Partial Replacement Of Cement Research Articles

Improvement The Concrete Fire Resistance by Using By-Product Materials: A Review

The utilization of lime within the cement manufacturing procedure yields a considerable quantity of carbon dioxide emissions, thereby contributing to the phenomenon of the greenhouse effect and the subsequent escalation of global warming. To mitigate the emissions, it is imperative to employ diverse materials during the manufacturing process. Granulated blast furnace slag, a finely ground aggregate derived from the byproduct of blast furnace operations, has found significant application in the realm of concrete production. This material, obtained from the blast furnaces, has proven to be highly advantageous in enhancing the properties of concrete. This study aims to investigate the utilization of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a supplementary material in concrete, serving as a partial replacement for cement. The utilization of ground grainy blast furnace slag and RHA has been found to enhance the properties of concrete and can be incorporated in concrete production without causing any adverse impact on the surrounding environment. This makes it a sustainable and eco-friendly solution. The strength degradation of high strength concrete, both during and post-fire exposure, may exhibit dissimilar behavior when compared to that of conventional strength concrete. The primary objective of this review is to examine the alterations in concrete properties after fire exposure, while also investigating the potential of GGBS and RHA in enhancing the fire resistance of concrete.

Enhancing of damping capacity in crumb rubber concrete at various damage levels: Effects of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag

Crumb rubber (CR) incorporated as damping units in concrete, partially replacing natural aggregates, enhances the material's damping capacity. However, the filler type and replacement rate will usually influence the crack development of crumb rubber concrete (CRC) elements under repeated loading, which in turn influences their damping capacity at different damage levels. Thus, the damping characteristics of CRC cantilever beams at different damage levels, influenced by filler type and substitution rate, are investigated in the present paper through low-cycle repeated damage and free vibration tests. The results reveal that partial cement replacement with fly ash (FA) significantly enhances the energy dissipation capacity, especially at a 30 % FA replacement rate. Positive effects on the damping ratio are observed only when the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) substitution rate is 30 %. For the CRC cantilever beams both with and without filler, the damping ratio shows an increasing and then decreasing trend with increasing displacement angle. The maximum damping ratio is exhibited when the displacement angle is 0.02. With increasing displacement angle, FA and GGBFS doping accelerated the degradation rate of the bending dynamic stiffness and the damage index rose faster. A model is formulated to describe the correlation between the damping ratio and the damage index in CRC cantilever beams both with and without filler. The effect of filler incorporation on the pores and microcracks may be the main reason for the damping ratio increase as observed by micro-morphology.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ОТХОДОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ КЕРАМИКИ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The main technological aspects of the production of building ceramics are given. Based on the analysis of literary sources, a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of using construction ceramic waste as a secondary raw material for the production of new building materials was carried out. Based on the research of modern scientists, it has been established that the waste from the scrap of building ceramics is suitable for use as an aggregate, partial replacement of cement and a reactive additive in concretes and mortars. When using scrap of con-struction ceramics as an aggregate, it is recommended to limit the substitution of natural aggregate at the level of 20-30%, together using various additives: plasticizing and improving rheotechnological and physico-mechanical properties of concrete. Finely ground waste from brick scrap has pozzolan activity and, when used as a reactive additive or partial replacement of cement in concretes and mortars, up to 20-25% can improve the structure of cement stone, increase strength, reduce macroporosity and penetration of chloride ions, and increase sul-fate resistance. This kind of binder is prone to a later set of strength compared to Portland cement. In addition, the waste of building ceramics can be used in the production of alkali-activated cements and slag-alkali binders, as well as s raw materials for the production of new bricks or the construction of road surface bases. It has been revealed that the production of building materials and products based on con-struction ceramics waste is a promising direction for the development of construction production. It is possible not only to obtain materials of equal quality to products based on natural raw materials, but also with improved characteristics.

Experimental Investigation of Strength and Microstructure Properties of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Self Compacting Concrete

Experimental Investigation of Strength and Microstructure Properties of Raw Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Self Compacting Concrete

Steel rebar passivation in cementitious blend solutions – Silica fume vs. glass powder

Cement industries are pursuing sustainable alternatives in cementitious materials to minimize natural resources usage and reduce CO2 emissions. Utilizing Si-based materials such as silica fume (SF) and glass powder (GP) from waste is promising as partial replacements for cement. However, the passivating behavior of carbon rebars in these alternatives must be evaluated. This work evaluates the passivating ability of steel rebars in leaches from cementitious matrices containing SF and/or GP, comparing them against the behavior in Portland mixture (Control). Addition of SF and/or GP to the mixture did not compromise the spontaneous passivation of the rebars, with no sign of rust even after 30 days of immersion. Indeed, compared to the Control condition, the addition these supplementary materials showed beneficial response in terms of some electrochemical responses, such as the polarization resistance, Rp, corrosion current density, icorr, with lower values of current density upon the anodic potentiodynamic polarization after 37 h of immersion. Besides offering sustainability, incorporating SF and GP ensure cementitious matrices capable of spontaneously passivating low-cost and conventional rebars.

Characteristic evaluation and environmental validation of self-compacting concrete containing sandstone slurry waste for sustainable usage.

This study aims to understand the impact of concrete ingredients on the environment. To analyze the effect of, three significant indexes have been taken into consideration, which are embodied carbon dioxide index (e-CO2), embodied energy consumption (e-energy), and embodied resource consumption (e-resource) index. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has considered veto comprehending the probable application of sandstone waste in the form of a slurry (Sslurry) and powder (Spowder) for the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC). This study can be proven beneficial to evaluate the potential adverse effects from environmental and energy perspectives. One reference mix and eighteen design mixes of SCC have been designed and developed to perform an experimental program. An environmental impact comparison of the "hybrid" SCC was performed using the OpenLCA life cycle analysis software with Ecoinvent LCIA methods. The outcomes of this experimental program reveal that the partial replacement of pozzolana Portland cement (PPC) with Sslurry can reduce e-CO2 emission along with the e-energy and e-resource parameters. When Spowder was used as the partial substitution of fine aggregate (FA), only the e-resource index decreased, and e-CO2 and e-energy increased. Minimalist impact on the environment has been noticed when SCC is prepared with Sslurry and Spowder. A detailed LCA analysis study justifies the utilization of Sslurry and Spowder in SCC, which exhibits encouraging results concerning strength and quality. Hence, it was observed that Sslurry and Spowder in developing green and sustainable SCC with moderate strength characteristics are beneficial from an environmental impact perspective.

Influence of chemical pretreatment on the pozzolanicity of recycled glass microparticles used as a substitute for Portland cement

This research investigated the influence of using chemically treated glass microparticles as a partial replacement for cement in Portland cement pastes and mortars. The microparticles were obtained by grinding glass waste into three different particle size fractions (< 75 µm, < 45 µm, and < 25 µm), treated with calcium hydroxide (CH), and characterized using SEM/EDS and a laser particle size analyzer. Samples prepared with the incorporation of glass were characterized using XRD, TGA/DTG, and SEM/EDS. The pretreatment with calcium hydroxide induced the formation of C-S-H with different morphologies on the surface of the particles, in addition to causing changes in particle size distribution due to the formation of agglomerates. The pastes prepared with treated particles had lower amounts of CH and higher levels of hydrated silicates. However, when indirectly measuring the pozzolanicity of treated particles through the compressive strength of mortars, no significant differences were observed in the strengths of mortars made with treated and untreated particles.

Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Cement With GGBFS

The utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) in concrete construction offers promising opportunities to enhance sustainability and performance while mitigating the environmental impact of Portland cement production. However, the widespread adoption of GGBFS faces challenges stemming from variability in properties, lack of standardized guidelines, and limited understanding of its performance in diverse concrete applications. This research addresses these challenges through a comprehensive experimental investigation aimed at systematically evaluating the influence of GGBFS on various properties of concrete. Mechanical properties, durability performance, and microstructural characteristics of GGBFS-blended concrete are rigorously assessed through laboratory-scale testing and analysis. The findings provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of using GGBFS in concrete mixtures, offering evidence-based guidance for engineers and practitioners. By promoting the sustainable utilization of GGBFS, this research contributes to advancing environmental stewardship and fostering resilience in infrastructure systems. Keyword – ( GGBFS ),Ordinary portland cement ( OPC ), Compressive Strength, Durability, Indian standards.

Modelling the mechanical properties of concrete produced with polycarbonate waste ash by machine learning

India’s cement industry is the second largest in the world, generating 6.9% of the global cement output. Polycarbonate waste ash is a major problem in India and around the globe. Approximately 370,000 tons of scientific waste are generated annually from fitness care facilities in India. Polycarbonate waste helps reduce the environmental burden associated with disposal and decreases the need for new raw materials. The primary variable in this study is the quantity of polycarbonate waste ash (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of the weight of cement), partial replacement of cement, water-cement ratio and aggregates. The mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural test results, of the mixtures with the polycarbonate waste ash were superior at 7, 14 and 28 days compared to those of the control mix. The water absorption rate is less than that of standard concrete. Compared with those of conventional concrete, polycarbonate waste concrete mixtures undergo minimal weight loss under acid curing conditions. Polycarbonate waste is utilized in the construction industry to reduce pollution and improve the economy. This study further simulated the strength characteristics of concrete made with waste polycarbonate ash using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and decision trees. Cement, polycarbonate waste, slump, water absorption, and the ratio of water to cement were the main components that were considered input variables. The suggested decision tree model was successful with unparalleled predictive accuracy across important metrics. Its outstanding predictive ability for split tensile strength (R2 = 0.879403), flexural strength (R2 = 0.91197), and compressive strength (R2 = 0.853683) confirmed that this method was the preferred choice for these strength predictions.

Exploring the potential of nitrophosphogypsum and calcined water-treatment plant sludges in mortar mixtures: A study on workability and strength

Mortar mixtures that consider alternative mineral admixtures are of constant research interest to reduce ordinary Portland cement (OPC) content thereby lowering final cost and carbon footprint. An additional concern is the proper management of industrial process residues that could be used in mortar mixes to avoid their disposal in landfills or water bodies. This work investigated the potential of using calcined water treatment plant sludge (CWTPS) and nitrophosphogypsum (NPG) - a byproduct of the fertilizer industry - as partial replacements of OPC in mortar mixtures. For this purpose, this research evaluates the crystallographic, chemical, and physical properties of NPG and CWTPS through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). XRF and XRD findings strongly suggests that CWTPS qualifies as supplementary cementitious materials, due to its high content of silicon and aluminum oxides in a non-crystalline state. On the other hand, NPG could be used as a mineral admixture. The design of mixtures was based on the workability of 85% flow. The evaluation of properties encompasses the measurement of density, compressive strength, durability (pH and sulfate environments), and water absorption. The results demonstrate that incorporating of NPG and CWTPS to mortar mixes, each at a 5% inclusion rate (with a total replacement of 10% of OPC), increase compressive strength by up to 6.65% at 90 days compared to the control group in mortar mixes. However, the inclusion of NPG and CWTPS significantly decreases the workability of mortar mixes by up to 51.49%. The utilization of NPG as a partial replacement for OPC increases the water-to-cement ratio proportionally compared to the control sample, which can be explained by the anhydrite content of this byproduct. For its part, replacing 10% of OPC with NPG and CWTPS results in a 1.99% decrease in resistance after 28 days in sulfated environments compared to specimens cured in lime water. This protection of NPG against sulfate attack on mortars is based on the fact that SO3 saturation hinders the phase change from AFt to AFm during curing, as demonstrated by the XRD results. Additionally, the inclusion of NPG in mortar mixes increases capillary water absorption by up to 19.8%, while CWTPS, due to its pozzolanic nature, reduces it by up to 5.75%. Finally, this study explores the potential combined use of NPG and CWTPS in mortar mixes as a partial replacement for cement, presenting a viable and sustainable alternative for these cementitious-based construction materials.

Effective reutilization of textile sludge from common effluent treatment plant with mineral admixture as a partial replacement for cement in mortar mixes

Effective reutilization of textile sludge from common effluent treatment plant with mineral admixture as a partial replacement for cement in mortar mixes

Effect of ultra-low dosage graphene oxide on the properties of recycled cement-based materials

The utilization of recycled fine powder (RFP) from crushed concrete waste as partial cement replacement is limited by its low reactivity. Graphene Oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional amphiphilic conjugated polymer that can effectively improve the properties of cement-based materials, but its application is limited due to its high cost. This study investigates the ultra-low dosage GO on the properties of recycled cement-based materials. GO was dispersed using polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCE) before incorporation in the pastes containing 25 % RFP as the binder. The results show that PCE can effectively improve the dispersion of GO in cement-based materials. The improvement effect of well-dispersed ultra-low dosage GO on the strength of recycled cement-based materials in the early stage was better than that in the later stage, and the improvement effect on the flexural strength was better than that on the compressive strength. The GO dosage was optimized at 0.004 % which improved the 3 days flexural strength by 52 % compared to the control sample without GO. Results showed that well-dispersed ultra-low dosage GO accelerated the hydration of recycled cement-based materials due to the nucleation effect and template effect, promoted the formation of additional C–S–H gels, and facilitated the development of C–S–H gels more orderly, reduced the porosity of the hardened pastes, and refined the microstructure. However, excessive GO reduced strength due to agglomeration. The improvement in strength and microstructure refinement demonstrates the positive role of GO in enhancing the reactivity of recycled cement-based materials. This process successfully reduced the dosage of GO in cement-based materials by about 90 % and provided an approach to utilizing recycled fine powder.

The Optimum Percentage of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Cement Replacement in Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC)

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is a potential supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete production due to their capability of pozzolanic reaction. This research study on the fineness, workability and compressive strength of the RHA incorporated into Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) as a cement replacement alternative hence to determine the optimum percentage of RHA to be use in the ECC mix. The mix proportional of RHA-ECC was designed with RHA as the substitution of Portland cement at various percentages by volume, including 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Physical characterization of RHA was determined by particle size distribution test. The workability of hand mixed mortar was determined by the flow table test. A total of 45 cubes of 50×50×50 mm was prepared and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. These hardened mortars were test with the compressive strength test to study its mechanical property. Findings showed that the workability of RHA-ECC was decreased with increasing of the amount of RHA added. The compressive strength of RHA-ECC was best at 28 days with the 10% of replacement level compared to others. This study will provide both direction and knowledge on the application of RHA as a greener and sustainable cement replacement.

Environment friendly sustainable concrete produced from marble waste powder

<p>Concrete is an indispensable construction material renowned for its versatility and durability, yet its traditional components pose significant environmental challenges. The cement industry is a major emitter of CO2, while the extensive extraction of natural aggregates depletes finite resources. In response, researchers have explored alternative materials like Marble Waste Powder (MWP) as sustainable substitutes in concrete production. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating MWP as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate, examining substitution fractions of 25% and 35%. Through experimental analysis, the mechanical properties and cost implications of these modified concrete blends are evaluated. The research findings reveal that integrating MWP into concrete formulations enables the production of high-strength concrete at a reduced cost, offering a promising solution to enhance the sustainability of construction practices. By partially replacing conventional materials with MWP, the environmental impact associated with concrete production can be mitigated, contributing to efforts aimed at reducing carbon emissions and conserving natural resources. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of eco-friendly innovations in construction materials, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives to meet the growing demand for infrastructure development while minimizing environmental harm. Overall, this research highlights the novel use of MWP as a sustainable alternative in concrete production, showcasing its potential to address environmental concerns and promote more eco-conscious construction practices. Through the exploration of mechanical performance and economic feasibility, the study provides valuable insights for advancing sustainability in the construction industry and achieving long-term environmental stewardship.</p>

An Experimental inquiry into Concrete Properties with Partial Cement Replacement Using Alccofine and Metakaolin

In this research work, we delve into the pivotal role of concrete in modern construction practices and its indispensable nature across diverse structures. Concrete's widespread use underscores its significance in the construction industry, where economic considerations heavily rely on material cost efficiency. This study focuses on experimental investigations involving Alccofine and metakaolin, aimed at enhancing concrete strength while concurrently addressing environmental concerns such as CO2 emissions. These materials serve as substitutes for traditional cement in M20 grade concrete, with meticulous mix designs tailored to optimize performance. Metakaolin replaces cement at varying percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%), while Alccofine remains a constant 10% replacement in cement concrete. Specimens undergo rigorous curing and are subjected to comprehensive 28-day testing for compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths. This investigation aims to provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of using Alccofine and metakaolin as sustainable alternatives in concrete production, thus addressing both economic and environmental considerations. Key Words: Alccofine, Metakaolin, Cement, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength.

Microstructural and Residual Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Waste Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate Exposed to Ambient and Elevated Temperatures

In recent times, with rapid development in the construction sector, the use of enormous amounts of materials is required for the production of concrete. Fire penetrates concrete, leading to chemical contamination, small cracks, and lightening. These effects can significantly change the properties of concrete’s structure, reduce its strength and durability, and also change the behavior of the structure and lead to effects on the environment. An attempt was made to study the effects of elevated temperature on the mechanical characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with by-products including fly ash as a partial replacement for cement and waste copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. The SCC specimens were subjected to elevated temperatures ranging from 200, 400, 600, and 800 °C, respectively, for a steady-state of two hours in a digital muffle furnace. The residual compressive strength, mass loss, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and residual density along with a visual inspection of cracks and color changes were observed. In this study, with over 400 °C temperatures, surface fractures appeared. The residual compressive strength (R-CMS) of all the individual temperatures of the SCC-WCS% mixes exhibited a gain in strength range from 31 to 34 MPa at 400 °C, 26 to 35 MPa at 600 °C, and 22.5 MPa to 33.5 MPa at 800 °C, respectively. Microstructural analysis of SCC-WCS% mixtures subjected to elevated ambient temperatures is carried out with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Experimental Investigation on Ductility in Fly Ash Aggregate Concrete

Aggregate in concrete is structural filler, which occupies the most of the volume of the concrete The composition, shape and size of the aggregate have significant impact on the workability, durability, strength, weight and shrinkage of the concrete. In recent period some of the aggregates are chemically active and also that certain aggregates exhibit chemical bond at the interface of aggregate and paste. Aggregate occupy 60-80% of the volume of concrete is considerable. The utilization of fly ash in concrete as partial replacement of cement is gaining immense importance today, mainly on account of the improvement in the long term durability of concrete combined with ecological benefits. Three grades of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) are 33,43 and 53 as classified by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) are commonly used in construction industry. The main variable investigated in this study is variation of fly ash dosage in 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The compressive strength, durability and shrinkage of concrete were mainly studied. The fly ash is collected in Mettur Thermal Power Plant. Then the cement and fly ash proportions of 12.5:87.5, 15:85 and 17.5:82.5 will be adopted to get fly ash aggregates. The particle size distribution, specific gravity, bulk density, impact test on aggregate will be conducted. For the plain concrete and fly ash aggregate concrete of beams (Plain concrete and RCC beams), cubes and cylinders will be cast. All the specimens will be cured in a curing tank. The Ductility test and compressive strength test will be conducted on these plain and fly ash aggregate concrete specimens.

Strength Assessment of RCC Beam With Partial Replacement of Metakaolin and Marble Dust

The most popular and adaptable building material is concrete, which is typically used to withstand compressive stress. A few pozzolanic elements can be added as admixtures to improve the various qualities of concrete. Calcified clay, or metakaolin, is widely accessible in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Bombay, and other places. It is the clay mineral kaolinite in a dehydroxylated state. Metakaolin particles are smaller than cement particles in size. Marble dust is produced by the industries that cut and manufacture marble. Approximately 3500 metric tons of marble dust slurry is produced daily in India. Therefore, marble dust may be found extremely cheaply and simply. Because marble dust has some advantages over cement, it is recommended to utilize it in part. The current study details an experimental program designed to explore the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams where river sand was partially replaced with marble powder in preparation for concrete and metakaolin was used in place of some of the cement. In this work, partial cement replacement has been carried out using MK (Metakaolin) at 5% and 10% and MP (Marble Powder) at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Concrete manufactured with MK-MP has been compared to conventional concrete of grade M30 in terms of both compressive and tensile strength. The Rapid Chloride Migration Test, or RCMT, was also used to examine the durability of concrete.

Effects of carbonation curing on chemical attack in cement paste incorporating liquid-crystal display glass powder as a partial binder replacement

This study investigates the chemical resistance of cement paste by incorporating liquid-crystal display (LCD) glass powder as a partial replacement for cement. The samples, cured under water and carbonation, were subjected to adverse chemical attacks over a period of up to 90 days, using MgSO4 and H2SO4 for the sulphate attack and acid attack, respectively. The results demonstrate a decrease in compressive strength by upto 14.63% and 32.32% for water- and carbonation-cured samples, respectively, and an increase in carbonation degree by upto 100% with the incorporation of glass powder at 28 days. Under sulphate attack, water curing and carbonation curing displayed strength increase of 21.24–36.13% and 7.56–8.06%, respectively, at 90 days. However, carbonation-cured samples experienced greater leaching of silica and calcium. The compressive strength decreased with acid attack duration, with glass powder incorporation mitigating strength loss in carbonation-cured samples. At 30 days, with an incorporation rate of 30% glass powder, the strength loss was reduced by 37.66% for the carbonation-cured samples. The enhanced resistance with incorporation of glass powder was also evident from mercury intrusion porosimetry results that indicated decreased intrusion levels. Visual inspection revealed a different consistency of white substance deposition, suggesting resistance mechanisms differed between curing methods.

Efficiency of self-compacting concrete made with variable sustainable cementitious materials: A TOPSIS algorithm approach

The use of supplementary cementitious materials as a partial replacement for cement is taking the lead in the concrete production industry. Being known as by-products from various manufacturing properties, concrete produced with such materials is considered a sustainable alternative to normal concrete. Three different by-product materials have been investigated in this study for the production of sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC), namely, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF). Compressive strength, production cost, and global warming potential (GWP) were the main testing parameters for the mixes' performances. Multi-criteria decision-making algorithm was implemented using the TOPSIS model to investigate the ultimate performance of those SCC mixes considering all tested parameters simultaneously. Results showed the best SCC performance can be attained when using about 60 % of GGBS as a partial replacement for cement.