Partial Replacement Research Articles

Performance of agro-waste cementitious material in the high-strength reinforced concrete applications: a review

The rapid urbanisation and rising demand for high-performance concrete (HPC) have driven research towards sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional cement. Agricultural waste cementitious materials, such as fly ash, rice husk ash, and bagasse ash, have been used as cementitious material due to their pozzolanic properties. This review explores the feasibility of incorporating these agro-waste materials in high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) applications, focusing on their effects on the durability, sustainability and mechanical properties of concrete. Previous studies indicate that the partial replacement of cement (5–10%) with such waste materials can enhance the mechanical strength due to the additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels, which improve its microstructural densification. Moreover, this material’s fineness improves the durability by reducing its permeability, enhancing the sulphate and chloride resistance, and mitigating the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Utilising agricultural waste also significantly lowers the related carbon emissions, minimises industrial waste disposal, and promotes sustainable construction practices. However, challenges such as the variability of the chemical composition, proper processing (grinding and calcination), and standardisation issues must be addressed for broader implementation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of agro-waste cementitious materials in HSRC, highlighting their benefits and limitations while emphasising the need for further research to optimise their performance and reliability in structural applications.

METHOD OF DENTAL ORTHOPEDIC REHABILITATION OF A PATIENT WITH POST-COVID OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE UPPER JAW

Relevance. The coronavirus infection that appeared in 2019 has brought many changes to our lives. COVID-19-associated osteomyelitis of the jaw bones is directly related to the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the human body. This disease is a rare complication after a coronavirus infection, requiring replacement of the defect with orthopedic structures. Description of a clinical case. One case of osteomyelitis of the upper jaw after a coronavirus infection is considered. Complete absence of teeth and alveolar process of the upper jaw in the area of ​​teeth 1.5 - 2.5. During an objective examination, patient N. was found to have complete atrophy of the alveolar process in the frontal section of the upper jaw, partial absence of teeth in the frontal section of the jaw. Externally, the upper lip is recessed. Chewing and sound production are impaired. Treatment was performed using a partial removable replacement denture with an elastic lining and restoration in the frontal section of the alveolar process of the upper jaw. Conclusion. Treatment of a maxillofacial defect using a replacement prosthesis with elastic elements not only restores aesthetics, but also increases chewing efficiency, which indicates successful orthopedic rehabilitation of the patient in a short period of time without surgical interventions. A detailed approach to collecting anamnesis and treatment is an important part of our work. Keywords Coronavirus infection, COVID-19-associated osteomyelitis of the jaw bones, osteonecrosis of the jaw bones, replacement prosthesis with elastic elements.

Improving shear strength penetration resistance and microstructural behaviour of expansive subgrade soil using scoria

This study investigates the suitability of Scoria as a modifier for enhancing the engineering properties of expansive soil. Scoria was incorporated at varying percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%), and the resulting soil-Scoria Blend were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. During the early phases, experiments were performed to assess the Geotechnical and index behaviours of untreated soil, including compaction, Atterberg limits, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The influence of Scoria inclusion on expansive soil was analyzed through modified Proctor compaction, Atterberg limits, split tensile strength (STS), CBR, UCS tests. The results indicate that partial replacement of expansive soil with Scoria significantly reduces the liquid limit and plasticity index while increasing UCS, STS, and CBR values. However, beyond an optimal Scoria content, a decline in performance is observed. Strength improvements in Scoria-stabilised soil are further enhanced with curing time. Microstructural analyses using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and XRD (X-ray diffraction) revealed changes in clay soil morphology and development of cementitious phases in Scoria-treated clay soil, confirming stabilisation mechanisms. At an optimal scoria content of 25% and 28 days of curing, the UCS reached 493.65 kPa, surpassing the target compressive strength of 345 kPa. Furthermore, Soaked CBR values at the optimal Scoria content satisfied the subgrade material requirement for low-traffic rural roads as per IRC: SP-72:2015 standards, contributing to reduced pavement thickness and construction costs. A predictive statistical model for CBR values was developed using IBM SPSS. Finally, comprehensive flexible pavement design along with a comparative cost analysis, were developed to assess the economic viability of scoria in soil stabilisation. This study provides a sustainable and cost-effective approach to mitigating expansive soil challenges in road construction, bridging the gap between laboratory findings and practical application.

Hybrid rye grain inclusion strategies as a replacement for corn grain in finishing cattle diets: Effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics1

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding dry-rolled hybrid rye grain (DRRG) as a replacement for dry-rolled corn (DRC) in beef cattle finishing diets. Two inclusion strategies for rye grain (RG) were evaluated: a total replacement of DRC for a limited time and a partial replacement during the entire feeding trial for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, primarily Angus steers [n = 110, initial shrunk body weight (BW) 391 ± 31.5 kg] were blocked by BW and pen location in 7 blocks and assigned to either 1-A) DRC as the sole grain during the entire finishing (DRC), or 1-B) DRRG during the initial 46 d (replacement phase) and then switched to DRC (DRRG/DRC). In Exp. 2, primarily Angus steers (n = 44, initial shrunk BW 436 ± 41.0 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location in 4 blocks and assigned to either 2-A) DRC as the sole grain (DRC), or 2-B) the dietary grain component was a blend of one-third DRRG and two-thirds DRC (DM basis), during the entire feeding trial (MIX). Steers were fed for a total of 144 and 119 d in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Pen was the experimental unit, and data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design for both experiments. In Exp. 1, DRRG-fed steers had 18% less dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.01) and 13% less average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.01) during the replacement phase. Cumulatively, steers initially fed with the DRRG-based diet tended to consume less than steers continuously fed the DRC-based diet (P = 0.08). However, cumulative ADG, final body weight (FBW), and hot carcass weight (HCW) did not differ (P ≥ 0.16). Steers fed DRRG tended to have lesser marbling scores and USDA Yield Grades (P = 0.08). In Exp. 2, Steers fed MIX tended to have less DMI expressed as % of BW (P = 0.09); no other differences were observed for growth performance or carcass characteristics. In conclusion, both alternatives serve to include rye in feedlot diets, with minimal effects on cumulative performance. However, in the current experiment total replacement of DRC with DRRG for a portion of the feeding period reduced feed intake, body weight gain, and carcass quality.

Multi‐objective optimization of green concrete incorporating recycled plastic and sawdust waste as fine aggregates using response surface methodology

AbstractThis study investigates the development of Green Normal Concrete (GNC) by incorporating plastic waste aggregates (PWAs) and sawdust waste (SDW) as partial replacements for natural sand (NS). The research follows three experimental stages using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the Absolute Volume (AV) method to optimize compressive strength, workability, and density. Stage I establishes a normal concrete (NC) control mix based on British standards. Stage II examines the effects of replacing NS with gray and black ABS plastic granules (GABSR and BABSI), identifying the optimal mix (OPW) with 0.04% NS‐GABSR and 24.11% NS‐BABSI, achieving 20.50 MPa compressive strength, 25 mm workability, and 2276 kg/m3 density. Stage III introduces sawdust (SDF) as a fine aggregate replacement in OPW, with silica fume (DSF) and superplasticizer (SP) enhancing performance. The optimal mix (OPWSD), with 60.32% BABSI‐SDF and 20.01% NS‐SDF, achieves 25.10 MPa compressive strength, 124.21 mm workability, and 2055 kg/m3 density. The results highlight the feasibility of PWAs and SDW in concrete, emphasizing the need for further studies on long‐term durability and environmental impact.

Treatment of fine and medium fractions of MSWI bottom ash for use in concrete: A German case study.

Treatment of fine and medium fractions of MSWI bottom ash for use in concrete: A German case study.

Ecofriendly Mortar with Paint Sludge Ash.

This research aims to address the environmental and economic challenges associated with conventional concrete by partially replacing cement-the most polluting, expensive, and energy-intensive ingredient-with industrial paint sludge ash (PSA), a highly contaminated industrial waste that is typically landfilled. Mortar mixtures were prepared with PSA replacement levels ranging from 0% to 20% in 5% increments while maintaining a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.48. This study comprehensively evaluated the fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of the PSA-modified mortar to assess its potential as an ecofriendly construction material. Results showed that as PSA content increased, the fresh properties, such as workability/slump flow and setting time, decreased, while the water demand for attaining normal consistency increased. Soundness tests indicated expansion up to 15% PSA replacement, beyond which expansion became more pronounced. Compressive strength improved significantly with PSA replacements of 5% to 15% compared to the control sample, with a slight decline at 15% relative to 5% and 10%. This trend was consistent with bulk density and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements. Furthermore, the incorporation of PSA enhanced key durability properties, including water absorption, sulfate resistance, and porosity reduction, up to 15% PSA replacement. Microstructural analysis using SEM, XRD, TGA/DTA, and FTIR confirmed that PSA inclusion led to increased mortar densification, with the 10% PSA mix exhibiting thermal stability and minimal mass loss at elevated temperatures. FTIR spectra further indicated improved composition with higher PSA content. Overall, PSA proved to be a viable partial cement replacement, offering enhanced mortar properties without compromising performance. Its use contributes to sustainability by reducing reliance on cement, lowering construction costs, and eliminating the environmental and logistical burdens of paint sludge disposal.

Effectiveness of wax-bovine bone protein-grapeseed oil composite oleogels as a margarine substitute in cookies: Characteristics of fat substitutes and baking properties.

Effectiveness of wax-bovine bone protein-grapeseed oil composite oleogels as a margarine substitute in cookies: Characteristics of fat substitutes and baking properties.

The Sustainability of Partial and Total Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement: A Deep Dive into Different Concrete Mixtures Through Life Cycle Assessment

The Sustainability of Partial and Total Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement: A Deep Dive into Different Concrete Mixtures Through Life Cycle Assessment

Effects of partial and complete replacement of fish oil with perilla oil on growth performance, feed efficiency, health status, and fatty acid accumulation in flesh of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) reared in freshwater

Effects of partial and complete replacement of fish oil with perilla oil on growth performance, feed efficiency, health status, and fatty acid accumulation in flesh of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) reared in freshwater

Dietary winter hybrid rye minimally influences performance and carcass characteristics of organically-raised growing-finishing pigs

This study evaluated the utility of winter hybrid rye as a partial replacement for corn in an organic pig production system. Winter hybrid rye replaced 50% of corn in diets for growing-finishing pigs raised organically to determine pig performance, carcass characteristics, and phosphorus concentrations in fecal samples. A total of 500 pigs (initial body weight = 18.9 ± 2.94 kg) were assigned to either a Control or Rye treatment (50 pigs/pen; 5 pens/treatment) balanced for sex and body weight. Control pigs received a corn-soybean meal diet, while Rye pigs were fed a diet where hybrid rye replaced 50% of the corn in the control diet. Pigs were housed in a hoop barn, with wheat straw bedding provided to Control pigs and rye straw bedding for Rye pigs. Pig performance, including body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain efficiency (G:F) were recorded every 28 days. At the end of the trial, carcass traits such as hot carcass weight (HCW), backfat thickness (BF), and loin eye area (LEA) were measured. Feed samples from each dietary phase were analyzed for nutrient composition, including phosphorus and phytic acid concentrations. Fecal samples from 80 pigs (40 Control and 40 Rye) were collected and analyzed for phosphorus and phytic acid concentration. There were no differences in BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F, or fat-free lean percent of carcass between Control and Rye fed pigs (p > 0.05). However, carcass yield and LEA were lower in Rye-fed pigs (p < 0.05). Mortality tended to be lower in Rye-fed pigs (p = 0.082) probably due to random variation, while morbidity was not different between treatments (p > 0.05). Phosphorus concentrations in Rye diets were higher across most dietary phases (p < 0.05), but there were no differences in phosphorus or phytic acid concentrations in the fecal samples between treatments suggesting improved utilization of dietary phosphorus in Rye-fed pigs. In conclusion, replacing 50% of corn with winter hybrid rye in diets for organically-raised growing-finishing pigs did not affect growth performance but reduced carcass yield.

The Effects of Direct Fire and Strength on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Containing Semiconductor Electronic Molding Resin Waste (AAC-SEMRW) on Partition Panel Application

The research highlights semiconductor electronic molding resin waste (SEMRW) has the potential to improve the strength and fire resistance of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) due to its excellent properties of (SEMRW) in terms of physical, mechanical, and fire resistance performances. The possibility of SEMRW by its addition in AAC concrete is explored by analyzing the effect of varying additions on the properties of AAC. This fundamental research is to propose a different percentages composition (5%, 10%, 15%,20%, 25%, and 30%) of SEMRW as a partial replacement of sand and containing with standard amounts of cement, quartz sand, water, and a 1% aluminum paste. All specimens experienced a steam curing process for 12 hours at a temperature of 180°C and a steam pressure of 13 bar in an autoclave machine to produce (AAC- SEMRW). The results revealed 20% SEMRW of AAC provides the higher compressive strength at 5.19 MPa. Modulus young and Modulus rupture at 0.11 Gpa and 3.11 Mpa, respectively. In terms of the rate of direct fire analysis, the test gives a higher percentage at 90%. The findings show that AAC-SEMRW can be used as an eco-friendly alternative to typical construction materials by recycling industrial waste and decreasing environmental impact, hence promoting sustainable construction practices. These findings highlight the material's potential in applications that require lightweight, robust, and fire-resistant building solutions, hence contributing to future advances in green construction technology.

A novel two-dimensional metal imidazolate sulphate framework as a versatile platform for enzyme immobilization.

A novel two-dimensional metal imidazolate sulphate framework as a versatile platform for enzyme immobilization.

Improving the strength for Pervious Concrete with Rice Husk and Coconut Husk

Abstract - Sustainable construction practices have led to the development of eco-friendly materials that reduce environmental impact while maintaining structural integrity. This study explores the use of coconut husk ash (CHA) and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacements for cement in the production of pervious concrete paver blocks. The objective is to enhance permeability, reduce cement consumption, and improve mechanical properties while promoting waste utilization. Experimental investigations were conducted by replacing cement with varying percentages of CHA and RHA (5%, 10%, and 15%) in different mix proportions. Key parameters such as compressive strength, water permeability, porosity, and durability were assessed. The results indicate that an optimal blend of CHA and RHA improves the paver blocks' performance while ensuring sufficient strength for pedestrian and light traffic applications. Furthermore, the integration of agro-waste materials contributes to cost-effectiveness and sustainability, making it a viable alternative for eco-friendly pavement solutions. This research demonstrates that incorporating coconut and rice husk ash in pervious concrete paver blocks can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of construction materials, promote sustainable waste management, and enhance urban water drainage systems. Key Words : Pervious concrete, paver blocks, coconut husk ash, rice husk ash, sustainable construction, waste utilization, permeability, eco-friendly materials.

Sustainable LC3 Concrete in the Circular Economy: Assessment of Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Characteristics with Surkhi, Metakaolin, Nano-Silica, and M-Sand Blended Concrete.

Researchers are increasingly focused on eco-friendly concrete with reduced carbon footprints. Among sustainable options, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) concrete offers enhanced strength and durability with lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluates the mechanical, microstructural, and durability characteristics of LC3 concrete modified with surkhi and nano-silica as cementitious materials, replacing metakaolin and gypsum. Surkhi and nano-silica are varied from 0%-40% and 0%-4%, respectively, while fine aggregate is completely replaced with M-sand to improve packing density. Ten M30-grade concrete mixes are analyzed after 28 and 90 days of curing. By incorporating surkhi and nano-silica as partial replacements for metakaolin and gypsum in LC3 concrete, the research investigates potential improvements in strength, durability, and microstructural integrity of the concrete and provides lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional Portland cement. Results revealed that surkhi and nano-silica significantly improved strength and microstructure, with surkhi optimally limited to 30%. M-sand proved effective in enhancing durability against weathering. These findings position modified LC3 concrete as a sustainable alternative, offering improved performance and advancing its potential within the circular economy framework.

Evaluating the feasibility of using iron powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete: An AI-based modeling approach

Evaluating the feasibility of using iron powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete: An AI-based modeling approach

Performance Autoclaved Aerated Concrete of Crushed Coconut Shell (AAC-CCS) for AAC Board Panels

This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating crushed coconut shell (CCS) as a partial replacement for quartz sand in autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). It highlights the dual benefits of reducing environmental waste and enhancing AAC's material properties, presenting a sustainable approach to construction. The integration of CCS into AAC aligns with global sustainability goals by addressing resource depletion, high energy demands, and environmental concerns linked to quartz sand extraction. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the potential of agricultural waste utilization, such as CCS, to promote eco-friendly construction practices, offering innovative solutions to meet the increasing demand for sustainable building materials. By replacing quartz sand with varying proportions of CCS (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%), the research evaluates its effects on the mechanical, fire resistance, and surface properties of AAC. The findings reveal that a 2.5% CCS substitution demonstrated the highest compressive strength of 3.7 MPa, as well as improved Young’s modulus and modulus of rupture, while maintaining lightweight characteristics. Additionally, fire resistance tests revealed that 2.5% CCS achieved the highest fire resistance rate of 92%, indicating superior thermal insulation and heat diffusion properties. Surface analysis demonstrates minimal damage post-fire exposure for formulations below to 7.5% CCS. The findings demonstrate that CCS not only provides a viable replacement for traditional aggregates but also enhances the fire resistance and structural durability of AAC, particularly at optimal levels of substitution.

Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Concrete using Plastic Granules as Coarse Aggregates

This study presents the development and application of mathematical models to analyze the mechanical properties of concrete incorporating waste plastic granules. Specifically, the research focuses on compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete mixtures where Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) granules are used as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregates. LDPE waste, sourced from post-consumer plastic, was introduced in varying proportions of 0%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by volume. The study aims to evaluate the influence of these substitutions on the mechanical performance of concrete and to develop predictive models for strength characteristics. The results contribute to the sustainable management of plastic waste and provide insights into its potential for use in eco-friendly concrete production.

Partial replacement of high-fibre forages with corn silage across the lactation cycle: effects on methane emission, rumen fermentation and efficiency in dairy cows.

Feeding high-fibre forages to ruminants facilitates enteric methane emission but may also compromise milk yield. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of reducing methane emission and improving feed conversion efficiency with a forage-based ration by replacing high-fibre forages with corn silage across the whole lactation cycle. Twenty-eight Holstein dairy cows were fed the same close-up diet for 21days before their second parturition. After calving, cows with a divergent breeding value for functional herd life were equally allocated to a lactation diet containing forage (66% of DM) of either low (LCS; 31.1% DM) or high corn silage (HCS; 37.7% DM) proportion. The increase in the proportion of corn silage was achieved by partial replacement of grass silage, straw, and hay with corn silage. Diets were fed during the whole lactation period for ad libitum intake, and DM intake and milk production were recorded daily. Cows were weighed and evaluated for their body condition score, milk samples were analysed for fat, protein, and lactose, and blood samples were taken for the analysis of glucose, non-esterified fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, adiponectin, and IGF-1. In the respiration chambers, methane production, energy balance, and digesta mean retention time were measured and rumen fluid samples were taken for short-chain fatty acid analysis. Cows fed the HCS diet had greater DM intake, milk and energy-corrected milk yield during the whole lactation period than counterparts fed the LCS diet. The molar percent of acetate was lower and that of propionate and butyrate was higher in the rumen fluid of HCS compared to LCS cows. Methane production was not different between groups but methane yield and intensity were lower in the HCS than in the LCS group. Plasma glucose and IGF-1 concentrations were higher and adiponectin, beta-hydroxy butyrate and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were lower in HCS compared to LCS cows. In contrast, plasma insulin concentrations were not different between groups. In conclusion, partial replacement of high-fibre forages with corn silage in a lactation diet for dairy cows increased metabolisable energy supply via an increase in DM intake and ruminal fermentation efficiency all of which led to an increase in milk production, a better metabolic status, improved feed and energy use efficiency, and reduced methane yield and intensity.

A Comparative Exploration of Pervious Concrete by Partially Replacing Cement with Silica Fume and GGBS

Abstract: Pervious concrete is called as no fines concrete or porous concrete which has high porosity and used for concrete flatworks operation that allows water from rush and reducing the runoff water from a site and allowing ground water storage .To study and estimate the permeability of the concrete pavement and to do the experimental procedure on porous concrete by use of GGBS and SILICA FUME and to assay the significance and benefits of using permeable concrete pavements. We have taken different forms of percentages for the partial replacement of cement by GGBS and SILICA FUME i.e., GGBS – 10% , 20% and SILICA FUME – 10%,20%. The test is being conducted for the concrete such as Compressive strength test, porosity, and slump cone test is done for the various samples.