Partial Shutdown Research Articles

Managing COVID-19 food supply chain disruptions in India: a case study of public distribution system

ABSTRACT To address the food security mission for the economically weaker sections of the population, the government of India has established a Public Distribution System to distribute essential food across the country. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges and risks in the food supply chain. To manage such disruptions, we developed a simulation model to capture the dynamic behaviour of the pandemic. We analyse the impact by considering three events: increased demand, partial shutdown of facilities, and the COVID-19 pandemic to present supply chain vulnerability. Then, we proposed the three risk mitigation strategies: Redundancy, Responsiveness, and Flexibility to increase the resilience of the food supply chain. The simulation results reveal that the Redundancy strategy is more efficient than the Responsiveness and Flexibility risk mitigation approach. The presented study will help policymakers, academics, and practitioners to mitigate pandemic risk and provide key recommendations for managing the food supply chain.

Evaluation of Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Economic Benefits of Livestock Manure based Solid Fuel

Objectives : In the context where the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock manure (LSM) account for more than half of the GHG emissions in the livestock sector, it is necessary to find alternatives to composting due to the decrease in agricultural land. This study aims to calculate the GHG reduction contribution and economic benefits when converting LSM into solid fuel as an alternative to traditional composting.Methods : The study compares the results of converting the entire LSM generated domestically into solid fuel replacing it with hard coal for fuel (HC-F), bituminous coal for raw materials (BC-R), bituminous coal for fuel (BC-F). The GHG reduction contribution is calculated following the domestic GHG inventory methodology, using the IPCC guidelines and the method for calculating carbon emission reduction effects. For the assessment of economic benefits, were evaluated by aggregating the impacts of reducing coal imports and GHG reduction benefits in line with EU-ETS standards. Economic benefits are assessed by combining the effects of avoiding coal imports and the GHG reduction benefits according to the EU-ETS.Results and Discussion : The GHG reduction effect was found to be highest when replacing with HC-F, and this is attributed to the lower heating value and higher GHG emission coefficient of HC-F compared to BC-R, and BC-F, indicating that the substitution with HC-F is most effective in terms of import avoidance. If 20% of the annual coal consumption in 2022 is replaced with solid fuel from LSM, the GHG reduction effects for coal substitution are 1.4% for HC-F, 2.1% for BC-R, and 1.9% for BC-F based on the LSM generation CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from biomass fuel are considered climate-neutral and are excluded from the national total emissions. Solid fuel from LSM serves as an alternative in addressing the GHG generated during the LSM treatment process, contributing to potential reduction. If all generated LSM is replaced with HC-F, BC-R, or BC-F, there are respective GHG reduction effects of 13,193,591 tGHG, 11,320,572 tGHG, and 11,226,331 tGHG.Conclusion In 2018, the livestock sector accounted for approximately 42% of the GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, totaling 9.4 million tCO<sub>2</sub> eq. Assuming the complete conversion of LSM into solid fuel for coal substitution, regardless of the type of coal replaced, it offsets the entire GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. Currently, there is limited demand for the conversion of LSM into solid fuel due to a lack of proof and awareness, but with some coal-fired power plants scheduled for partial shutdown and the government considering energy options for LSM, a promising stage is anticipated in the future for the substitution and expanded use of solid fuel from LSM in place of coal in the coal fuel. Although it may not be possible to entirely replace the coal used in power plants and steel mills with solid fuel from LSM, it can be utilized by increasing the proportion of coal blending. However, even if not reported in the national GHG inventory, the treatment of pollutants generated by solid fuel combustion remains an ongoing challenge. As solid fuel becomes more commonplace in the future, a comprehensive assessment of the entire process, including potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle, will be necessary to establish a basis for GHG reduction measures.

Bifurcation analysis of a North Atlantic Ocean box model with two deep-water formation sites

The tipping of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to a ‘shutdown’ state due to changes in the freshwater forcing of the ocean is of particular interest and concern due to its widespread ramifications, including a dramatic climatic shift for much of Europe. A clear understanding of how such a shutdown would unfold requires analyses of models from across the complexity spectrum. For example, detailed simulations of sophisticated Earth System Models have identified scenarios in which deep-water formation first ceases in the Labrador Sea before ceasing in the Nordic Seas, en route to a complete circulation shutdown. Here, we study a simple ocean box model with two polar boxes designed to represent deep-water formation at these two distinct sites. A bifurcation analysis reveals how, depending on the differences of freshwater and thermal forcing between the two polar boxes, transitions to ‘partial shutdown’ states are possible. Our results shed light on the nature of the tipping of AMOC and clarify dynamical features observed in more sophisticated models.

Evaluation of ventilation during partial shutdown of a hospital heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system for maintenance.

Evaluation of ventilation during partial shutdown of a hospital heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system for maintenance.

Review: machine and deep learning methods in Malaysia for COVID-19

The global pandemic of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 has impacted a variety of operations. This dilemma is also attributable to the lockdown measures taken by the afflicted nations. The entire or partial shutdown enacted by nations across the globe affected the majority of hospitals and clinics until the pandemic was contained. The judgements made by the authorities of each impacted nation vary based on a number of variables, including the nation's severity of reported cases, the availability of vaccines, beds in intensive care unit (ICU), staff number, patient number, and medicines. Consequently, this work offers a thorough analysis of the most recent machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches for COVID-19 that can assist the medical field in offering quick and exact COVID-19 diagnosis in Malaysia. This research aims to review the machine learning and deep learning methods that were used to help diagnose COVID-19 in Malaysia.

Polycentric Governance and Inclusive Policies: Egypt and the Implementation of Fiscal Stimulus in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the implementation of Egypt’s targeted fiscal stimulus to the irregular workforce in response to the COVID-19-induced partial shutdown in 2020. We utilize theoretical insights from the literature on administrative campaigns and the interagency coordination literature, as well as insights from the polycentric governance literature, to identify the approach to coordinating the work of the multiple agencies that participated in implementing the initiative and situate it within the implementation literature. We conclude that the complexity of public administration initiatives in semi-authoritarian regimes could create a pretext for expanding access to decision-making and implementation. The need for input from diverse actors creates an environment conducive to expanding participation that combines the characteristics of top-down and bottom-up approaches to policy implementation. Access to decision-making and implementation structures by non-state actors, however, remains dependent on relations with state bureaucratic agencies, both civilian, security-, and military-affiliated. The regime’s interest in maintaining control, especially control over data, and the participants’ attention to following the official line, creates a need for a dominant actor to perform certain functions beyond the ability of the participating members to accomplish. This expansion in participation therefore does not reflect an expansion in political participation.

Longitudinal trends in parent-reported child sleep, physical activity, and screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

To examine trends in child sleep, physical activity, and screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City with a prospective, longitudinal online survey of parents recruited from a large medical center. Data was collected Spring 2020 ("Complete Shutdown") and Fall 2020 ("Partial Shutdown"). Outcomes were parental perceptions about changes in child sleep, physical activity, and screen time compared to before COVID-19; and contemporaneous measures of these child behaviors. We report contemporaneous responses and paired analyses to describe longitudinal changes. Two hundred seventy-seven participants were surveyed during Complete Shutdown and 227 (81.9%) filled out a follow-up survey during Partial Shutdown. The largest percentage of parents at both time points perceived no change in child sleep, decreases in child exercise, and increases in child screen time. In paired analyses, perceptions shifted toward less sleep, more physical activity and less screen time from Complete Shutdown to Partial Shutdown. COVID-19 had negative impacts on child health behaviors that did not resolve over a 6-month period despite partial reopenings.

Quantitative Assessment of Computed Tomography Energy Use and Cost Savings Through Overnight and Weekend Power Down in a Radiology Department.

Purpose: To assess energy and cost savings when a CT scanner is powered down during overnight non-operational times compared with the CT scanner left on full power or partial shutdown mode. Materials and Methods: Temporary portable power data loggers were placed on the power supply to the CT scanner to measure the energy consumption of the CT scanner in 3 power modes over 9weeks: system ON (computer on, gantry on), computer ON (computer on/gantry off), and system shutdown (computer off/gantry off). Energy was separated into daily average consumption during normal operating hours and consumption after hours for three different day types: weekdays, Saturdays, and Sundays/Holidays. To estimate savings, the average after hours energy use per day during the system ON was compared to each of the two power saving modes. 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each mode and savings result. Results: Overnight and Sunday system shutdown compared to system ON mode is shown to save approximately 14000 kWh over one year with a 95% confidence interval of (13899 kWh, 14464 kWh) as calculated by the electricity provider. Conclusion: Energy consumed by a CT scanner can be significantly reduced through system shutdown when the unit is non-operational, saving emissions and cost. In addition to cost and energy savings, this study emphasizes the importance of clinician leadership in convening interdisciplinary teams outside of usual healthcare silos to rethink how we purposefully use energy and reduce waste.

A Discrete-Event System Approach for Modeling and Mitigating Power System Cascading Failures

A power system cascading failure can propagate through sequential tripping of components in the network. As a result, a complete or partial shutdown may occur. In this article, we develop a new systematic approach to identify and prevent cascading failures in power systems using supervisory control of discrete-event systems (DESs). We build the DES model for a power system in a modular fashion by first modeling its components as (small) automata and then combining these automata using parallel composition. To overcome state explosion, we use online lookahead control that can significantly reduce the number of states to be considered. Since some events such as line trips cannot be disabled but can be preempted by forcing some forcible events such as load shedding, we extend supervisory control of DES to include forcible events. This extension allows us to control power systems effectively. The proposed control is implemented in an implementation platform that we build in MATLAB. The platform uses MATPOWER to simulate a power system and then control it using the proposed DES controller. Simulation studies are carried out for IEEE 6-, 30-, and 118-bus systems. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The SNAP Cycle and Diabetes Management During a One-Time Change in Disbursement Schedule.

The 2018-2019 federal government partial shutdown resulted in a one-time disruption to the usual disbursement schedule of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits nationwide. We assessed the relationship between this disruption and hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia medical encounters among beneficiaries with diabetes. To estimate whether the one-time change in benefit disbursement affected the monthly cycle of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia encounter rates, we used linked administrative Medicaid claims and SNAP disbursement data from West Virginia in a fixed-effects model with interactions between week of the month and the two months of interest-January and February 2019. We controlled for week, month, year, and county effects as well as individual characteristics, and we clustered SEs by individual. We found that the early disbursement of SNAP benefits in January 2019 resulted in a spike in hyperglycemia four times the rate in a typical month. Further, we found a decrease in both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in late February. Our findings suggest that the early distribution of benefits led to a temporary increase in food consumption among West Virginia Medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes. Findings from late February also imply that individuals may have a way to prepare for reduced food resources. These results shed new light on the effects of unexpected changes to the timing of safety net payments as well as an understanding of unintended consequences of government shutdowns.

A REVIEW ON MACRO-ECONOMIC VIEW IN ETHIOPIA’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDER COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused greater challenge for the investors and policymakers to mitigate the consequences of this pandemic. Through a review of the literature on the economics of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, this study explores the effects of the pandemic on the entrepreneurship taking in to account the gross domestic product, employment, and inflation (consumer price index) of Ethiopia during the first years of the pandemic. The review reveals that adverse economic effects have been observed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to fatalities. The pandemic has influenced in a negative way the country’s economy by reducing the GDP growth which has been recorded as one of the fastest economies for the last decade. The partial shutdown taken by the government as a response of the pandemic has led million lose their work increasing the unemployment rate and thus triggering inflation on consumers goods.

Air pollution and health impacts during the COVID-19 lockdowns in Grenoble, France

It is undeniable that exposure to outdoor air pollution impacts the health of populations and therefore constitutes a public health problem. Any actions or events causing variations in air quality have repercussions on populations’ health. Faced with the worldwide COVID-19 health crisis that began at the end of 2019, the governments of several countries were forced, in the beginning of 2020, to put in place very strict containment measures that could have led to changes in air quality. While many works in the literature have studied the issue of changes in the levels of air pollutants during the confinements in different countries, very few have focused on the impact of these changes on health risks. In this work, we compare the 2020 period, which includes two lockdowns (March 16 - May 10 and a partial shutdown Oct. 30 - Dec. 15) to a reference period 2015–2019 to determine how these government-mandated lockdowns affected concentrations of NO2, O3, PM2.5, and PM10, and how that affected human health factors, including low birth weight, lung cancer, mortality, asthma, non-accidental mortality, respiratory, and cardiovascular illnesses. To this end, we structured 2020 into four periods, alternating phases of freedom and lockdowns characterized by a stringency index. For each period, we calculated (1) the differences in pollutant levels between 2020 and a reference period (2015–2019) at both background and traffic stations; and (2) the resulting variations in the epidemiological based relative risks of health outcomes. As a result, we found that relative changes in pollutant levels during the 2020 restriction period were as follows: NO2 (−32%), PM2.5 (−22%), PM10 (−15%), and O3 (+10.6%). The pollutants associated with the highest health risk reductions in 2020 were PM2.5 and NO2, while PM10 and O3 changes had almost no effect on health outcomes. Reductions in short-term risks were related to reductions in PM2.5 (−3.2% in child emergency room visits for asthma during the second lockdown) and NO2 (−1.5% in hospitalizations for respiratory causes). Long-term risk reductions related to PM2.5 were low birth weight (−8%), mortality (−3.3%), and lung cancer (−2%), and to NO2 for mortality (−0.96%). Overall, our findings indicate that the confinement period in 2020 resulted in a substantial improvement in air quality in the Grenoble area.

Editor's Foreword

This issue first declared itself as other recent issues have done: as a neural blip of anxiety about access to collections for the Lost & Found feature, publication of overdue books for the reviews, and receipt of high-quality essays from scholars and theater-makers muddling through uncooperative professional environments. And how to manage the Practitioners' Colloquium when so few people are … practicing?That sort of blip grows. This blip grew. To a beep, a bark, and a bellow. And beyond.Then, silence. Why? Let's start with Lost & Found. The partial shutdown of Princeton's libraries had prevented final work on “The Silver Bullet,” O'Neill's early sketch of The Emperor Jones. Fortunately, a Google search for “incisive commentary,” “O'Neill,” “eminence grise” (no itals in Google!), “Abbey Theatre,” and “very, very helpful” led me to Christopher Murray. He responded with a rigorous contextualization of a 1934 letter from O'Neill to the Irish American politician Patrick McCartan, in which the playwright regrets his inability to attend the Abbey's production of Days Without End. Murray elucidates the success in Ireland of a play that has never caught on Stateside. Is this essentially an Irish play? Murray seems to suggest as much.More good luck: three veteran members of the Eugene O'Neill Society published books late in 2020 or early in 2021. Sheila Hickey Garvey's account of the Circle in the Square Theatre earns a predictably thoughtful review by Anne Fletcher; Chris Morash, commissioned ad hoc by yours truly, overcame Brexit-related postal problems adroitly to handle Zander Brietzke's book on O'Neill's Cycle plays. The third book? A positive review of Patrick Chura's book on Mike Gold is in hand but was nudged aside to ensure adherence to our contracted page count. It's queued up for 43.2.Two newcomers weighed in with trenchant essays when I most needed them. Dan Venning evaluates O'Neill's position among Pulitzer Prize winners of his own day and ours. Informative in its own terms, the essay gains from its “Lost & Found” approach to documentary evidence. For example, an unpleasant and previously unpublished telegram from O'Neill about casting (or not casting) Black actors in his plays meaningfully wrinkles the ongoing discussion of O'Neill and race. Kaitlyn Farrell Rodriguez, a graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin, makes her debut with a sturdy interdisciplinary assessment of “infantilization” in canonical plays by O'Neill, Williams, and Miller.Patrick Midgley provided a first-rate Practitioners' Colloquium by gathering friends and others who had participated in Brandon Fox's prepandemic Long Day's Journey Into Night, previously discussed by Fox himself, and glowingly reviewed by Jo Morello, in EOR 41.2 (2020). Midgley's interviews are equally long on bonhomie and insight.Two features that occasioned no anxiety are the performance reviews and Used Books. Performance review editor Bess Rowen's workload has soared during the pandemic, as, not coincidentally, has the Metropolitan Virtual Playhouse's commitment to Zoom productions of plays by O'Neill and others. The fact that three of this issue's five performance reviewers are making their first appearances in the EOR advertises Rowen's leadership in diversi-fying the journal. We also honor our past in this issue. As we roll through the centennials of O'Neill's plays, we have also reached what we might call the semicentennial of modern O'Neill criticism. In an expanded Used Books entry, Brenda Murphy, Jackson R. Bryer, and David Clare reappraise Travis Bogard's foundational Contour in Time (1972). Personal reflections from Bogard's friend and collaborator, Bryer, add a warmth that is never out of season.As always, I offer sincere thanks to our contributors and readers. Unanxiously.

COVID-19 and E-Commerce Operations: Evidence from Alibaba

Problem definition: This paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce sales and the underlying operational driver. Academic/practical relevance: As COVID-19 continues to disrupt offline retail, anecdotal evidence suggests a rapid growth of e-commerce. However, the pandemic may also significantly decrease offline logistics capacity, which in turn decreases e-commerce sales. Then, how does e-commerce respond to COVID-19, and what are the corresponding opportunities and challenges? Methodology: We leverage e-commerce sales data from Alibaba and construct a city-day panel across three years, representing sales for all buyers and sellers on the platform across 339 cities in mainland China. We develop three identification strategies to estimate the overall impact of COVID-19 (based on a year-on-year comparison), the impact of COVID-19 intensity (based on the different number of cases across cities), and the impact of corresponding containment measures (leveraging policy changes of checkpoint, partial shutdown, and complete shutdown measures across cities). Results: We provide two key findings. First, across different identification strategies, we observe a common drop and recovery pattern, which illustrates the digital resilience of e-commerce during the pandemic. For example, we estimate an overall decrease of 22% in e-commerce sales during the period of the Wuhan shutdown (January 23–April 7, 2020). However, it recovers in most cities within five weeks. Second, we identify a key operational driver—logistics capacity—that significantly explains the decline and recovery of e-commerce sales during and after the outbreak. Managerial implications: We provide important evidence on how e-commerce responds to and recovers from COVID-19, contrary to the common perception. The evidence in the recovery phase can also inform platforms and policymakers to design digital strategies and invest in logistics infrastructure.

Assessing the impact of human mobility to predict regional excess death in Ecuador

COVID-19 outbreaks have had high mortality in low- and middle-income countries such as Ecuador. Human mobility is an important factor influencing the spread of diseases possibly leading to a high burden of disease at the country level. Drastic control measures, such as complete lockdown, are effective epidemic controls, yet in practice one hopes that a partial shutdown would suffice. It is an open problem to determine how much mobility can be allowed while controlling an outbreak. In this paper, we use statistical models to relate human mobility to the excess death in Ecuador while controlling for demographic factors. The mobility index provided by GRANDATA, based on mobile phone users, represents the change of number of out-of-home events with respect to a benchmark date (March 2nd, 2020). The study confirms the global trend that more men are dying than expected compared to women, and that people under 30 show less deaths than expected, particularly individuals younger than 20 with a death rate reduction between 22 and 27%. The weekly median mobility time series shows a sharp decrease in human mobility immediately after a national lockdown was declared on March 17, 2020 and a progressive increase towards the pre-lockdown level within two months. Relating median mobility to excess deaths shows a lag in its effect: first, a decrease in mobility in the previous two to three weeks decreases excess death and, more novel, we found an increase of mobility variability four weeks prior increases the number of excess deaths.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ СТРУКТУРИ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

This study examines as a war, that undermined the economic security of the country, at the same time is deforming the structure of the national economy. The purpose of the article is to study the factors of structural deformation of the economy during the war; to analyze export specialization and the structure of the national economy; to consider the prospects for the development of long production chains as a prerequisite for structural progress. The factors of this deformation have been summarized, namely, the people death, their deportation by the aggressor; complete or partial shutdown of most enterprises; huge losses of key production factors (physical capital, labor, land); disruption of product supply and sales chains; limiting the availability of necessary production resources; loss of jobs and drop in income; market imbalance; destabilization of foreign trade. The composition of the export basket has been analyzed as a reflection of the national economy structure; and the dominance of raw materials and products with a low degree of processing in the export have been shown. Tendencies to narrowing of the variety of industrial activity types and products assortment have been revealed, which indicates the simplification of the national economy and the weakness of its innovative potential. The results of econometric modeling show that the density of inter-industry connections in the economics of the country is low, and the development of value chains is insufficient. The need to improve the structure of the economy through the creation of long production chains (which should combine the agricultural sector with the processing and service sectors) in order to increase the productivity and the growth rates of the economy has been substantiated.

The EU Erasmus+ Programme During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The article critically reflects upon various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the EU funded Erasmus+ academic cooperation programme. A complete or partial shutdown of academic mobility, imposition of quarantine, and forced introduction of digital teaching and learning technologies have become the most prominent consequences of the pandemic for the European universities. Numerous surveys among students, teachers and experts in higher education have shown many vulnerabilities of the Erasmus programme requiring improvement. Responding to the COVID-19 challenges, the EU and university community are updating the Erasmus programme for the period 2021‒2027, in order to strengthen it as a tool to promote European values and increase its resilience to withstand external threats.

What can be learned from the French partial nuclear shutdown of 2016?

The penetration of intermittent renewable energies in the electricity mixes impact the wholesale price. In the absence of electricity storing capacities at reasonable costs, the back-up of the intermittent renewable energies is ensured by fossil or nuclear power plants. In 2016 the French Nuclear Safety Authority has ordered the shutdown of a large part of nuclear units for safety reasons. This paper analyses the impact of such a decision both on the evolution of the whole-sale price of electricity and on the French commercial balance. Although the resulting mix from the partial shutdown of the nuclear power plants was able to produce the electrical energy consumed, it was unable to keep up with demand. This has resulted in a very sharp increase in the price of electricity on the spot market and in massive electricity imports at peak times. Moreover the carbon electricity footprint produced in France is much lower than the one pro-duced by its neighbors. Consequently, the nuclear partial shutdown has a negative climatic impact resulting in a deterioration of the citizen welfare. Thus, the French experience of 2016 teaches us that in the absence of electricity storage facilities, there is no point in trying to re-duce the share of nuclear and fossil fuels in the electricity mix. If the policymakers want to do so, they must ensure that massive electricity storage facilities are present and promote electrici-ty demand flexibility on a large scale. This study highlights also the divergence that can exist between the interest of the nuclear producer (higher revenues) and the collective interest (lower welfare and negative impact on the trade balance).

Environmental spatial heterogeneity of the impacts of COVID-19 on the top-20 metropolitan cities of Asia-Pacific

This study investigated the environmental spatial heterogeneity of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and spatial and temporal changes among the top-20 metropolitan cities of the Asia-Pacific. Remote sensing-based assessment is performed to analyze before and during the lockdown amid COVID-19 lockdown in the cities. Air pollution and mobility data of each city (Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, Dhaka, Delhi, Ho Chi Minh, Hong Kong, Karachi, Mumbai, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Tokyo, Wuhan, and few others) have been collected and analyzed for 2019 and 2020. Results indicated that almost every city was impacted positively regarding environmental emissions and visible reduction were found in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations before and during lockdown periods of 2020 as compared to those of 2019. The highest NO2 emission reduction (~ 50%) was recorded in Wuhan city during the lockdown of 2020. AOD was highest in Beijing and lowest in Colombo (< 10%). Overall, 90% movement was reduced till mid-April, 2020. A 98% reduction in mobility was recorded in Delhi, Seoul, and Wuhan. This analysis suggests that smart mobility and partial shutdown policies could be developed to reduce environmental pollutions in the region. Wuhan city is one of the benchmarks and can be replicated for the rest of the Asian cities wherever applicable.

From the Literature

From the Literature