Partial Replacement Of Sodium Research Articles

ACUTE EFFECTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE OR ITS SUBSTITUTE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON VASCULAR FUNCTION IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Objective: High blood pressure, one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular mortality, leads to vascular dysfunction and subsequently to arteriosclerosis, stroke, kidney and heart failure. High salt intake and low potassium intake are associated with high blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Partial replacement of sodium with potassium led to a lower risk of cardiovascular events and death in a long-term follow-up study. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate the acute effects of sodium or potassium intake on vascular health to unravel the underlying mechanisms leading to vascular adaptations. Design and method: Six male and nine female healthy individuals (mean age 31 years) were randomized to either 9g of sodium chloride (high salt group), 6g of sodium chloride (regular salt group) or 6 g of sodium chloride plus 3g of potassium chloride group (substitution group). Individuals received a salty soup with the corresponding sodium or potassium load. Blood analyses, blood pressure, body composition and macro- as well as microvascular measurements were performed before as well as four (t4) and 24 hours (t24) after soup intake. To investigate macrovascular health, carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity was analyzed. Microvascular health was measured by investigating retinal vessel diameters. Results: The high (139±2mmol/l vs. 143±2mmol/l p=0,003) and regular salt group (140±2mmol/l vs. 141±0,6 mmol/l p=0,029) showed both higher serum sodium concentrations at t4 compared to baseline. These higher values were normalized at t24. The serum sodium concentration of the substitution group showed no statistically significant difference between timepoints. The substitution group showed improved microvascular health, quantified by higher arteriolar-to-venular diameter ratio from baseline to t4 (0,86±0,09 vs. 0,89±0,08 p=0,005). These improvements were regressive at t24 (0,88±0,09). No statistically significant changes were found on pulse wave velocity. The high and regular salt group showed no statistically significant differences at any timepoint on micro- or macrovascular health parameters. Conclusions: Replacement of sodium by potassium seems to improve microvascular function directly after potassium intake. These results might explain the long-term beneficial effects of potassium on cardiovascular outcomes.

Lobanovite from the Koashva Mountain in the Kibiny Massif (Kola Peninsula): crystal-chemical features, IR-spectroscopy and mineral assemblage

Lobanovite from the Koashva mountain in the Kibiny massif (Kola Peninsula) has been studied by methods of X-ray-spectral microanalysis, monocrystal X-ray diffractometry and IR-spectroscopy. Parameters of the lobanovite monoclinic unit cell: a = 5.3329(1), b = 23.1500(5), c = 10.3844(2) Å, β = 99.640(2)°, V = 1263.92(4) Å3; space group C2/m; crystal structure was refined to R = 2.8% with use of 1918 reflections with I 3σ(I). Crystal-chemical formula is as following (Z = 2): A(K0.93Ba0.01□0.06)2 B(Na0.95Ca0.05) [M1Na M2 (Mn0.445Fe2+0.275Na0.115Fe3+0.1Ca0.065)2 M3(Fe2+0.525Mg0.375Fe3+0.1)2 M4(Mg0.57Fe2+0.33Fe3+0.1)2 (OH)4] [D(Ti0.885Fe3+0.09Nb0.025)O(Si4O12)(ОН)0.1]2. In general, the studied sample of lobanovite is close to previously described ones, but it characterized by supplementary splitting in several bands if IR-spectrum. In D-position, together with titanium, there were for the first time revealed admixtures of iron and niobium, and in the inter-packet spаce – the partial replacement of sodium and potassium cations by barium and calcium. These facts were not mentioned in earlier publications. The article displays also some chemical and IR-spectroscopic data about {-ray-amorphous karnasurtite-like silicate and a rare-earths phosphate associated with lobanovite.

Partial replacement of sodium in meat and fish products by using magnesium salts. A review

Sodium intake exceeds the nutritional recommendations in most industrialized countries becoming one concern for public health. This elimination or reduction is not simple due to its role in final food sensory, quality and safety. The aim of this work is to review the possibilities of magnesium ion, due to its healthy properties, to become a partial substitute of sodium in the production of fish and meat products, and a particular case for Spanish dry-cured ham and loin. Magnesium diffusion into different muscle based foods such as ham or loin, and its effect in the most important characteristics of the final product (microbiology, physico-chemical and sensory properties) has been analyzed. Results show that magnesium has more difficulty to penetrate inside the muscle and slightly modifies the water-holding capacity of proteins, their solubility and the enzymatic activity. Salty taste, bitterness and off-flavor are the most affected characteristics. However, these effects could be compensated by using longer post-salting periods and by employing masking agents. It is possible to reduce the sodium content in fish and meat products using magnesium as one of the ingredients, allowing to obtain new products with similar physicochemical characteristics and safety conditions.

Biochemical and Sensory Properties of Dry-Cured Loins as Affected by Partial Replacement of Sodium by Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium

An attempt to decrease the NaCl content in dry-cured products through the use of three different salting treatments (II: 55% NaCl, 25% KCl, 15% CaCl(2), 5% MgCl(2); III: 45% NaCl, 25% KCl, 20% CaCl(2), 10% MgCl(2); and IV: 30% NaCl, 50% KCl, 15% CaCl(2), 5% MgCl(2)) in comparison to a control (I: 100% NaCl) was assayed to evaluate the biochemical and sensory characteristics in the final product. Most proteolytic enzyme activities from the loins submitted to the experimental salting treatments, especially treatments II and IV, remained higher than those salted traditionally (control). The higher aminopeptidase activity was also reflected in a larger release of free amino acids. Finally, a sensory paired comparison test revealed that those loins salted with the treatment II were not significantly different from the loins salted traditionally (100% NaCl), so that this treatment could be successfully used for sodium reduction.

Microbiology and physico-chemical changes of dry-cured ham during the post-salting stage as affected by partial replacement of NaCl by other salts

Dry-cured ham consumption is restricted by hypertensive consumers due to its high sodium content. This constitutes an important matter for this industry, being relevant due to the current trends in consumption. In order to prevent the problems related to the high sodium intake, one of the possibilities is the total or partial replacement of sodium by other ions, such as potassium, calcium and magnesium. The aim of this study was to characterise the post-salting stage in Spanish cured ham production with the results obtained after salting with low sodium salt content. The results showed that lower sodium hams needed more time of post-salting to reach similar water activity values than those achieved by hams salted with 100% NaCl. Nevertheless, no differences in microbial counts were observed among the studied batches, although a sharp decrease in microbiota was observed when the, post-salting time was prolonged in the lower sodium hams.

Electrochemical characterization of manganese oxide cathode materials based on Na0.4MnO2

Abstract Cathode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries were prepared from Na 0.4 MnO 2 by solution and molten salt ion-exchanges. The former process results in partial replacement of sodium while the latter results in complete exchange. The discharge characteristics depend upon the sodium content, with the partially lithiated material exhibiting hysteresis in the charge/discharge profile and differential capacity plots from stepped potential experiments. For the fully lithiated material, a complex voltage profile with several distinct plateaus corresponding to several two-phase regions is observed. No evidence of spinel formation during ion-exchange or electrochemical cycling is seen for this system.

Association of κ-Carrageenan Induced by Cs+ Ions in Iodide Aqueous Solution: A Light Scattering Study

Light scattering (LS) investigations have additionally confirmed the intramolecular nature of the fundamental ordered conformation (single helix) of κ-carrageenan in aqueous 0.1 M NaI. The partial replacement of sodium with cesium ions induces a (thermoreversible) intermolecular association of the polysaccharide in the ordered conformation. The association-inducing effect can be observed already at the lowest investigated concentration of the cation. We found no significant change of the thermodynamic properties related to an alleged composition threshold value in the range of the cesium equivalent fraction, X Cs , from 0.12 to 0.40. The extent and the rate of the association process strongly increase with the concentration of cesium. Equilibrium values for the association constant could be obtained except for the case of X Cs = 0.40, where the process is too massive to allow long-time LS investigation. In the latter condition, some additional stiffening of the chain was noticed.

Kinetic investigation of the effect of Na, K, Li and Ca on the crystallization of titanium silicate ETS-4

Titanium silicate ETS-4 was synthesized in Na, Na-K, Na-Li, and Na-Ca containing gels. The partial replacement of sodium with potassium leads to a change in the kinetics behavior of the crystallization curves, which becomes a function of the content of potassium in the gel. The presence of calcium or lithium in the initial gel increases substantially the nucleation time and the time to attain a maximum degree of crystallinity (Na/Ca = 3.5 and Na/Li = 3.5). The higher concentration of calcium and lithium (Na/Ca = 2.6 and Na/Li = 2.6) leads to the formation of dense calcium- and lithium-containing phases. All the cations used change strongly the morphology of the grown ETS-4 crystals.

Inhibitory effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on sodium transport in isolated toad skin

The effect of an aqueous fraction from the bulbs of Allium sativum (GE) was investigated in toad skin. When added to the inner (serosal) solution, GE caused a maximal reversible reduction of the transepithelial potential difference and short circuit current of 38% and 45%, respectively. When added to the outer (mucosal) solution, the effect was only partially reversible. Isaacson's amiloride test showed that GE decreased sodium potential (ENa+) and sodium conductance (GNa+). The net Na+ flux decreased due principally to a fall in Na+ flux in the active direction. GE decreased Na+-K+ ATPase activity in vitro. Partial replacement of sodium by choline in the outer solution reduced the effect of GE on the skin and substitution of normal Ringer's solution with isethionate Ringer's solution in the outer solution significantly enhanced the effect of GE on the skin. These results indicate that GE decreases active Na transport in the toad skin.

Excitation of locus coeruleus neurons by an adenoine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate‐activated inward current: Extracellular and intracellular studies in rat brain slices

The firing rate of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in rat brain slices was increased reversibly by agents that either elevate intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) or mimic its actions (e.g., forskolin, and activator of adenylate cyclase, 8-Br-cAMP, a membrane permeable analog of cAMP, and Ro20-1724, a preferential inhibitor of cAMP-phosphodiesterase). Intracellular recordings showed that 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin induce a depolarization of LC neurons, accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. The 8-Br-cAMP- and forskolin-elicited depolarization persisted in the presence of cobalt, a calcium channel blocker. Steady-state current-voltage curves revealed that in the voltage range of -50 to -120 mV, 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin induced an inward current, which did not reverse at the potassium equilibrium potential and could not be blocked by tetrodotoxin. Partial replacement of sodium with Tris or choline markedly reduced the depolarization elicited by 8-Br-cAMP. We conclude that 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin act through a common mechanism to increase the firing rate of locus coeruleus neurons by inducing a cAMP-activated inward current, carried out at least in part by sodium ions.

Influence of a partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride in a vacuum-packed Bologna-type sausage

Bologna-type sausage was produced using NaCl or mixtures of NaCl, KCl, where NaCl was replaced by KCl on the basis of equal wateractivity. Slicing and packaging was done at a commercial manufacturer and packages stored at 2, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 25°C. Generally the numbers of total aerobic bacteria, Brochothrix thermosphacta, lactic acid bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and yeast were not significantly affected by its substitution. The increase in numbers was related to storage temperature and also to numbers present at the time of packaging. Partial replacement of sodium with potassium therefore seems to have no influence on microbial growth in this type of product.

Effect of bovine heart atrial natriuretic and diuretic fractions on sodium transport in isolated toad skin.

The effects of two bovine heart atrial fractions (AF I and AF II) were investigated in toad skin. When added to the inner (serosal) solution, AF I caused a maximal reversible depression of the transepithelial potential and short-circuit current of about 60% and AF II induced maximal decline of these parameters of only 35%. When added to the outer (mucosal) solution, the effect of both fractions was often only partially reversible. Isaacson's amiloride test showed that AF I decreased the numerical estimates of all the components in the electrical equivalent circuit. The net Na+ flux decreased due to a fall in Na+ flux in the active direction. Incubation with Ca2+-free Ringer's solution decreased and Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 increased the effect of AF II. Partial replacement of sodium by choline in the outer solution slightly reduced the effect and substitution of normal Ringer's solution with sulfate or isethionate Ringer's solution in the outer solution significantly enhanced the effect of the AF. These results indicate that bovine heart atrial natriuretic fractions decrease the sodium potential (ENa), sodium conductance (GNa) and passive conductance (Gsh). The fall in net Na+ transport measured with sodium tracer fluxes confirms the decrease in ENa and GNa.

Partial Replacement of Sodium by Potassium in the Diet Restores Impaired Noradrenaline Inactivation and Lowers Blood Pressure in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

1. Partial replacement of sodium by potassium in the diet attenuates the rise in blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). 2. The blood pressure-lowering effect of potassium cannot be ascribed to a reduction in intravascular volume. 3. The increased dietary intake of potassium leads to a reduced stimulation of the sympathoneuronal and sympathoadrenal system by cold compared with the response of sodium-loaded rats. 4. The impaired inactivation of noradrenaline observed in sodium-loaded SHR-SP is improved in SHR-SP on a potassium-substituted diet. 5. It is concluded that changes in dietary intake of sodium and potassium modulate sympathetic activity and the metabolism of noradrenaline, both of which are related to the development of hypertension in SHR-SP.

EFFECT OF REDUCTION AND PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM ON BOLOGNA CHARACTERISTICS AND ACCEPTABILITY

ABSTRACTNine combinations of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCI), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2,) at high and low ionic strengths (IS) (0.42 and 0.21 respectively) and low IS with 0.13% tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4) were used to determine the effects of a reduction or partial replacement of sodium on bologna characteristics and acceptability. The NaCl‐MgCl2 had significantly (P < 0.05) less stable and firm emulsion and compression hardness than NaCl or NaCl‐KCl treatments. Low IS treatments had significantly less stable and firm emulsions and lower compression hardness than high IS treatments. Adding PO4 to low IS treatments produced products similar to high IS treatments. Only slight textural changes occurred in products after 14 days of cooler (1°C) storage. High IS NaCl and NaCl‐KCl and low IS NaCl‐PO4, NaCl‐MgCl2 ‐PO4 and NaCl‐KCl‐PO4 were found acceptable for flavor, texture, and color by consumer panels.

A mechanistic explanation of the effect of potassium on goldfish intestinal transport.

Partial replacement of sodium by potassium or rubidium in the solution used to perfuse isolated intestinal segments of goldfish causes an increase in transmural electrical resistance. Serosal replacements have a stronger effect than mucosal replacements. A 70% inhibition of the glucose-evoked transmural electrical current is brought about by serosal replacement of 40 mM sodium by potassium. Transmural mucosal to serosal flux of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose is also strongly inhibited by serosal potassium. These inhibitory effects of potassium do not occur when the intestinal mucosa is stripped free from the intestinal muscular layers. It is concluded that potassium-induced muscular contractures cause a decrease in transport area by pressing the mucosal folds closer against each other. Certain effects of high potassium concentrations that have been reported in mammalian intestinal preparations may involve a similar mechanism.

Further studies on the action of prolactin on fluid and ion absorption by the rat jejunum.

The influence of administration of ovine prolactin in vivo on intestinal fluid and ion transport in vitro was investigated using intact and hypophysectomized male rats. Prolactin administration significantly stimulated fluid, sodium,potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride transport across everted jejunal sacs. The last two ions were affected less than the others. Hypophysectomy caused a significant decrease in fluid and sodium absorption, but prolactin treatment for 2 days restored normal absorption rates but not uniformly in all sacs. Prolactin action on fluid and sodium absorption showed a dose-dependent tendency, maximal stimulation resulting from administration of 1.0 to 2.0 mg prolactin daily; higher doses failed to elicit significant response. The stimulatory action of prolactin was inhibited by a simultaneous administration of vasopressin which when given alone had no effect on intestinal absorption. In the absence of glucose or in the presence of phlorizin, fluid transport was inhibited, the reduction being more dramatic in the presence of phlorizin. Similarly, either application of ouabain or partial replacement of sodium with isotonic choline chloride reduced fluid transport. Although these in vitro treatments nullified the stimulatory effects of prolactin, only phlorizin and ouabain significantly decreased sodium transport. These results suggest that the effects of prolactin on intestinal transport may be dependent on increased movement of sodium.