (STS+) were modulated during action observation such that connections were strengthened when the participant was attending to the action than goal. This finding is contrasted by the univariate results, which no univariate modulations in these brain regions except for right IFC. Using the functional networks defined by Yeo et al. (2011), we identified the parcels that are modulated by the attention to consist mainly of the fronto-parietal control network and default mode networks. These results are consistent with models of top-down feedback from executive system in the IFC to pSTS and implicates a right lateralized dual pathway model for action observation when focused on whole-body kinematics.

Геймификация: иммерсивность и включенность как перформативные инструменты коммуникации

The article examines gamification and the application of game elements and mechanics in non-game contexts. This aspect represents a phenomenon that permeates various spheres of human activity. Gamification offers new ways to interact with users, enriches their experience, and contributes to increased motivation and participation. However, to achieve the goals of gamification in effective communication, two key aspects need to be considered: immersion and engagement. Immersion, in the context of gamification, describes the level of user immersion in the game space or task. This concept is associated with creating an atmosphere that captures the participant's attention and elicits an emotional response. Immersive game elements such as visual effects, audio design, and interactivity can enhance the level of engagement and concentration of observers or participants. Engagement, on the other hand, describes the active participation of users in the game process or task resolution. The sense of control, progress achievement, and the ability to influence the outcome of interaction or gamification processes enhance motivation and participation. Engagement ensures the performativity of communication, where user actions and decisions are significant and can lead to specific results. This study analyzes and delineates the roles of immersion and engagement in the context of gamification as performative communication tools. The article explores various aspects and examples of gamification application, considering these two fundamental elements in the fields of cultural theory, media communications, philosophy, and art theory. Authors such as M. Sicart, T. Malaby, H. Jenkins, L. Manovich, I. V. Volkova, A. V. Venkova, E. Husserl, M. Heidegger, M. Merleau-Ponty, J.-P. Sartre, J. Huizinga, G. Frasca, T. Vermeulen, R. van den Akker, D. L. Austin, E. Goffman, L. J. Butler, C. K. Risman, V. Turner, and E. Fisher-Lichte contribute to the discussion. Spatial environments shape an atmosphere of interactivity, involvement, and dynamics, which can be indicative of the performativity of communication. The multidisciplinary approach demonstrates the pervasive nature of the game pattern beyond gaming contexts, offering new possibilities for improving communication strategies and creating more engaging and immersive interactions.

Mismatch Negativity Responses to Different Auditory Attributes in Normally Developing Infants and Children.

Introduction Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a change-specific component of the event-related potentials that is elicited by an irregularity in repetitive auditory stimulation. As it is developmentally stable and can be measured in the absence of the participant's attention, it can be a valuable method for assessing auditory discrimination in infants and young children. The classic MMN paradigm involves tone frequency as the mismatching attribute. Multi-feature MMN paradigms which involvedifferent auditory attributes can assess discrimination abilities in a wider group of disorders. The study aimed to report standardised MMN values obtained with MMN paradigms including several auditory attributes to extend the clinical applicability of the test in infants and young children. Methods MMN responses were recorded in 42 normal infants and young children (2 months to 5 years) with multi-feature MMN paradigms. MMN variables in different trials were compared by one-way ANOVA. Pearson's correlation coefficient and independent sample t-test were performed for finding an association with the age and gender of the participants respectively. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results MMN amplitude exhibited statistically significant differences in different MMN paradigms (p<0.05). An increase in the degree of standard and deviant differences and double deviant responses also resulted in larger MMN. MMN latency variation in the trials was not statistically significant. The age and gender of the participants did not influence the MMN variables with statistical significance. Conclusion MMN paradigms with different auditory attributes report significant amplitude variations. Multi-feature MMN paradigms can optimize the clinical applicability of the test and can determine the profile of different auditory discrimination abilities.

Masculinities and men's emotions in and after intimate partner relationships.

Men's emotions in intimate partner relationships have received little research attention. The current interpretive descriptive study included 30 Canadian-based men to address the research question: What are the connections between masculinities and men's emotions in and after intimate partner relationships? Three inductively derived themes included emergent distressing emotions wherein participants' predominance for holding in abeyance their concerns about the relationship manifested varying levels of emotional stoicism. Within this context most men denied or downplayed and did not express their emotions. When the relationship broke, men were overwhelmed by mixed and weighty break-up emotions comprising diverse and often-times discordant emotions, including sadness, shame, anger, regret and guilt, calling into question men's rationality for deciphering and expressing what was concurrently but inexplicably felt. Shame and anger were prominent emotions demanding the participant's attention to all that happened in and at the end of the relationship. In the third theme, understanding and transitioning after-burn emotions, participant's grief levered their efforts, including soliciting professional help for deconstructing, reframing and expressing their emotions in the aftermath of the partnership ending. The findings contextualise and in some instances counter claims about the utility of men's emotional stoicism by mapping participants' feelings in and after intimate partner relationships.

The influence of color and direction on the perceptual processing of standard evacuation signs and the effect of attention bias

Building evacuation signs play a crucial role in guiding evacuees to the exits. The attention and perceptual processing of evacuation signs by evacuees is an essential criterion for judging the effectiveness of evacuation signs. Attention bias can reflect the gaze and response characteristics of individuals to different target stimuli, and it can reveal the processing and decision-making situation of the individual after viewing the evacuation sign. In this paper, a dot-probe paradigm was used to explore the influence of color (red and green) and direction (left and right) on the attention bias effect of different evacuation signs. Finally, the participants' evaluation of different evacuation signs was collected through a questionnaire survey. It was found that: (1) the participant's perception processing time for the red evacuation sign was longer. (2) Participants have stronger attention bias when responding to the green standard evacuation sign. (3) The color will affect the participant's attention bias on evacuation signs. (4) In terms of preference behavior, there may be a separation between the subjective evaluation of signs and viewing behavior. This paper introduces the attention bias indicator to study the individual perception processing and attention bias characteristics of evacuation signs, to test their guiding role from the perspective of attention and decision-making. The presented results promote the safety of the building from the perspective of evacuation signs optimization.

An In-Depth Case Description of Gaze Patterns of an Individual With Cortical Visual Impairment to Stimuli of Varying Complexity: Implications for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Design

Purpose: Many individuals with cortical visual impairment (CVI) are unable to meet their daily communication needs through natural speech. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) provides supports for individuals with complex communication needs, including those with CVI. However, many forms of AAC involve access via a visual modality. This presents specific challenges for assessment and intervention of individuals with CVI using AAC. Method: This study used an automated eye tracking technology to analyze the gaze patterns of one individual with CVI to stimuli of varying complexity. The automated eye tracking technology captured the point of gaze of the participant every 16 ms (60 Hz), allowing for a detailed evaluation of what captured the participant's attention. Results: Variations in stimulus complexity resulted in changes in visual attention. Overall, the participant engaged significantly faster to and longer with simpler images both when presented one at a time and also during a preferential looking task when two stimuli were presented. Additionally, one stimulus displayed a teddy bear, with an animated face. The participant gazed at the face for the majority of her looking time to that stimulus, rather than the colorful foot pads. Conclusions: The participant demonstrated clear patterns of quicker response times and longer gaze times when the stimuli were simpler in design. This has implications for AAC interventions and choice of symbols. Additionally, the participant's ability to engage with the face of the teddy bear image suggests her visual processing was consistent with the score she received on the CVI Range, an assessment tool that describes functional vision in individuals with CVI.

Subjective experience and visual attention to a historic building: A real-world eye-tracking study

The objective of this exploratory study is to discover the relations between visual attention to an architectural work and the subjective experiences produced during its observation. A subjective experience with a building is the specific manner in which an architectural element or the building as a whole are presented to a person. The qualities of the element as how they are perceived and the inner world of the observer are both considered in this subjective experience. The aims of this study are to describe the experience that a building generates in people, pinpoint what has attracted the participant's attention during each view of the building in an itinerary; and understand which aspects of this selected case study have made it an object of attention. An eye-tracking study was carried out using a portable eye tracker. This tool allowed the participants to walk freely around the exterior of a historic train station in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. Two groups of participants, with routes starting from opposite sides of the building, contemplated it while using the eye tracker. Eye tracking allowed for the identification of the architectural elements that were objects of attention, the lengths of observation, and the points of view from which the elements were observed. Other data collection techniques, such as the think-aloud protocol and a special type of survey, were used to deeply understand the experiences that accompanied the visual exploration of the historic building. Results suggest that the participants observed the different architectural elements for a time that was neither influenced by the route used to explore the building nor the point where that route was initiated. The architectural elements identified as examples of high-quality architecture and perceived as aesthetically pleasing by the participants during the itinerary were observed for longer times.

Logarithmic Versus Linear Change in Step Size When Using an Adaptive Threshold-Seeking Procedure in a Frequency Discrimination Task: Does It Matter?

Different rules for changing step sizes (e.g., logarithmic, linear) are alternately used in adaptive threshold-seeking procedures, with no clear justification. We hypothesized that the linear rule may yield more accurate thresholds for poor performers because the step sizes are predetermined and fixed across listeners and thus can be small, in contrast to the logarithmic rule, in which step sizes are changed with respect to the listener's performance. Purpose The aim of this study was to test the effect of logarithmic and linear rules on frequency discrimination (FD) thresholds. Method Three experiments involving human subjects and Monte Carlo computer simulations were designed and conducted. In the 1st experiment, FD thresholds were estimated in 40 young adults with either 3-interval 2-alternative forced choice (3I2AFC; n = 19) or 2-interval 2AFC (n = 21) in a within-subject design. In the 2nd experiment, thresholds were estimated in 16 children (7-8 years old) in a within-subject design, using 3I2AFC. In the 3rd experiment, thresholds were estimated in 30 young adults in a between-subjects design using 3I2AFC. Results No significant differences were shown between the 2 rules, regardless of age group, method, or level of FD performance. Computer simulations supported the empirical findings, predicting similar FD thresholds for both rules in the majority of runs. However, they also yielded more accurate thresholds with the linear rule, but with a larger number of outliers, which increased as the listener's attention level decreased. Conclusion Overall, the use of a particular rule has little influence on FD thresholds. Possible outliers may be minimized by monitoring the participant's attention at the beginning of the run.

Which EEG feedback works better for creativity performance in immersive virtual reality: The reminder or encouraging feedback?

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the feedback designed based on EEG (electroencephalography) signals contributes to an individual's creative performance in an immersive virtual reality setting. Two specific forms of feedback were used. The first one was “reminder feedback,” given when brainwaves indicated the participant's attention was not concentrated. The second one was “encouraging feedback,” given when brainwaves indicated that the participant's attention was very concentrated. Sixty high school students were randomly assigned to participate in an open-ended design challenge in an immersive virtual reality setting. Twenty (N = 20) participants received no feedback; twenty (N = 20) participants received reminder feedback; and another twenty (N = 20) participants received encouraging feedback. Findings showed that the participants who received reminder feedback had higher-quality creative products than those in a group with no feedback or encouraging feedback. In addition, EEG feedback also had an impact on the participant's attention and flow state. These findings are discussed in terms of feedback impacts, study limitations, and future research directions.

Perceived duration increases not only with physical, but also with implicit size.

When people judge the duration of stimuli, judgments are influenced by the physical size of these stimuli. Specifically, people tend to judge the duration of large stimuli longer than the duration of small stimuli. However, some authors (Bottini & Casasanto, 2010; Ma, Yang, & Zhang, 2012) have reported that even implicit size can affect duration estimates. The present study extends the results of these studies. Specifically, we examined whether the imagined size of objects would also influence duration estimates. In each trial, participants reproduced the duration of an animal word. During the presentation of the word, they were asked to imagine the word's referent. The animals employed in all experiments varied in size. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to imagine the animals in a fixed context. Reproduced duration increased not only with the numbers of letters of the animal word (i.e., physical size) but also with the size of the word's referent (i.e., implicit size of the animal). Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether the effect of size would increase when the size of the animals was made more salient. The results of all experiments showed that reproduced duration increases with implicit stimulus size. In addition, Experiments 2 and 3 provide some evidence that the imagined size effect becomes more pronounced when the participant's attention is drawn to the size differences among the imagined animals. It is argued that the implicit size effect is mediated by mental imagery that operates on pre-existing space-time associations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

What Makes Eye Contact Special? Neural Substrates of On-Line Mutual Eye-Gaze: A Hyperscanning fMRI Study.

Automatic mimicry is a critical element of social interaction. A salient type of automatic mimicry is eye contact characterized by sharing of affective and mental states among individuals. We conducted a hyperscanning functional magnetic resonance imaging study involving on-line (LIVE) and delayed off-line (REPLAY) conditions to test our hypothesis that recurrent interaction through eye contact activates the limbic mirror system, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insular cortex (AIC), both of which are critical for self-awareness. Sixteen pairs of human adults participated in the experiment. Given that an eye-blink represents an individual's attentional window toward the partner, we analyzed pairwise time-series data for eye-blinks. We used multivariate autoregression analysis to calculate the noise contribution ratio (NCR) as an index of how a participant's directional attention was influenced by that of their partner. NCR was greater in the LIVE than in the REPLAY condition, indicating mutual perceptual-motor interaction during real-time eye contact. Relative to the REPLAY condition, the LIVE condition was associated with greater activation in the left cerebellar hemisphere, vermis, and ACC, accompanied by enhanced functional connectivity between ACC and right AIC. Given the roles of the cerebellum in sensorimotor prediction and ACC in movement initiation, ACC-cerebellar activation may represent their involvement in modulating visual input related to the partner's movement, which may, in turn, involve the limbic mirror system. Our findings indicate that mutual interaction during eye contact is mediated by the cerebellum and limbic mirror system.

Eye Tracking the Visual Attention of Nurses Interpreting Simulated Vital Signs Scenarios: Mining Metrics to Discriminate Between Performance Level

Nurses welcome innovative training and assessment methods to effectively interpret physiological vital signs. The objective is to determine if eye-tracking technology can be used to develop biometrics for automatically predict the performance of nurses whilst they interact with computer-based simulations. A total of 47 nurses were recruited, 36 nursing students (training group) and 11 coronary care nurses (qualified group). Each nurse interpreted five simulated vital signs scenarios whilst “thinking-aloud.” The participant's visual attention (eye-tracking metrics), verbalisation, heart rate, confidence level (1–10, 10 = most confident), and cognitive load (NASA-TLX) were recorded during performance. Scenario performances were scored out of ten. Analysis was used to find patterns between the eye-tracking metrics and performance score. Multiple linear regression was used to predict performance score using eye tracking metrics. The qualified group scored higher than the training group (6.85 ± 1.5 versus 4.59 ± 1.61, p = p = R 2 = 0.80, p = <0.0001). This shows that eye tracking alone could predict a nurse's performance and can provide insight to the performance of a nurse when interpreting bedside monitors.

Temporal attention is involved in the enhancement of attentional capture with task difficulty: an event-related brain potential study.

In a three-stimulus oddball task, the amplitude of P3a elicited by deviant stimuli increases with an increase in the difficulty of discriminating between standard and target stimuli (i.e. task-difficulty effect on P3a), indicating that attentional capture by deviant stimuli is enhanced with an increase in task difficulty. This enhancement of attentional capture may be explained in terms of the modulation of modality-nonspecific temporal attention; that is, the participant's attention directed to the predicted timing of stimulus presentation is stronger when the task difficulty increases, which results in enhanced attentional capture. The present study examined this possibility with a modified three-stimulus oddball task consisting of a visual standard, a visual target, and four types of deviant stimuli defined by a combination of two modalities (visual and auditory) and two presentation timings (predicted and unpredicted). We expected that if the modulation of temporal attention is involved in enhanced attentional capture, then the task-difficulty effect on P3a should be reduced for unpredicted compared with predicted deviant stimuli irrespective of their modality; this is because the influence of temporal attention should be markedly weaker for unpredicted compared with predicted deviant stimuli. The results showed that the task-difficulty effect on P3a was significantly reduced for unpredicted compared with predicted deviant stimuli in both the visual and the auditory modalities. This result suggests that the modulation of modality-nonspecific temporal attention induced by the increase in task difficulty is at least partly involved in the enhancement of attentional capture by deviant stimuli.

AR‐based value‐added visualization of infographic for enhancing learning performance

AbstractAugmented reality‐based infographic is an edutainment media that can play a significant role in transferring complicated issues for learning purposes. It has the potential to draw participant's attention to visualize various kinds of information including text, image, animation, 3D objects, etc. on infographic using smatphones and tablets. This paper discusses the effect of AR‐based infographic on improving learning performance via T‐Paired test and in the meantime the correlation between participants’ learning style based on Felder–Silverman model with their quadratic Bloom‐based knowledge. Experimental results confirm the usability of AR‐based infographic in improving learning performance and its impact on visual type participants no matter which kinds of knowledge they are equipped with.

Reflections on the Victorian Office of the Public Advocate supported decision-making pilot project

ABSTRACTFrom October 2013 to June 2015, the Victorian Office of the Public Advocate ran a pilot project to develop and implement a volunteer program to support socially isolated people with intellectual disabilities with their decision-making. The project found that once a relationship was established between volunteer and participant, then decisions could be made and implemented, as long as other concerns did not divert the participant's attention. The project required long-term and time-intensive interventions from volunteers prepared to work in complex situations. At times the coordinator provided intensive support and advocacy to facilitate decision-making. The project suggested that this model of support, targeted at socially isolated people with borderline to mild intellectual disabilities, is viable but resource intensive.

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms.

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Why submit an abstract to United European Gastroenterology Week, and how to be successful with your submission?

Why submit an abstract to United European Gastroenterology Week, and how to be successful with your submission?

The cognitive effects of musical expectations on affective priming.

Whether music has the potential to enhance cognition has been a question of great psychological interest and arriving at an answer may benefit from consideration of evolutionary psychology (Huron, 2006; Rickard, Toukhsati, & Field, 2005). From an evolutionary perspective, organisms are motivated to form accurate expectations because foresight is important for survival (Huron, 2006). Therefore, pitch expectations about how musical sequences will sound can be assumed to be biologically reinforced. Salimpoor, Benovoy, Larcher, Dagher, and Zatorre (2011) suggested that tension, resolution, anticipation, and expectation induce emotional arousal (positive reinforcement). Music unfolds over time and this organization allows for anticipation to build. More specifically, Muller, Klein, and Jacobsen (2011) propose that the strong pleasure experienced by music listeners is a result of automatically evaluated pitch expectations. Musical expectations are at the crux of music cognition and these expectations may facilitate the understanding of cognitive processes.Previous research has found that listeners do develop expectations while listening to music (for review, see Tillmann, PoulinCharronnat, & Bigand, 2014). Todorovic, Schoffelen, van Ede, Maris, and de Lange (2015) proposed two distinct classes of processes: temporal expectation, the ability to extract regularities from the environment, and attention, the state of anticipating relevant future (p. 1). These processes interact to guide perception by making specific stimuli more salient (e.g., stimuli are recognized quicker they are predictable). Recently, this interaction has been shown to generalize to the auditory modality, in addition to the visual modality (Todorovic et al., 2015). Moreover, Tillmann and colleagues (2014) suggested that expected musical events are better memorized than unexpected ones. Consequently, I hypothesized that a participant's attention would be directed toward emotionally positive events his or her pitch expectations are satisfied.Composers of music can use pitch expectations to their advantage by prompting emotional responses in listeners such as pleasure, pitch expectations are satisfied, and disappointment, when [pitch expectations] are violated (Pearce & Wiggins, 2012, p. 626). It has been suggested that musical expectations in response to an opening musical sequence can facilitate emotional processing, as evidenced by faster and more accurate task-relevant judgments of subsequent closing musical sequences (Tillmann & Marmel, 2013). The perception and judgment of these sequences are influenced by a listener's pitch expectations. Using a variation of the priming paradigm, the present study investigated whether pitch expectations induced by musical chords would influence the perception of other, in this case verbal, stimuli paired with them.The Affective Priming ParadigmIn one auditory adaptation of Affective Priming Paradigm (APP), musical chords, which either satisfy pitch expectations or not, are presented in conjunction with visual word-targets to participants, who identify their affective valence (i.e., negative or positive; Muller et al., 2011; Sollberger, Reber, & Eckstein, 2003; Steinbeis & Koelsch, 2011). The expected result is that the musical primes will significantly influence reaction time (RT) for congruent word-valence identification (e.g., primes that satisfy pitch expectations paired with positive words). Traditionally, APP used single chords to demonstrate this priming effect (Sollberger et al., 2003). Recently, Muller et al. (2011) applied the paradigm using five-chord progressions instead of single-chord primes, and found a much stronger effect of priming.Affective priming effects refer to associative priming in which emotional content increases the sensitivity to and processing of stimuli that are related in emotional terms (Timmers & Crook, 2014, p. …

Multisensory top-down sets: Evidence for contingent crossmodal capture.

Numerous studies that have investigated visual selective attention have demonstrated that a salient but task-irrelevant stimulus can involuntarily capture a participant's attention. Over the years, a lively debate has erupted concerning the impact of contingent top-down control settings on such stimulus-driven attentional capture. In the research reported here, we investigated whether top-down sets would also affect participants' performance in a multisensory task setting. A nonspatial compatibility task was used, in which the target and the distractor were always presented sequentially from the same spatial location. We manipulated target-distractor similarity by varying the visual and tactile features of the stimuli. Participants always responded to the visual target features (color); the tactile features were incorporated into the participants' top-down set only when the experimental context allowed for the tactile feature to be used in order to discriminate the target from the distractor. Larger compatibility effects after bimodal distractors were observed only when the participants were searching for a bimodal target and when tactile information was useful. Taken together, these results provide the first demonstration of nonspatial contingent crossmodal capture.

Gaining the upper hand: evidence of vertical asymmetry in sex-categorisation of human hands.

Visual perception is characterised by asymmetries arising from the brain’s preferential response to particular stimulus types at different retinal locations. Where the lower visual field (LVF) holds an advantage over the upper visual field (UVF) for many tasks (e.g., hue discrimination, contrast sensitivity, motion processing), face-perception appears best supported at above-fixation locations (Quek & Finkbeiner, 2014a). This finding is consistent with Previc’s (1990) suggestion that vision in the UVF has become specialised for object recognition processes often required in ”extrapersonal” space. Outside of faces, however, there have been very few investigations of vertical asymmetry effects for higher-level objects. Our aim in the present study was, thus, to determine whether the UVF advantage reported for face-perception would extend to a nonface object – human hands. Participants classified the sex of hand images presented above or below central fixation by reaching out to touch a left or right response panel. On each trial, a briefly presented spatial cue captured the participant’s spatial attention to either the location where the hand was about to appear (valid cue) or the opposite location (invalid cue). We observed that cue validity only modulated the efficiency of the sex-categorisation response for targets in the LVLVF and not the UVF, just as we have reported previously for face-sex categorisation (Quek & Finkbeiner, 2014a). Taken together, the data from these studies provide some empirical support for Previc’s (1990) speculation that object recognition processes may enjoy an advantage in the upper-hemifield.