Partial Replacement Of Portland Cement Research Articles

Statistical model used to assessment the sulphate resistance of mortars with fly ashes

Abstract The use of low (LCFA) and high (HCFA) calcium fly ashes in the cement industry allows the implementation of European Union proposals on waste management and energy saving. However, the possibility of using HCFA is limited, because the properties of such waste from coal-fired power plants must comply with national regulations. The paper shows the effect of partial replacement of Portland cement (OPC) by these fly ashes on the resistance of the sulphate attack of the mortars immersed in a 5% solution of sodium sulphate. In order to determine the optimal amount of ash additive, a research plan was designed using statistical methods using the Gibbs triangle for mixtures. Samples of control mortars of OPC, binary mixtures of HCFA or LCFA and ternary mixtures of HCFA/LCFA were made. The composition of the blends was designed in accordance with the statistical plan of the experiment for mixtures. The testing program included linear strains, compressive strength and microstructure tests using SEM with EDXA and XRD analysis. The results of laboratory tests and statistical analyzes have shown that fly ash has a positive effect on the sulphate resistance of cementitious composites.

Mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete containing sandstone slurry

India embraces wide variety of dimensional stones. It includes granite, marble, sandstone, limestone and slate. Amid all the states, Rajasthan is known as mineral majestic of India, with an abundance of important stones. Rajasthan produces more than 90% of sandstone of all over the country. The total quantity of mined out sandstone is 200.27 million tons per year, out of which 110.25 million tons are accounted as waste during various manufacturing and processing stages of sandstone. An experimental work has been conducted to manufacture self-compacting concrete (SCC) with dry sandstone slurry (DSS) and study the properties of SCC. Seven SCC mixes have been prepared with various percentages of sandstone slurry (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 percent) as partial replacement of pozzolana portland cement (PPC). Compressive, flexure and tensile strength of all SCC mixes up to 180 days curing age and abrasion resistance after 28 days curing age have been found out and presented in this paper. The conclusion of this study draws an idea about the use of SCC mixes made with DSS are in favor of using DSS up to 10% for reinforced cement concrete work and up to 20% for plain cement concrete work.

Influence of nanosilica on mechanical and durability properties of concrete

The results of an experimental study on the effect of the partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with nanosilica (NS) on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete are presented. Concrete mixes were made with varying NS contents at a constant water/binder ratio of 0·40. The test results demonstrated that the inclusion of 3% NS as a partial replacement of cement enhanced the mechanical properties and reduced the water penetration depth and water absorption of the concrete, resulting in overall improved performance. Compared with normal concrete, the water penetration depth and water absorption of the NS concrete was reduced by 42·85% and 36·84%, respectively. The carbonation depth was also reduced as a result of cement replacement with NS, leading to enhanced concrete durability. These enhancements in the mechanical and durability properties were mainly due to the high fineness and increased pozzolanic activity of the added NS.

Steel incorporated sawdust concrete

The constant increase in rate of cement in developing countries such as India has aroused the need to relate research to production. This Paper deals with subject of reducing the overall construction cost of concrete by partial replacement of Pozzolanic Portland Cement(PPC) with an optimum content of sawdust to reduce the cost and addition of Lathe Scrap Powder (LSP) to compensate the loss of strength due to replacement of cement by sawdust. PPC was replaced with 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 15% of sawdust to find the optimum percentage. LSP was then added in 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.5% to the sawdust concrete. After a time period of 7 days, 14 days and 28 days curing of standard size concrete cubes a compressive strength test was carried out, and the slump test was done on freshly prepared sample of concrete. Weight of the cubes was also found to calculate the bulk density of the steel incorporated sawdust concrete. Results show that on addition of 0.25% LSP on sawdust concrete indicated compressive strength (31.33) which was comparable to that of plain concrete(32.66).

Permeation Resistance of Sawdust Ash Blended Cement Laterized Concrete

This paper compared the initial surface absorption of conventional concrete and laterized concrete containing Portland cement (PC) and sawdust ash (SDA). Laterized concrete was produced at laterite contents of 15 and 30% as partial replacement for sand and SDA contents of 10 and 20% as partial replacement for PC. Compressive strengths at 28 days and initial surface absorption after 10 minutes (ISA-10) at 28, 60 and 90 days were determined at the water/cement ratios of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65 and assessed at equal 28-day strengths of 25-35 N/mm2. At equal water/cement ratios, compressive strength reduced and ISA-10 increased with increasing content of laterite and SDA. On the other hand, compressive strength and resistance to surface absorption of the blended cement laterized concretes increased with increasing curing age. At equal strengths, all the blended cement laterized concretes have better resistance to surface absorption than the conventional PC concrete.

Developing high performance concrete for precast/prestressed concrete industry

High performance concrete (HPC) is a new class of concrete that has superior characteristics compared to conventional concrete. Despite of its superior characteristics, HPC is not widely used in local and international markets due to its high constituent materials cost.This paper presents the research done to develop economic HPC mixes using local materials and conventional mixing and curing techniques. HPC characteristics were attained using supplementary cementitious materials as silica fume and class C fly in partial replacement of Portland cement. Superplasticizers were used to maintain a high flowing ability using a low water-to-powder ratio. Concrete mixes were produced using a high energy mixer to maintain sufficient mix consistency. As a result, concrete mixes with 24 -h compressive strength of 70 MPa and 28-day strength of 105 MPa were produced. Concrete samples tested for expansion using accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) showed that developed concrete is not susceptible to alkali-silica reaction. Improved characteristics can be used in improving the performance of concrete construction projects, reduce required maintenance, and increase construction projects life-span.

Concrete Resistance to Sulfuric Acid Immersion: The Influence of Testing Details and Mixture Design on Performance as It Relates to Microbially Induced Corrosion

Abstract Sulfuric acid immersion tests are often used as a surrogate test for assessing concrete resistance to microbially induced corrosion (MIC). Although sulfuric acid immersion cannot mimic the complex nature of MIC in the field, these studies may be useful in assessing material resistance to a late stage of MIC (during microbial production of sulfuric acid). This article investigates the sulfuric acid resistance of a wide variety of concrete mixture designs exposed to a range of sulfuric acid concentrations. Specimens were constructed from twelve mixture designs with varying water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), cement type, supplementary cementitious material replacement, aggregate type and content, and air content. The specimens were exposed to sulfuric acid solutions with pH values of 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, and 2.0 and monitored for changes in appearance, mass, cross section, and dynamic elastic modulus. Specimens of different mixture designs were isolated in separate containers to assess acid consumption over time. Results show that as the w/cm was decreased, acid consumption increased and physical degradation increased. A thicker layer of corrosion products developed on specimens of higher w/cm. The partial replacement of ordinary portland cement with fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace, or finely ground limestone, the use of Type V cement, the use of limestone coarse aggregate, and the increase of coarse aggregate all resulted in improved resistance to sulfuric acid compared to concrete made with ordinary portland cement at an equivalent water w/cm. The magnitude of the improved performance was not always substantial and varied between mixtures. Material responses appeared to differ over the range of acid concentrations used; however, as expected, the most severe degradation for every mixture was observed in the most concentrated acid. The authors provide guidance as to when acid immersion tests are appropriate as well as potential improvements for the acid immersion test.

Properties of Fine-Grained Concrete with Admixture of Diatomite Powder

The paper reports on the experimental assessment of the physical properties of fine-grained cement-based composites whose composition was enriched with admixture of diatomite powder. Diatomaceous earth, due to its origin and availability, represents highly valuable low cost material that can dispose with high pozzlanic activity. On this account, it can help to mitigate the quantity of used Portland cement, and thus enable to reduce the cost of produced cement-based composites, and accordingly decrease harmful environmental impacts of cement production, especially CO2 emission. In this work, possible use of diatomite powder as partial Portland cement replacement in concrete compoistion was studied. The cement replacement ratio was 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % by volume. Reference concrete mixture was prepared as well. The water/binder ratio was 0.5, and was kept similar for all prepared composite mixtures. For 28 days water cured samples, bulk density, specific density, strength parameters, and thermo-physical properties were tested. Results of experimental analysis showed high pozzolanic activity of diatomite resulting in reduced porosity and increased mechanical resistance of the developed concretes. The highly porous structure of diatomite particles helped to decrease concrete heat transport properties, despite of low total open porosity of the tested specimens.

Study of Drying Shrinkage Mitigating Concrete Using Scaled Bridge Bays

Cracks reduce the durability and service life of bridge decks and they usually form as a result of tension induced from restrained shrinkage of concrete. There are several mixture design technologies that can be used to reduce concrete shrinkage and subsequent cracking. The main focus of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of three such technologies to limit restrained shrinkage cracking in a scaled laboratory bridge deck. The first mixture evaluated shrinkage compensating cement (Type-K) as a partial replacement of Portland cement, the second mixture evaluated pre-wetted lightweight fine aggregate as a partial replacement of fine aggregate to promote internal curing (IC), and finally, the third evaluated a mixture incorporating shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA). Strain of the deck reinforcement was monitored during and after placement of the concrete for a period of 6 months. All of the data was compared with similar measurements from a control deck containing a standard concrete mixture used by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The results showed that, the experimental deck containing Type-K cement exhibited around 100% higher expansion compared to control mixture during the curing period. The IC mixture showed approximately 50% less expansion at 7 days but exhibited 10% less shrinkage at the end of drying period compared to the control mixture. The initial expansion of SRA mixture showed similar peak value compared to control mixture but at the end of the drying period, the shrinkage of SRA mixture was around 75% less than the deck cast with control mixture.

High Volume Slag and Slag-Fly Ash Blended Cement Pastes Containing Nano Silica

This paper presents the effect of nanosilica (NS) on compressive strength and microstructure of cement paste containing high volume slag and high volume slag-fly ash blend as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Results show that high volume slag (HVS) cement paste containing 60% slag exhibited about 4% higher compressive strength than control cement paste, while the HVS cement paste containing 70% slag maintained the similar compressive strength to control cement paste. However, about 9% and 37% reduction in compressive strength in HVS cement pastes is observed due to use of 80% and 90% slag, respectively. The high volume slag-fly ash (HVSFA) cement pastes containing total slag and fly ash content of 60% exhibited about 5%-16% higher compressive strength than control cement paste. However, significant reduction in compressive strength is observed in higher slag-fly ash blends with increasing in fly ash contents. Results also show that the addition of 1-4% NS improves the compressive strength of HVS cement paste containing 70% slag by about 9-24%. However, at higher slag contents of 80% and 90% this improvement is even higher e.g. 11-29% and 17-41%, respectively. The NS addition also improves the compressive strength by about 1-59% and 5-21% in high volume slag-fly ash cement pastes containing 21% fly ash+49%slag and 24% fly ash+56%slag, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirm the reduction of calcium hydroxide (CH) in HVS/HVSFA pastes containing NS indicating the formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gels in the system. By combining slag, fly ash and NS in high volumes e.g. 70-80%, the carbon footprint of cement paste is reduced by 66-76% while maintains the similar compressive strength of control cement paste. Keywords: high volume slag, nanosilica, compressive strength, TGA, high volume slag-fly ash blend, CO2 emission.

The Use of Basalt Rock Powder and Superfine Sand as Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Friendly Environmental Cement Mortar

The research gap about the application of basalt rock powder (BRP) and superfine sand (SS) as fillers in preparation of cement mortar is significant. This study characterizes the mechanical performance of the cement mortar formulated considering Portland cement, artificial sand and water as principal mixture components. To analyze the influence of BRP and SS on the strength properties of the mortar, the Portland cement and artificial sand have been replaced by BRP and SS respectively. The replacement percentages are 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% when the basalt rock powder replaces Portland cement and in case artificial sand is replaced by superfine sand, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The percentages of basalt rock powder and superfine sand replace, in volume, the same quantity of Portland cement and artificial sand that forms portion of the mixture. The strength indexes such as flexural strength, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and dynamic elastic modulus were investigated. Overall results show that despite the reduction of mechanical properties of cement mortar, BRP and SS can be used as partial replacement of Portland cement and artificial sand in account of ratios from 10% to 25% basalt rock powder quantity by Portland cement weight and 10% to 20% superfine sand amount by volume of artificial sand.

The Feasibility of Basalt Rock Powder and Superfine Sand as Partial Replacement Materials for Portland Cement and Artificial Sand in Cement Mortar

The research gap on the feasibility of basalt rock powder (BRP) and superfine sand (SS) in preparation of cement mortar is significant. Thisstudy examines probable changes occurred in the modified cement mortar due to incorporation of certain quantity of basalt rock powder andsuperfine sand in mixture proportion. The cement mortar included Portland cement, artificial sand and water as principal mixture constituents. Then, basalt rock powder and superfine sand were added as partial replacement materials for Portland cement and artificial sand respectively. Therefore, replacement percentages were 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% when the basalt rock powder replaced Portland cement and in case the artificial sand was replaced by superfine sand, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Then, the strength indexes such as flexural strength, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and dynamic elastic modulus were investigated. The results show that the presence of basalt rock powder in mixture proportion increased the flexural and compressive strengths of cement mortar however the cement mortar that contained superfine sand illustrated inadequate mechanical performance as flexural and compressive strengths decreased remarkably. Moreover, when basalt rock powder and superfine sand were included together in mixture proportion, the cement mortar’s mechanical performance declined compared to that of the reference cement mortar. Despite the fact that basalt rock powder and superfine sand weakened the cement mortar’s mechanical properties, it was found that they can be added into the cement mortar as partial replacement of Portland cement and artificial sand in the following ratios: from 10% to 25% when basalt rock powder replaces Portland cement and from 10% to 20% when artificial sand is replaced by superfine sand.

Sustainable reuse of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash in insulating building products: Functional and durability assessment

Using thermal insulating materials for internal walls construction is an effective way for improving the energy-saving of buildings. This study reports the development a green concrete partition wall block using recycled glass as aggregates and incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) as a partial replacement of Portland cement. Functional (density, porosity, compressive strength, thermal conductivity) and durability (drying shrinkage, fire resistance) performances were assessed. The experimental results showed that the eco-friendly blocks had sufficiently high strength to serve as a building partition material. Furthermore, the densities of the blocks were reduced with the incorporation of the glass aggregates and ISSA. Encouragingly, the combined use of glass aggregates and ISSA significantly reduced the drying shrinkage of the partition blocks. In terms of thermal insulation, the thermal conductivity of the blocks decreased considerably when the recycled glass and the ISSA were utilized simultaneously. Especially, the fire resistance of the partition blocks was improved effectively when the glass aggregates were used to totally replace the fine aggregates. Based on the findings, joint applications of waste glass and ISSA in producing partition wall blocks are appealing as it not only provides an alternative approach to reuse the wastes, but also achieve superior performance as an insulating wall material. • A novel insulating partition wall block prepared with waste materials is developed. • Combined use of waste glass and incinerated sewage sludge ash in partition block is feasible. • The sustainable partition wall block has low drying shrinkage and low thermal conductivity. • The developed partition wall block has superior strength and excellent fire resistance.

Investigating the Utilization of Ground Palm Kernel Shells for Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Using Nondestructive Method

The objective of this research is to investigate the utilization of palm kernel shells in ground form (GPK) for partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete by investigating its optimal strength using nondestructive ultrasonic pulse velocity method for both cubic and cylindrical concrete test specimen. In all a total of 135 cubes and 66 cylinders of concrete were prepared. The dimension of the cubic concrete specimens was 150 × 150 × 150 mm and that of the cylindrical specimens were 110 mm and 500 mm diameter and length respectively. The mix design of the GPK shells used as a partial replacement for OPC ranged between 0% and 50% by weight of cement using mix ratio of 1:2:4 with water to cement ratio of 0.8. The concrete specimens were test at curing periods of 7 days, 28 days and 60 days for the cubes and 7 days and 28 days for the cylinders. Based on the results and the analysis done, it was generally observed in all cases that, as the mix ratio is increased, the ultrasonic pulse velocity, modulus of elasticity and the density decreased and as the curing period increased, these values increased across all the mix ratios. The ultrasonic pulse velocity and the density of the specimens shows that concretes containing GPK “fuel” shells has higher values than those containing GPK ordinary shells. Generally, the density, ultrasonic pulse velocity and the modulus of elasticity of concrete containing GPK shells decrease as the replacement percentage increase.

PROPIEDADES FÍSICO-MECÁNICAS DE CONCRETOS AUTOCOMPACTANTES PRODUCIDOS CON POLVO DE RESIDUO DE CONCRETO

The high demand of Ordinary Portland Cement (CPO) due to the increase in new civil works, in addition to the generation of demolition and construction waste (RCD), cause a negative environmental impact, so a solution to this problem is the recycling of these materials to produce new concrete. The partial replacement of Portland cement by concrete waste powder (CWP) from the concrete recycling process has been highlighted as a sustainable approach. This paper present the chemical and pozzolanic characterization of CWP through X-ray fluorescence (FRX) and Frattini and resistance activity index test respectively. Also, it was evaluated the feasibility of producing self-prepared concretes (SCC) prepared with CWP. The performance of SCC prepared with various replacement ratios of CWP to CPO (i.e., 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %) from RCD, has been evaluated experimentally. The workability properties were performed regarding the slump flow test, V-funnel, and L-box. The hardened properties of SCCs including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, porosity and Capillary suction were studied. The experimental results of this work are showed that the CWP can be used successfully as a filler in self-compacting concrete, although decreasing workability and mechanical resistance.

Investigation on different compositions of flyash concrete on gamma and neutron radiation

Fly ash is a solid waste from a coal combustion product and about 43% is recycled. Fly ash is often used as a replacement of partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete production. Concrete has been widely used as radiation materials due to its lower cost. Five samples of fly ash concrete mixture were prepared and investigated by using small angle scattering (SAN) for neutron irradiation and gamma radiation test for gamma irradiation. It was found that 20% of fly ash concrete mixture absorbed more neutron radiation whereas 40% of flyash concrete mixture absorbed more gamma radiation.

A Review Paper on Sustainable Cost Effective Concrete for Corrosive Environment

For its favorable properties and easily availability, the use of concrete increasing annually. When the concrete exposed to environment it start to disintegrate due to chemical attack. The chemical attacks on concrete majorly are in the form of a reaction between aggressive agents and the cement matrix, although reactions can also happen with the aggregates. This review paper gives a suggestion to make a cost effective and durable concrete to perform well in the aggressive corrosion environment by the waste products obtained from different industry. The use of Portland cement concrete has an impact on the environmental due to the emission of CO 2 in the atmosphere. On the other side handling of plastic waste was a major problem all over the world. So, as to give suggestion to these problems the study has been made as the use of rice husk ash (obtained from agricultural waste) and silica fume (obtained from alloy industry) as partial replacement of Portland cement to increase strength at early and later ages. And due to its micro structure it reduce the permeability of concrete and exhibit considerable enhancement in durability, also provides better bond between cement matrix and the aggregate. The usage of LDPE is high throughout the world compared to other plastics, the density of LDPE range from 925-940 kg/m 3 so the density of the concrete greatly reduce up to 30% as their wastes can be used as a replacement for fine aggregate.. In terms of durability the high amount of silica impregnated the concrete samples and thereby reduces porosity of concrete. The strength reduction due to plastics will nearly compensated by the RHA and SF. The use of such waste products gives cost effective and reducing co 2 emission and best method for the disposal of plastic wastes. Keywords: Silica Fume, Rice husk ash, LDPE, Durability DOI : 10.7176/CER/11-5-05 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Comparison of dolostone and limestone as filler in blended cements

A dolostone from Sierras Bayas (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) is characterized for use as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). This comparative study with usual limestone filler includes the results of grindability and the performance of blended cements with 20% filler. Carbonate stones were ground in a laboratory ball mill to attain the objective (d50 < 4 μm). For blended cements, the mini-slump, setting time and hydration heat were determined on paste with a water-to-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) of 0.40. Compressive strength was determined on mortar (w/cm = 0.50) up to 90 days, and the mineralogical composition of the hydrated pastes was determined by XRD and thermogravimetry at 28 days. Results show that the grinding time of the dolostone is shorter than that of limestone, and the volume of fine particles (< 10 μm) is increased. Dolostone filler (D-filler) cement shows behaviour analogous to limestone filler (L-filler) cement. Both fillers decrease the initial mini-slump, and the mini-slump loss rate is similar, the setting time is shorter and the heat released increases. The overall performance of blended cement appears independent of the mineralogical composition. For L-filler, the effects are more pronounced at early ages. The compressive strength of the L-filler is higher than that of the D-filler at early ages, and later the opposite is true. Preliminary analysis on hydration products and portlandite content does not justify this behaviour. The D-filler is a viable alternative as a partial replacement of portland cement, after that the chemical stability in the alkaline paste environment will be confirmed.

Strengths and durability performances of blended cement concrete with TiO2 nanoparticles and rice husk ash

Sustainable development, climate change and the extensive extraction and consumption of non-renewable mineral resources are the greatest contemporary challenges facing humankind, especially construction industry. Reducing the mining and consumption of raw materials, and CO2 emission generated by the production of Portland cement clinker as well as improving concrete performance are now achievable targets even with the use of various recycled and by-product materials in a partial replacement of virgin materials.In the present study, concrete designed with Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles and rice husk ash (RHA) as pozzolanic materials used in a partial replacement of Portland cement (PC) has been investigated. RHA was used in a single amount of 10% while TiO2 nanoparticles was incorporated at different replacement levels varying from 0 to 5% as a partial replacement of PC. The morphological and mineralogical characteristics of TiO2 Nanoparticles were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), respectively. The blended cement concrete mixes have been assessed in terms of mechanical and durability performances including compressive, Flexural and Splitting Tensile strengths, resistance to Acid attack and Chloride Penetration. The results revealed that concrete mixes with a combination of 10%RHA and 3% TiO2 Nanoparticles as a partial replacement of PC showed the highest strengths and durability performances. Increasing the TiO2 Nanoparticles beyond 3% has resulted in a drop in strengths and durability properties. Thus, this replacement of 3% nano-TiO2 might be considered as the optimum replacement level.

Elevated curing temperature-associated strength and mechanisms of reactive MgO-activated industrial by-products solidified soils

Alkali-activated industrial by-products (granulated blast furnace slag, Class F fly ash) by traditional alkali activator (such as NaOH and Na2SiO3) serves as a partial replacement for Portland cement in soil stabilization projects and suffers from environmental and technical problems. Reactive MgO – a greener and more practical alternative has recently emerged as a potential activator for slag and fly ash, but its micromechanisms of alkaline activation still need to be deeply investigated for strength improvement of soils. Hence, this study focuses on the strength and hydration properties of reactive MgO-slag and MgO-fly ash solidified soils, especially incorporating the impact of elevated curing temperature. Reactive MgO is proved to be excellent as a novel activator for activation of slag and fly ash, and their activating efficiency increases with elevated curing temperature that helps to remarkably enhance the compressive strength of soils. The major hydration products for reactive MgO-slag solidified soils, detected jointly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric tests, are calcium silicate hydrate gels and hydrotalcite-like phases. The primary hydration products for MgO-fly ash solidified soils are magnesium silicate hydrate gels and Mg(OH)2. That is just the intrinsic reason why the microstructure of solidified soils becomes much denser and the mechanical behavior is significantly improved. The minor carbonate phases such as magnesium carbonate and/or calcite are also observed in reactive MgO-slag and MgO-fly ash solidified soils, depending on the period of exposure to air. The curing temperature and binder amount are proved to be the two major factors governing the hydration process of reactive MgO-slag and MgO-fly ash blends. A higher curing temperature and binder amount can generate more hydration products, but their chemical compositions such as accurate element ratios need to be investigated in the future study.