Partial Sleep Deprivation Research Articles

Cumulative partial sleep deprivation does not impair simulated driving performance: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled experiment

Cumulative partial sleep deprivation does not impair simulated driving performance: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled experiment

Associations between Self-Reported Daily Affect Ratings and Sleep Duration during the First Two Weeks of Antidepressant Therapy

ABSTRACT Background: In the context of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of augmenting fluoxetine treatment in young adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) using a modified repeated partial sleep deprivation protocol contrasting 2 weeks of restricted time in bed (i.e., 6 h TIB) to no time in bed restriction (i.e., 8 h TIB) the study examines whether sleep duration and the timing of repeated partial sleep deprivation predicts patient-reported affect ratings. Participants: Participants included 58 young adults with DSM-IV-diagnosed MDD. Methods: Daily ratings of affect and sleep were collected during the first 2 weeks of initiating fluoxetine treatment, yielding 630 person-days. Actigraphy monitoring was employed to assess compliance with time in bed condition. Results: Negative affect ratings and positivity ratios in the morning were more improved among participants assigned to the 6 h TIB condition compared to the 8 h TIB group. Participants whose bedtime was delayed by 2-h nightly demonstrated the most significant improvement in negative affect and positivity ratio during the first 2 weeks of fluoxetine therapy. Moreover, the trajectory of morning negative affect ratings in the first 2 weeks was predictive of remission after 4 weeks of fluoxetine therapy. Conclusions: These findings suggest that monitoring changes in daily affect may be a valuable marker of early treatment response in young adults with MDD.

The effects of a single night of complete and partial sleep deprivation on physical and cognitive performance: A Bayesian analysis

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of complete and partial sleep deprivation on multiple aspects of athletic performance. Ten males completed a cognitive function test, maximal handgrip strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 15 min all out cycling test to assess aerobic performance. These tests were performed following 3 different sleep conditions; normal sleep (CON), a 4 hr sleep opportunity (PART) and complete sleep deprivation (DEP). Data were analysed using a Bayesian multi-level regression model to provide probabilities of impairment (p = %). Aerobic performance, CMJ and handgrip strength were impaired by 11.4% (p = 100%), 10.9% (p = 100%) and 6% (p = 97%) following DEP, while aerobic performance and CMJ were highly likely impaired by 4.1% (p = 90%) and 5.2% (p = 94%) following PART. Cognitive reaction time was not impacted by PART or DEP. In contrast the accuracy of responses was highly likely impaired by 2% (91) following DEP, while there was less certainty of impaired accuracy following PART (−1%, p = 73). Multiple aspects of physical and cognitive performance were impacted by sleep deprivation. The greatest detrimental effects were seen for aerobic performance and CMJ. Partial sleep deprivation equating to 4 hrs of sleep causes subtle, but potentially important negative impairments on athletic performance.

Sleep Restriction Effects on BP: Systematic Review & Meta-analysis of RCTs.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effect of sleep restriction on blood pressure (BP) among healthy adults. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using partial sleep deprivation were included. The pooled effect size was calculated by the inverse variance method, and forest plot was used. Six studies were included (n = 10-43). Only one study obtained continuous BP readings. Overall, sleep restriction did not result in significant changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR). The respective weighted mean difference (MD) was 1.0 mmHg (95%CI, -2.3-4.2; p = 0.57), -0.4 mmHg (95%CI, -3.2-2.4; p = 0.80), and 2.0 bpm (95%CI, -2.2-6.2; p = 0.34). There is preliminary evidence suggesting that sleep restriction might affect sympathetic/parasympathetic modulation of cardiac autonomy and the inflammatory system. In this review, we did not find significant effects of sleep restriction on BP or HR measured by cross-sectional methods. More studies are warranted to confirm these findings by using continuous monitoring.

A 6-day combined wake and light therapy trial for unipolar depression

BackgroundThere are a dozen studies on double or triple chronotherapy in depression (sleep deprivation [wake therapy] + light therapy + sleep advance/stabilization). We investigated efficacy and feasibility of a modified triple chronotherapy protocol. MethodsThirty-five hospitalized patients with moderately severe non-seasonal depressive disorder, mostly free from antidepressants, underwent a 6-day protocol consisting of partial sleep deprivation late in the second half of the night (from 4:00 to 8:00) in a light therapy room (blue-enhanced white light increased hourly from 600→1300→2200→2800 lx) alternating with recovery nights with morning light treatment from 7:00 to 8:00. Patients were randomized to wear glasses with no filter (clear, N = 19) or filtering blue wavelength (orange-appearance, light intensity diminution by ∼70%, N = 16) during the treatments. Sleep was targeted to be shifted at least 1 h earlier. Depression was scored using HDRS-17 (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II) – before and after the 6-days treatment, HDRS-6-SR – daily, and visual analogue scales (VAS) for mood and energy – several times every day. ResultsDepression levels significantly declined following the first night and after 6-days treatment, with no difference between white and orange lights. Nevertheless, some superiority of white light emerged with respect to response rate (mood VAS), immediate effect during the 4-h treatment sessions (energy VAS), and expected treatment outcomes. All patients successfully advanced bedtime/wake-up (by 30–40 minutes) and resisted naps during daytime. LimitationsRelatively small sample size. ConclusionsThe modified triple chronotherapy was well tolerated and improved depression. Light spectrum/intensity plays some role in the response.

Sleep Deprivation and Its Contribution to Mood and Performance Deterioration in College Athletes.

Sleep deprivation is very common among collegiate student athletes, resulting in impacts on mood, physiology, and performance. There are multifactorial contributions to sleep deprivation, but resulting alterations in sleep architecture explain impacts on learning, vigilance, mood, and athletic performance. Recognition of the physical impacts is key. Clinical inquiry is warranted. Medication can be helpful short term but should be used with caution due to effects on sleep cycle and the potential for addiction. Education is an effective intervention to increase sleep time, improve mood, and improve long-term sleep habits. Sleep extension, particularly in the setting of chronic partial sleep deprivation improves mood, vigilance, and athletic performance in the college setting.

Differential effects of sleep on explicit and implicit memory for potential trauma reminders: findings from an analogue study

ABSTRACT Background: Recent findings suggest that disruptions of sleep-related memory processing are involved in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. More specifically, exposure to an analogue traumatic event resulted in fewer intrusive memories, when it was followed by sleep instead of continued wakefulness. However, competing evidence suggests that sleep deprivation may reduce intrusive re-experiencing. To address these conflicting accounts, we examined how sleep – as opposed to partial sleep deprivation – modulates explicit and implicit trauma memory using an analogue procedure. Methods: Healthy participants (N = 41) were assigned to a Sleep or Partial sleep deprivation group. Prior to nocturnal sleep, both groups were exposed to “traumatic“ picture stories. After sleep or partial sleep deprivation, participants were subjected to tests of explicit and implicit memory for potential trauma reminders. Thereafter, participants completed an intrusion triggering task that was embedded in a distractor task. Results: Analyses revealed higher explicit memory for potential trauma reminders after sleep as compared to partial sleep deprivation. No group differences were found for implicit memory. Participants responded with fewer intrusions after sleep than following partial sleep deprivation. Conclusions: The current findings support a protective role of sleep in trauma memory processing, which may be evident after the first night of sleep post-trauma. Although more research is needed, our results corroborate the importance of promoting restful sleep in trauma-exposed individuals.

Role of Post-Learning Sleep in the Recognition Memory for Faces and Scenes

Research suggests that post-learning sleep benefits recognition of declarative memories when compared with partial sleep deprivation. The deprivation of sleep hinders with the transfer of hippocampal memories to the neocortex while sleep promotes this transfer. The present study tries to evaluate whether recognition memory for faces and scenes are benefitted by post-learning sleep over sleep deprivation. Additionally, we were interested in testing the effects of stimuli (face, scene) valence (positive, negative, neutral) on recognition memory. The present study used a repeated measure design where each subject was tested across nights of sleep and sleep deprivation. Twelve males categorized pictures of faces and scenes as valence or neutral at learning that was followed by eight hours of sleep or sleep deprivation. Thirty-six hours later, following a night of recovery sleep, subjects returned for a retrieval session where they made old/new judgments for face and scene stimuli. The result of the experiment suggests that post learning sleep improves recognition memory for test stimuli and that faces significantly better recognized than scenes. Additionally, results from the present experiment suggest that valence of stimuli (face, scene) does not play a decisive role in the recognition of faces and scenes at retrieval.

The Effect of Partial and Chronic Sleep Deprivation on Working Memory and Attention in Emergency Medicine Interns

Background: Sleep is an organized behavior that is repeated every day as a vital necessity based on the biological rhythm. Sleep deprivation is known as one of the major problems that can cause functional impairment in individuals. Therefore, it is expected that sleep deprivation in interns also causes problems in their performance. Objectives: According to the importance of cognitive health in health care workers, we decided to study the effects of partial and chronic sleep deprivation on attention and working memory in the emergency medicine interns in Yazd University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The number of 50 emergency medicine interns were randomly selected and their demographic information was entered the data collection form. The subjects were examined before and after the one-month period of the shift work. Working memory and attention in participants were compared with the application of working memory and attention tests in 2-time points. Finally, the collected data were entered the SPSS software version 16 and statistical tests were performed subsequently. Results: The results showed that there is no significant difference between the mean of direct and reverse auditory working memory, direct and reverse visual working memory, as well as the divided attention of participants before and after the one-month period of the shift work, but there was a significant difference between the average of selective attention of participants before and after the one-month period of the shift work (P value < 0.05). Also, this study showed that, regardless of the effect of sleep deprivation, the mean of divided attention and working memory are different between males and females. Conclusions: According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that the type of sleep deprivation in the emergency medicine interns only reduces the selective attention and this effect was not dependent on the gender.

CHRONIC LACK OF SLEEP IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SPORTS INJURY IN ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Background:Although sleep has been identified as an important modifiable risk factor for sports injury, the effect of decreased sleep on sports injuries in adolescents is poorly studied.Purpose:To ...

The effects of partial sleep deprivation and the maximal ndks exercise testing protocol on s-klotho, maximal oxygen uptake, and hemodynamic responses in young men

The effects of partial sleep deprivation and the maximal ndks exercise testing protocol on s-klotho, maximal oxygen uptake, and hemodynamic responses in young men

Morning exercise improves cognitive performance decrements induced by partial sleep deprivation in elite athletes

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of morning exercise on cognitive performance followed by Partial Sleep Deprivation (PSD) in elite women volleyball players.Methods: 21 elite women volleyball players (age: 23.6. ± 2.9 years old; BMI: 19.1. ± 1.8) were investigated twice in a balanced, randomized design in two conditions of PSD and exercise in the morning following PSD (PSDE). The subjects were asked to fill the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) prior to the beginning of the study. The cognitive performance was measured using computerized neurocognitive tests of Vienna system test consisting of movement detection time (MDT); visual pursuit test (VPT); and cognitrone test (COG). Data was analyzed using Paired student’s t-test.Results: The results suggested that reaction time (RT) (p = 0.004); median cognitive reaction (MCR) (p = 0.001); Median Motor Time (MMT) (p = 0.01) were impaired significantly in PSD condition compared to the PSDE. Furthermore, both processing speed (number of correct Responses and rejection) and selective attention (mean time for correct responses and rejections) (p = 0.001) were not changed significantly in PSDE in (p ≥ 0.05). However, PSD impaired the cognitive performance of elite women players.Conclusions: The findings indicate that the beneficial cognitive effects of low-intensity exercise may overcome the fatiguing effects derived from the partial sleep deprivation in the cognitive functioning of elite female volleyball players.

The effects of partial sleep deprivation and the sub-maximal NDKS exercise testing protocol on S-Klotho and hemodynamic responses in women

The effects of partial sleep deprivation and the sub-maximal NDKS exercise testing protocol on S-Klotho and hemodynamic responses in women

Abstract # 3079 Sleep deprivation, inflammation and facial emotion recognition in older adults

Background Sleep disturbance, as well as inflammation predict depression risk, which may be due to effects of sleep loss and/or inflammation on affect regulation. We hypothesized that partial sleep deprivation (PSD) would impair emotion recognition in older adults, and that elevated levels of inflammation would be associated with such changes in affect regulation. Methods Older adults (N = 39) aged 61–86 years underwent a night of uninterrupted sleep (US), followed by a night of PSD. After each night, an Emotion Recognition Task was administered in a counterbalanced/crossover-design. Morning levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) stimulated monocyte production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor were measured three times: at baseline prior to the sleep protocol (BL), after US, and after PSD. Results As compared to US, PSD induced a delay in surprise and fear recognition (p’s Conclusion Sleep loss induces a delay in surprise and fear recognition in older adults. Pre-existing levels of cellular inflammatory responsivity appear to serve as a vulnerability factor for a delay in fear recognition following sleep loss. These findings have implications for persons with an underlying inflammatory disorder, who may be more at risk for having a failure to recognize salient emotions after sleep curtailment. Support provided by R01AG034588, the Max Kade Foundation, and the Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology.

Effects of Napping on Alertness, Cognitive, and Physical Outcomes of Karate Athletes.

It has been suggested that napping is the best recovery strategy for athletes. However, researches on the impacts of napping on athletic performances are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 30-min nap after a partial sleep deprivation, or a normal night condition, on alertness, fatigue, and cognitive and physical outcomes. Thirteen national-level male karate athletes were randomized to experience nap and no-nap conditions, after either a reference or a partial sleep deprivation night. The nap lasted 30 min at 1:00 PM. The postnap testing session started at 2:00 PM by quantifying subjective alertness and fatigue. Cognitive and physical performances were respectively measured before and after the karate-specific test (KST) by simple reaction time (SRT) test, lower reaction test (LRT), mental rotation test (MRT), squat jump (SJ), and counter movement jump (CMJ) tests. After a reference night, the nap improved alertness and cognitive outcomes (SRT, LRT, and MRT). No effects on subjective fatigue and physical performances were found. After a partial-sleep deprivation, the nap restored subjective alertness and the decrement in performances caused by sleep loss in most of the tests (MRT, LRT, and KST), but no effects were observed in subjective fatigue and CMJ. After the fatigue induced by KST, there was an ergogenic effect of the nap on the physical performances (CMJ and SJ), and a partial psychogenic effect on the cognitive performances (LRT). A 30-min nap enhances cognitive outcomes. It is also an effective strategy to overcome the cognitive and physical deteriorations in performances caused either by sleep loss or by fatigue induced by exhaustive trainings in the afternoon.

The impact of sleep deprivation on declarative memory.

Sleep plays a crucial role in memory stabilization and integration, yet many people obtain insufficient sleep. This review assesses what is known about the level of sleep deprivation that leads to impairments during encoding, consolidation and retrieval of declarative memories, and what can be determined about the underlying neurophysiological processes. Neuroimaging studies that deprived sleep after learning have provided some of the most compelling evidence for sleep's role in the long-term reorganization of memories in the brain (systems consolidation). However, the behavioral consequences of losing sleep after learning-shown by increased forgetting-appear to recover over time and are unaffected by more common forms of partial sleep restriction across several nights. The capacity to encode new memories is the most vulnerable to sleep loss, since long-term deficits have been observed after total and partial sleep deprivation, while retrieval mechanisms are relatively unaffected. The negative impact of sleep loss on memory has been explored extensively after a night of total sleep deprivation, but further research is needed on the consequences of partial sleep loss over many days so that impairments may be generalized to more common forms of sleep loss.

Effects of Sleep Fragmentation and Induced Mood on Pain Tolerance and Pain Sensitivity in Young Healthy Adults.

Background: Experimental research exploring the sleep/pain-relationship has typically focused on total or partial sleep deprivation, hereby failing to reproduce the mere fragmented sleep pattern typically observed in patients with chronic pain. Further, little research is done on how affect moderates the sleep–pain relationship after sleep fragmentation. The present study sought to clarify the relationship between pain, sleep and positive and negative affect.Methods: In an experimental counterbalanced crossover design, 35 healthy young adults were subjected to several pain measures after one night of fragmented sleep, compared to one control night of normal sleep, both conducted in their own homes, and respectively, positive and negative affect induction using validated film clips and facial feedback procedures. Sleep was monitored using sleep diaries.Results: Increased pain sensitivity after one night of experimentally induced sleep fragmentation was found, compared to after one control night of undisturbed sleep. No main effects of induced affect on pain were found, and sleep x induced affect interaction was not significant.Conclusion: The present study supports the adverse effect of sleep fragmentation on pain sensitivity, however, affect was not found to be a moderator in the sleep–pain relationship. The results underline the need for further research within this field.

Cumulative mild partial sleep deprivation negatively impacts working memory capacity but not sustained attention, response inhibition, or decision making: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTwenty-eight per cent (28%) of adults sleep at least 1 hour less than they consider optimal, yet the effects of such cumulative mild partial sleep deprivation on cognitive functions are unknown. The objective of this study was to examine how cumulative mild partial sleep deprivation over 6 nights can impact working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition, and decision making. MethodsA double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study was conducted to determine the impact of sleep restriction (elimination of 1 hour of sleep relative to the baseline habitual sleep duration) vs placebo (exposure to a lamp with no known therapeutic effect) on cognitive performance. The primary outcomes were performance on tasks that measure working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition, and decision making. The participants consisted of 93 adults (mean age 24.3 years, SD 4.7; 46 men, 47 women) with no reported sleep problem, behavioral issue, or medical issue. ResultsPerformance on the working memory capacity task improved between the baseline and experimental sessions for the placebo group but not the sleep-restriction group. Performance on tasks measuring sustained attention, response inhibition, and decision making did not change under either experimental condition. ConclusionCumulative partial sleep deprivation negatively affects performance on a test of working memory capacity but does not affect performance on tests of sustained attention, response inhibition, or decision making.

Sleep deprivation affects post-lunch dip performances, biomarkers of muscle damage and antioxidant status.

To compare the effects of two types of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) at the beginning (PSDBN) and the end (PSDEN) of the night on mood, cognitive performances, biomarkers of muscle damage, haematological status and antioxidant responses before and after repeated-sprint exercise in the post-lunch dip. Fourteen male athletes performed the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test following: (i) baseline normal sleep night, (ii) PSDBN, or (iii) PSDEN in a randomized and counter-balanced order. During each condition, participants performed simple and choice reaction time tests, the Profile of Mood States, subjective sleepiness, and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test. Plasma biomarkers of muscle damage, total blood count, and antioxidant activities were measured at rest and after the repeated sprint in the three conditions. PSDEN decreased Pmax (p=0.008; d=1.12), Pmean (p=0.002; d=1.33) and Pmin (p=0.006; d=1.15), whilst PSDBN decreased Pmean (p=0.04; d=0.68) and Pmin (p=0.028; d=0.58), in comparison with baseline. PSDEN exerted stronger effects on Pmax (p=0.013; d=0.74) and Pmean (p=0.048; d=0.54) than PSDBN. Moreover, PSDEN increased subjective sleepiness (p<0.001; d=1.93), while PSDBN impaired choice reaction time (p<0.001, d=1.89). Both PSD types decreased resting glutathione peroxidase (p<0.001; d=5.43, d=3.86), and increased aspartate amino-transferase levels (p<0.001; d=1.36, d=1.37) respectively for PSDEN and PSDBN. PSDEN decreased repeated-sprint performances more than PSDBN in the post-lunch dip. This could be explained by the lowered mood and resting antioxidant status and the increased inflammatory profile after PSDEN. Repeated-sprint exercise resulted in greater inflammation after PSDEN, despite the decreased physical performance. The drop of resting antioxidant defence and haemoglobin concentration after PSDEN could explain the increased sleep drive at the post-lunch dip.

Changes in brain arousal (EEG-vigilance) after therapeutic sleep deprivation in depressive patients and healthy controls

Depressed patients frequently exhibit a hyperstable brain arousal regulation. According to the arousal regulation model of affective disorders, the antidepressant effect of therapeutic sleep deprivation could be achieved by counter-acting this dysregulation. We investigated the impact of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on EEG-vigilance (an indicator of brain arousal regulation) in depressed patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 16). PSD was hypothesized to cause a more prominent destabilisation of brain arousal regulation in depressed patients (reflected by increased occurrence of lower EEG-vigilance stages). Furthermore, it was studied whether responders (n = 17) exhibit a more stable baseline brain arousal regulation and would show a more prominent arousal destabilisation after PSD than non-responders (n = 10). Before PSD, patients showed a more stable EEG-vigilance with less declines to lower vigilance stages compared to controls. Contrary to the hypothesis, a greater destabilisation of brain arousal after PSD was seen in controls. Within the patient sample, responders generally showed a less stable EEG-vigilance, especially after PSD when we found significant differences compared to non-responders. EEG-vigilance in non-responders showed only little change from baseline to after PSD. In summary, PSD had a destabilizing impact on brain arousal regulation in healthy controls whereas depressed patients reacted heterogeneously depending on the outcome of treatment.