Partial Replacement Material Research Articles

Sustainable Utilization of Calcined Granite Powder as Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete Mixtures: A Mechanical and Environmental Assessment

<p class="heading1" style="line-height:150%;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-top:0cm;tab-stops:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:normal;line-height:150%;">The escalating environmental concerns associated with cement production have prompted to explore alternative materials for partial replacement, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry. This research investigates the incorporation of calcined granite powder, a byproduct of granite processing, as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material. The granite powder, which is conventionally disposed of in landfills, was collected directly from the industry and subjected to calcination to enhance its pozzolanic properties.The experimental investigation involved replacing cement with calcined granite powder in varying proportions (0-50%) in concrete mixes of M30 grade. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability were assessed to evaluate the performance of the formulated mixes. Remarkably, the mix containing 70% cement and 30% calcined granite powder exhibited a substantial increase in </span><span style="color:#00B0F0;font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:normal;line-height:150%;">compressive strength by 7 %,  flexural strength by 11 % and 13 % increase in tensile strength </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-weight:normal;line-height:150%;">compared to the conventional M30 mix. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted using SimaPro software to analyze the environmental impact of the formulated concrete mixes. The results indicated that the concrete mix with 40% calcined granite powder and 60% cement not only demonstrated superior mechanical properties but also proved to be environmentally sustainable, exhibiting reduced global warming potential. This finding underscores the potential of calcined granite powder as a viable and eco-friendly alternative, contributing to the sustainable evolution of concrete production.</span></p>

Mechanical properties of blended cements affected by impurities in thermally activated clays

Abstract With the scarcity of raw materials, energy intensiveness and environmental burden connected with producing Portland cement, there is a growing need to find substitute binders. Thermally activated clay also appears to be a suitable material for partial cement replacement. However, not all clays are the same. It depends very much on the place of collection, its chemical and phase composition, and the activation temperature. This study compared six different types of clays fired at 600 °C in terms of quantitative phase analysis and mechanical strength results. In addition to the fineness of grinding and firing temperature, the clay composition had an immense impact on mechanical properties. Content of illite up to 20% was found to be beneficial, as this clay reached the highest mechanical strengths. Regarding the quartz, its presence did not harm the overall performance of thermally activated clays and the presence of calcite could cause the improvement of the mechanical strengths. However, the clay with the most miscellaneous composition caused the deterioration of compressive strength but reached much higher bending strength compared to pure cement.

Crack Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Frame Type-V with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

To make the structure stronger and stiffer, which is more susceptible to earthquake forces, a special mechanism is required to improve the structure's lateral stability. EBF-V with a horizontal link beam is a brace that can enhance structural performance by providing good stiffness and ductility. On the other hand, GGBFS, as a partial OPC replacement material, was applied to contribute to using more environmentally friendly materials. Besides offering a smaller carbon footprint, GGBFS also positively improves the mechanical properties of concrete. Thus, this study focuses on investigating the crack propagation pattern of reinforced concrete braced frames combined with 20% GGBFS in EBF-V with three variations of link beam element lengths of 0 cm (CBF), 15 cm (EBF-V-) and 25 cm (EBF-V-25). As a result, the CBF specimen showed the best seismic performance. In EBF specimens, there is an increase in the collapse mechanism to be more ductile. The link beam plays a role in making the crack pattern more focused. EBF-V-15 performs well under seismic loading with large lateral capacity and ductility. The cracks in the frame are evenly distributed, dominated by fine cracks, and symmetrical on both sides. This validates that GGBFS plays a good role in improving the frame performance with its pore-filling effect and pozzolanic reaction.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH BASED GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE USED AS PAVER BLOCKS

The main objective of the present study is to find out a suitable, effective and alternative material for partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, to find out possible utilization of waste materials in construction industry that in turn considerably minimize the usage of cement and coarse aggregate and ultimately reduce construction cost, to explore possibilities of improving mechanical properties of concrete using copper slag & pond ash instead of fine aggregate partially, to evaluate the effect of using fly ash and GGBS in concrete and to investigate the strength of replaced concrete with that of conventional concrete. This project is mainly undertaken to study the behavior and performance of concrete using waste materials such as fly ash and GGBS. This type of use of a waste material can solve problems of lack of aggregate in various construction sites and reduce environmental problems related to sand mining and waste disposal. The use of fly ash and GGBS can also reduce the cost of the concrete production and increase the workability. Keywords Cement Concrete, flexural strength, fly ash and GGBS, Strength parameters, water absorption, Workability.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED PERVIOUS CONCRETE AS A RIGID PAVEMENT FOR LOW VOLUME TRAFFIC

The previous concrete which is also known as No-fines concrete is a mixture of cement, water and a particular sized coarse aggregate combined to form a porous structural material. Application of pervious concrete in pavements mainly focuses on storm water control mostly in urban areas where scarcity of land is high. Permeable pavement allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass through it and therefore reduces the runoff from a site, which results in the recharge of ground water and increases the level. In this view it is necessary to study the behavior of pervious concrete by enhancing its mechanical properties by maintaining required permeability. The main objective of this investigation is to develop a strong pervious concrete mix using with waste tyre rubber powder. In addition, it is also aimed to compare the mechanical properties of these modified mixes with pervious concrete. The properties such as compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and permeability tests are performed to determine the suitability. From the study it is concluded that using of fine aggregate and waste tyre rubber powder as partial replacement material in coarse aggregate shows significant improvement in the mechanical properties (i.e. compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength) with maintaining required permeability. Among all the considered modified mixes, MPC-4 (i.e. 10% waste tyre rubber powder as partial replacement material in coarse aggregate) performs better.

Properties of Geopolymer Mixtures Incorporating Recycled Ceramic Fines.

This research aimed to optimize the production conditions for geopolymer matrices by investigating the combination of heat curing conditions and the incorporation of recycled ceramic fines (CFs) as a partial replacement material for fly ash (FA). The obtained physical and mechanical properties of the composites confirmed the positive impact resulting from increasing the curing temperature from 65 °C to 85 °C and using CFs in the amount of 37.5% as a replacement for FA. The results were from laboratory tests performed to evaluate compressive strength, bending strength, bulk density, and water absorption of the geopolymer mixes. In addition, microscopic observations and porosity assessment were also performed, which confirmed that a further increase in the replacement of FA by CFs causes an increase in the porosity of the mixes and, thus, a decrease in all the assessed properties that are relevant to their practical use.

An experimental study on strength of concrete having calcium carbonate as a partial replacement material to cement and natural river sand

Limestone is a sedimentary rock mainly composed of calcium carbonate mineral. Limestone is quarried abundantly in and around Piduguralla region, Andhra Pradesh, India. Good quality limestone is used to manufacture cement. Calcium oxide is used as white wash which is obtained by heating calcium carbonate. Limestone, as fine powder or as coarse grains is also used as base for paint. In this research, the calcium carbonate mineral in the form of limestone procured from Piduguralla region is used in concrete in two different forms i.e as powder form and as sand form. The cement was partially replaced with the calcium carbonate powder when the calcium carbonate is used as fine powder. The natural river sand was partially/fully replaced with calcium carbonate sand when the calcium carbonate is used as sand (coarser) form. Experiments on cube, cylinder and beam specimens are conducted using Universal Testing Machine to establish compression strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete having calcium carbonate. The test results support the usage of calcium carbonate in concrete to enhance the strength of concrete. Up to thirty percent cement can be replaced with calcium carbonate powder without adversely affecting the strength of concrete. Natural river sand can be partially/fully replaced with calcium carbonate sand which in turn increases the strength of concrete, but the optimum percentage of replacement is fifty percent of natural sand

Effect of Crab Shell on Properties of Soil: A Mini Review

Soil stabilization is crucial for infrastructure development, cost savings, environmental protection, construction efficiency, and overall project safety. Cement and lime are frequently used conventional materials for stabilizing soils worldwide. The production of these materials releases huge amounts of greenhouse gasses. There is a need to minimize the utilization of these materials. Researchers are finding alternative materials to cement or lime. The fly ash, silica fume, and crab shells are utilized as partial replacement material for cement. Crab shell waste, generated from the seafood processing industry, has gained attention as a potential sustainable partial alternative to cement or lime for soil stabilization due to its abundance and eco-friendly properties. In this study, an attempt has been made to review the effectiveness of crab shells as a soil-stabilizing material in various applications. Also, the physical and chemical parameters of the crab’s shell powder as well as the variables that affect its qualities were also reviewed. The literature shows that the addition of crab shell powder as a partial replacement for cement enhances the strength of the soil. The crab shell possesses an ultimate strength of 36 N/mm2 due to this the soil properties are enhanced when crab shell powder has been added as soil stabilizer. The review suggests that the inclusion of crab shell powder as a replacement to cement up 20% for enhancing the properties of soil and brick.

Analysis of The Addition Polypropylene Fibre and 8670 Mn Viscocrete added Material on The Split Tensile Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

This study used waste coconut fibre and HDPE plastic as partial aggregate replacement materials. Coconut fibre ash has pozzolanic properties, which contain high silicate elements. High-density polyethene (HDPE) plastic has more potent, complex, opaque material properties and is more resistant to high temperatures. Superplasticizer is an admixture added to concrete during mixing and during placing to improve its strength performance. This study aims to study the effect of adding HDPE plastic as a substitute for coarse aggregate, coconut fibre ash as a substitute for fine aggregate and Viscrocrete-8670 MN on absorption, concrete compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete. With variations in the addition of BN HDPE plastic, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, the coarse aggregate passed 3/8 filter retained by filter no 4, 3% coconut fibre ash for each variation of concrete and Viscrocrete-8670 MN by 0.8% by weight of cement. The maximum value for each concrete test is the absorption value of concrete (4.23% for regular concrete), compressive strength (32.49 MPa for 1.5% HDPE concrete), and the modulus of elasticity (3152 MPa for 1.5% HDPE concrete).

Influence of densified silica fume on engineering properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash aggregate.

Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a significant waste produced by the coal manufacturing power plant, harming the environment. CBA has been used in many studies to replace sand in cementitious materials. However, few studies have investigated the use of CBA in concrete as a sand replacement with densified silica fume (DSF) as a cement replacement. DSF is a potential supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to combat the engineering properties of concrete that are typically decreased when CBA is used as a replacement for natural aggregate. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of DSF on the engineering properties of concrete containing different content of CBA as a partial replacement for natural sand. The mix design of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and binary blended concrete comprised 90% OPC and 10% DSF by total binder’s weight. The CBA as the fine aggregate replacement was used at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by total aggregate volume. The mechanical, porosity, absorption performance of DSF and CBA (DSF+CBA) concrete containing CBA as partial aggregate replacement material were investigated. DSF+CBA with 50% CBA replacement showed improved mechanical strength performance than control by 15% at 28d and 5.6% at 56d of curing. However, the total porosity performance for DSF+CBA concrete decrease as CBA content increases. In conclusion, the DSF as SCM in binary blended concrete with CBA content up to 50% achieved a better performance in terms of mechanical properties even though the porosity was marginally increased.

Strength and Durability of Sand Cement Brick Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Waste Fired Clayed Brick (FCB) As Partial Sand Replacement Materials

The use of burnt clayed brick (FCB) and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) in cementitious materials aids in the reuse of clay brick waste from construction and demolition works. In fact, concrete manufacturing expanded in lockstep with the Malaysian economy’s expansion. The purpose of this study is to determine the strength and durability of sand cement brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and waste fired clayed brick (FCB) as partial sand replacement materials. According to the findings, a brick containing 0% RCA and 2% FCB has the best compressive strength, while a brick containing 15% RCA and 6% FCB has the lowest water absorption when compared to other mix designs and is the best mix design for water absorption. Lastly, it is steadily applicable the RCA and FCB as second sources of natural coarse aggregate and can reduce waste of concrete aggregate and FCB.

Experimental and machine learning approaches to investigate the application of sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate for concrete production

Sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) is produced during the cogeneration of dry sugarcane bagasse in the sugar and ethanol industries. Managing the huge amount of SCBA is a difficult task as it requires a lot of time and effort, resulting in its direct disposal in open landfills and polluting the environment. To address these problems, the present study is aimed at utilizing this waste as a sustainable material. The objective of the current study is to analyze the impact of using SCBA as a partial replacement material for natural fine aggregate (NFA) in concrete production using two methodologies, namely experimental and artificial intelligence approaches. In the experimental approach, the mechanical properties of SCBA-based concrete made by replacing NFA at various proportions (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) are assessed. These properties include mechanical (compressive strength, split tensile strength), and durability (initial surface absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and sulphate attack). Additionally, to analyze the practical usability of the SCBA-based concrete, analytical evaluations such as cost estimation, global warming potential, statistical analysis, and the linear relationship between the parameters have been carried out. In comparison to the control mix, the experimental results showed that a 10% substitution of SCBA for NFA significantly improved compressive strength (14.1%), split tensile strength (24.05%), ultrasonic pulse velocity (0.52%), initial surface absorption (19.2%), and resistance to sulphate attack (11.5%). In addition, the analytical evaluation showed a significant reduction in the concrete production cost and a negligible increase in global warming potential. The statistical analysis and mathematical relationship showed a statistically significant difference in the compressive strength at different curing ages and a strong relationship between the compressive strength and other parameters of SCBA-based concrete. On the other hand, seven machine learning (ML) models (linear regression, artificial neural network, K-nearest neighbor, K-star, decision tree, support vector machine, and additive regressor) were considered to predict the compressive strength of SCBA-based concrete produced by replacing NFA content. The performance of these models has been evaluated using errors, correlation coefficients, and sensitivity analysis. In addition, scatter plots, box and whisker plots, histograms, and correlation matrices are used to visualize the available datasets. The results of the artificial intelligence approach revealed that the additive regressor model performed well compared to other models, with the highest coefficient (0.95) and minimal errors in predicting compressive strength.

Study on the feasibility of partial replacement of cement with IOT in extruded concrete roof tiles production

The use of mining waste (IOT) as supplementary materials for cement has the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions, helping to mitigate the demand for natural resources and the impacts associated with their production.Concrete tiles have been gaining prominence in recent years due to practicality, aesthetics, weather resistance, attractive price, ease of fitting and useful life, however, there is no information in the literature about the effect of IOT as a pozzolanic material for partial replacement of Portland cement in these composites. Therefore, this study aims to expose the use of iron ore tailing (IOT) as a partial replacement for Portland cement in extruded concrete tiles in different proportions, qualifying and classifying them according to the marketing standards. The performance of concrete roof tiles using IOT was analyzed for bulk density, dry weight, apparent porosity, water absorption, wettability, breaking load, impact strength, coefficient of restitution, and thermal conductivity. In addition, microscopy and X-ray diffraction examined interactions between IOT particles and cementitious matrix at 28 days and after accelerated aging. Economic analyses regarding the effect of using IOT on the final cost of concrete roof tiles were also performed. The results showed that the concrete roof tiles produced with IOT presented suitable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, highlighting the samples with 10% IOT as a replacement for cement, which proved superior to conventional tiles for the breaking load at 28 days, also presenting an average value reduction of 6.61% for porosity and 33.33% for wettability. All formulations were approved for breaking load according to the international marketing standard and may cut costs for companies producing cement roof tiles by up to 40%. In addition to reducing the potentially harmful waste in containment dams, IOT may lessen the demand for Portland cement and, consequently, CO2 emissions, producing more sustainable composites with significantly reduced manufacturing costs.

A sustainable reuse of e waste as a partial replacement material for aggregate

About 10 percent of E-Waste is produced in India annually. The present study is to utilize the E-Waste or Electronic waste such as circuit board waste, wires, and cables as a substitute for Coarse Aggregate (CA) and Fine Aggregate (FA). Since much of the waste are dumped into the soil grounds causes contamination of ground water, so it disturbs the plant growth and human health cycle. The waste can be utilized as much as possible to make a sustainable environment. Different combinations of about 5, 10 and 20% of the waste were much included as the substitute for FA and 10% as for CA. The samples are tested for specific gravity, consistency, compression testing, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. The results obtained serve as a feasible solution for E-management waste. Beyond 10% replacement of both coarse and fine aggregate the strength reduces than the required strength.

Investigating the advantage of copper and steel slags as partial replacement material in a sand compaction column in stabilizing the soft clay

ABSTRACT The current study aims in finding the utilization of Industrial waste such as copper and steel slags as a partial replacement material for sand in Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. From the direct shear tests, it is observed that the angle of internal friction increases from 27.59° to 40.1° and 34.82° for copper and steel slags, respectively. The tests are done by installing the SCP in a soft clay in California Bearing Ratio mould and it is tested under soaked and unsoaked conditions. The optimum percentage found from the study for both the slag material is 30%. Tests were also done by air-curing the composite soil within the mould for 7 days and water-curing the sample under soaked conditions for 4 days for the optimum replacement percentage.

Effect of waste stream materials on properties of cement mortars when used as supplementary binding materials

The present study focuses on the effect of waste stream materials on various properties of cement mortar when the waste materials are used as supplementary binding/cementitious materials (SCMs) for partial replacement of binding material. The effect and properties of various types of SCMs that are commonly used in mortar preparation replacing a part of cement (%) like limestone dust (LS), cement kiln dust (CKD), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), dolomitic limestone (DLS), ladle furnace slag (LDF), silica fume (SF), ceramic wastes (CW), fly ash (FA), pulverized fuel ash (PFA), waste glass sludge (WGS), etc. are studied and presented. Effects and characteristics of various combinations of different supplementary binding materials like the combination of FA with LS, an amalgamation of FA with DLS, the compatibility of FA with WGS, the mixture of GGBS with PFA, blending of GGBS with CKD, etc. are studied and reported. The elemental composition, pore size distribution system and microstructural composition were studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and discussed. The results of the study revealed that a combination of GGBS and PFA yields better results than the reference mixes made of cement and other blended mixes made of SCMs. The performance of CW and WGS is found good at the later age. The performance of fly ash on mortar properties depended on the dosage and fineness of fly ash. Apart from their better solo performance, a combination of limestone dust and silica fume not only enhances the strength but also the sulphate resistance of mortar. The study revealed that the use of SCMs in mortar contributes to a reduction in cement production and carbon emission.

Application of recycled aggregates generated from waste materials towards improvement in acoustical and thermal conductivity of concrete

The construction sector, in addition to being very important for the economy of several countries, also creates a large amount of construction waste which has a significant impact on the environment. Usage of alternative coarse aggregates (ACA) materials for partial replacement or complete replacement of coarse aggregates can be identified from multiple sustainable sources including solid waste generated on a regular basis. There are limited studies that have explored the utility of waste materials for coarse aggregate (WMCA) in improving concrete qualities like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and acoustic properties. Previous researchers have conducted several feasibility studies of using construction-and-demolition-waste (CDW) in engineering works, which lead economic and environmental sustainability in the construction sector. Studies show that the thermal transmittance (U-Value) of concrete, which varies between 0.62 to 3.33 W/m2K, is affected by the type of aggregates being used. It has also been demonstrated that concrete to be a good sound insulator due to its high density, but a poor sound absorber with a reflection of up to 99% of sound energy. Opportunities for usage of waste materials like coconut shells, crumb rubber aggregate (CRA) from scrap tyres, glass, plastic wastes. e-waste, construction and demolition waste (CDW), polystyrene, styrofoam and polystyrene as partial replacement of CA need investigation in depth. Some previous studies, that examined the utility of alternate materials like scarp tyres, broken bricks, CDW etc. used as partial replacement of CA, have shown promising results. This article presents a literature review on the production and utilization of waste materials for coarse aggregate in concrete for improving the acoustical and thermal properties. Summarily, this review may help in alleviating concerns of consumers and further promote the use of recycled aggregate on a larger scale in civil engineering.

Utilization of Magnesium-Rich Synthetic Gypsum as Partial Replacement Material in Concrete

The high demand of concrete has increased the rate of the ecosystem as well as increase the carbon emissions of the cement industry. The rapid growth of construction puts a severe strain on our natural resources and endangers the environment. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a green alternative that will protect the environment and preserve resources. Hence, this study is carried out to reduce the usage of cement in concrete production. The new replacement technique utilized the magnesium-rich synthetic gypsum (MRSG) and silica fume (SF). The MRSG and SF will be used as partial replacement of cement in the range of 5% to 30% with a water to cement ratio of 0.55. These mixtures were formed into cube specimens of 100 x 100 x 100 mm size. Then, the compressive strength was conducted to determine the strength of the specimens. The results indicated that 10% cement replacement from 5% of MRSG residue and 5% of SF gives an optimum strength compared to the control specimen with 24.6 MPa and 25.8 MPa, respectively. In addition, the increased percentage of MRSG residue, increased the water absorption of the mix. The replacement of MRSG residue in concrete would not only provide economic relief but also help to create a sustainable and pollution-free environment as the disposing of this waste creates many inconveniences to the living organism.

Valorization of oat husk ash in metakaolin-based geopolymer pastes

Geopolymeric binders are materials with properties equivalent to Portland cement, which may present lower CO2 emissions associated with the production cycle. To produce sustainable geopolymeric binders, it is necessary to use raw materials with a low carbon footprint and energy consumption, characteristics found in biomass ash. In this sense, this work proposes the evaluation of oat husk ash (OHA) as a partial replacement material for metakaolin in the production of geopolymer paste. OHA has replaced metakaolin at levels up to 20%. In addition to routine microstructural (XRD and FTIR) and mechanical analyses, i) the pore size distribution by nitrogen adsorption in cubic samples, and ii) an extensive rheological investigation in which it was determined the model that best fits the analyzed matrix. Furthermore, the determination of CO2-e emission embodied energy and the cost of the pastes was carried out. The results showed that the insertion of 20 wt% of OHA i) increased the dynamic yield stress (40.2%) and the equivalent viscosity (13.7%) compared to plain paste, ii) reduced the cumulative heat after 168 h by 29.7%, which is related with the lower reactivity of OHA compared to MK. Nevertheless, iii) did not cause significant chemical and mineralogical changes, (iv) maintained compressive strength statistically equal to the control mixture, and v) reduced up to 34% and 23%, respectively, the embodied energy and the cost of producing the matrices. Thus, the investigation made possible the valorization of OHA for the production of technically and economically viable and environmentally friendly geopolymer matrices.

Beneficiation of Clays from Ramgarh-Naudiha Region of Sonbhadra District Uttar Pradesh, Impart Improved Properties for Ceramic Industries

Chemical and physical properties of clay samples collected from the deposits in the Ramgarh-Naudiha of Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh were examined for their utilisation in ceramic industry. The raw clays from the deposits were found to be siliceous ball clays, contained less kaolinite, non-plastic and were unsuitable for making ceramic items. These clays have been subjected to standard beneficiation techniques which removed the free quartz. The beneficiated clays were less siliceous, had improved properties that can be used as partial replacement material in making ceramic items.