Partial Realization Research Articles

Religious Court Decisions Regarding the Revocation of Grant (Hibah) in the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence

This scholarly article examines the judgments rendered by Religious Courts concerning disputes related to the revocation of grants, employing the viewpoint of Islamic jurisprudence and the maslahah theory. In this instance, the judicial panel overseeing the dispute related to the cancellation of the grant primarily invoked the provisions outlined in Article 35, Paragraph 1, and Article 36, Paragraph 1 of the Marriage Act (Law Number 1 of 1974), which pertain to joint property, along with Article 1338 of the Civil Code, addressing agreements. Consequently, the judges disregarded the article pertaining to the right to withdraw the grant’s subject, even though the grant is given without the consent of the other heirs. Meanwhile, in accordance with the maslahah theory, decisions rendered by a panel of judges in the Religious Court ideally aim to actualize the concept of Maqasid al-Shari’ah, specifically focused on the preservation of both property and descendants. This approach helps mitigate adverse consequences that may arise within familial dynamics, particularly in relationships between parents and their heirs. Nevertheless, in accordance with Hans Kelsen’s justice theory, the deliberations undertaken by judges when adjudicating cases involving the revocation of grants often exhibit inconsistency in the application of the pertinent legal framework, thereby leading to a partial realization of the intended concept of justice.

Partial realization and biological normality: Jefferson’s account of brain dysfunction reinterpreted

ABSTRACT In her book “Are Mental Disorders Brain Disorders?” (2022), Anneli Jefferson proposes that brain processes that always realize mental dysfunctions are brain dysfunctions. This paper explores possible interpretations of two underdeveloped aspects of this thesis. First, it argues that “realization” should be interpreted as partial rather than full realization. Second, it argues that the “always” should only quantify over biologically normal situations. Taken together, these changes can account for the fact that some psychological dysfunctions are partially realized by functional mechanisms, for the existence of psychological dysfunctions due to mismatches rather than brain dysfunctions, and for the fact that brain dysfunctions do not cease to be brain dysfunctions just because they can be compensated.

An algorithm for identifying eigenvectors exhibiting strong spatial localization

We introduce an approach for exploring eigenvector localization phenomena for a class of (unbounded) selfadjoint operators. More specifically, given a target region and a tolerance, the algorithm identifies candidate eigenpairs for which the eigenvector is expected to be localized in the target region to within that tolerance. Theoretical results, together with detailed numerical illustrations of them, are provided that support our algorithm. A partial realization of the algorithm is described and tested, providing a proof of concept for the approach.

Modeling of natural intelligence and dynamics of human thinking with the use of significant combinary space

To create artificial intelligence, it is necessary to identify the properties of natural and develop a way to model it. There are many definitions of artificial intelligence in the literature, but there is no exact definition of this science yet. Differ-ent authors model natural intelligence differently. For example, artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a digital computer to respond to information coming to its input devices, almost as a certain person reacts in the same infor-mation environment. This approach is based on the principle of self-organization of the model and is called heuristic. Human intelligence is also seen as an intuitive system. The creative process is accompanied by various manifestations of emotions, and decision-making in natural in-telligence is carried out in conditions of uncertainty of various kinds. Studies show that in the problems of this class it is related to: 1) incomplete input and current information; 2) with fuzzy input information; 3) with vaguely developed rules for processing and evaluating information. Significant combinatorial spaces, in particular significant information spaces, were used to model the dynamics of human thinking. The latter has a combinatorial nature and exists in two states: tranquility (convolute) and dynamics (deployed), which deployed from convolute. Collapsed is given by an information sign that contains the properties of the expanded space. Information is primarily related to the functioning of the human brain and is in the subconscious or consciousness in the form of images, fragments of speech and so on. The transfer of information (thoughts) is car-ried out with the help of deployed information space through the speech space, through gestures, movements, through writing, graphics. Depending on the type of uncertainty, the classification of natural intelligence is given. We believe that the con-cept of intelligence is associated with such operations as information processing and evaluation. Based on this, human intelligence is conditionally divided into three levels: 1) a person follows the rules, which are clearly formulated and described without analysis of their accuracy (learning rules); 2) the individual analyzes information for accuracy and develops its own rules of conduct under different conditions (rules of self-study); 3) the ability for independent of exist-ing rules of analysis, processing and evaluation of information for accuracy (rules of intuition). Partial realization of artificial intelligence is carried out through the use of self-tuning algorithms and modeling of self-organization processes in nature.

Analogical Interference in Constructionalization: The Emergence of the Hebrew Desiderative ba le-X Y

Abstract This paper investigates the constructionalization of the Hebrew desiderative ba le-X Y (‘X feels like Y’; lit. ‘come.prs.m.sg to-X Y’), which exemplifies the less frequent pathway from motion to desire. Drawing on Diachronic Construction Grammar framework, we provide an account that considers both the construction’s ancestor and similar desiderative constructions existing at the time of emergence. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses, we suggest ba le-X Y evolved via partial realization of a metaphoric construction conceptualizing experiencers as the goals of emotional forces, e.g. desires and urges. We further argue that this deviation in realization was modeled after a semantically similar, superficially resembling, desiderative construction which is more syntactically compacted. The motivation for this analogical interference is explained by the production and comprehension advantages of the resulting target construction. This paper then provides support for analogy-based interference effects in the formation of form-meaning pairings.

Оценка регионального цифрового менеджмента партии «Cправедливая Россия – За правду» в электоральном цикле 2021 г.

The article presents the results of applied political research based on the use of modern methods and tools of social media analytics. In the course of the study, the task was to determine the reasons for the partial realization of the electoral potential of the renewed party «Fair Russia – For the Truth» during the election campaign of 2021. The authors believe that the identified regional differences in the quality of digital party management determine the general shortcomings in accompanying party activities in the digital space. Taking into account the increased role of online tools in the modern election campaign, as well as the expanded opportunities of social media in the process of building communications with target groups, the authors put forward a number of recommendations for scaling the electoral support of the party.

A Study of the Mechanical Properties in Composite Materials with a Dammar Based Hybrid Matrix and Reinforcement from Crushed Shells of Sunflower Seeds.

The production of composite materials through the reuse of waste or by-products from the agri-food industry will be a challenge for environmental protection. This study focuses in that direction. In the first stage, composites were made with the hybrid resin matrix (with three major volume proportions of natural Dammar resin and epoxy resin) and the reinforcing from shredded shells of sunflower seeds. Based on the tensile and compressive stresses, the stress–strain and strain–strain diagrams were obtained. The surface area of the rupture was investigated with stereo-microscopic analysis, and the absorption/loss of water was studied with a high precision balance. The vibration behavior was investigated experimentally, determining the damping coefficient and its own frequency. In the second stage, the study of these materials was extended. Sandwich composites were made with the same type of hybrid matrix as in the first stage. The core was made of shredded shells of sunflower seeds and the outer faces of linen fabric. These composites were applied to the bend (in three points), being obtained the force-deformation diagrams. The determined mechanical properties allow the complete or partial realization of these composites of some furniture components or of some equipment used in the field of constructions.

Ravenne de la Zona dantesca à la Zona del silenzio

Based on archival material and the available bibliography, this article traces the complex history of the area surrounding the tomb of Dante Alighieri and the Basilica of San Francesco in Ravenna. It focuses on the period running from the commemorations of the sixth centenary of Dante’s birth in 1865 to the inauguration of the Zona del silenzio in 1936. The end of the 19th century was marked by the failure of important monumental projects. The sixth centenary of Dante’s death in 1921 was the first important phase of transformation, seeking to recreate the appearance of a medieval past. Subsequently, during the Fascist period, several projects, notably those by Giulio Ulisse Arata and Gustavo Giovannoni, attempted to extend the intervention to the urban scale, which, through aborted projects and partial realisations, led to the creation of the Zona del Silenzio. Through the interplay of local and national actors and the key role of Corrado Ricci, the article analyses the difficulties of developing an area that symbolically embodies Italy’s tribute to the national poet.

Knowledge and the Fall in American Neo-Calvinism: Toward a Van Til–Plantinga Synthesis

Abstract Cornelius Van Til and Alvin Plantinga represent two strands of American Protestant philosophical thought influenced by Dutch neo-Calvinism. This paper compares and synthetizes their models of knowledge in non-Christians given the noetic effects of sin and non-Christian worldview commitments. The paper argues that Van Til’s distinction between the partial realization of the antithesis in practice and its absolute nature in principle correlates with Plantinga’s insistence on prima facie–warranted common-sense beliefs and their ultimate defeasibility given certain metaphysical commitments. Van Til endorsed more radical claims than Plantinga on epistemic defeat in non-Christian worldviews, the status of the sensus divinitatis, and conceptual accuracy in knowledge of the world. Finally, an approach to the use of evidence in apologetics is developed based on the proposed synthesis. This approach seeks to make more room for evidence than is generally recognized in Van Tilianism, while remaining consistent with the founder’s principles.

Revisiting the Origins and the Early History of the Gibraltar Macaques

ABSTRACT The Gibraltar macaques are a transplanted species that originated in the Barbary States (Morocco and Algeria). Their origin on the Rock under British rule dates back to the eighteenth century, but most likely preceded the British period. We question the argument that the reason for the introduction of monkeys to Gibraltar was based on hunting the species for sport. Rather, we argue that the presence of macaques may have arisen for multiple reasons: for the purpose of trade and for pets; for partial realization of colonial officials’ desire to botanize the Rock; and for the fulfilment of our human affinity with nature. Whatever the factors at play, the macaques had acquired the status of a protected species by the late eighteenth century at least, and their continuous presence to this very day is still the product of human agency.

A general approach to multivariable recursive interpolation

We consider here the problem of constructing a general recursive algorithm to interpolate a given set of data with a rational function. While many algorithms of this kind already exist, they are either providing non-minimal degree solutions (like the Schur algorithm) or exhibit jumps in the degree of the interpolants (or of the partial realization, as the problem is called when the interpolation is at infinity, see Rissanen (SIAM J Control 9(3):420–430, 1971) and Gragg and Lindquist (in: Linear systems and control (special issue), linear algebra and its applications, vol 50. pp 277–319, 1983)). By imbedding the solution into a larger set of interpolants, we show that the increase in the degree of this representation is proportional to the increase in the length of the data. We provide an algorithm to interpolate multivariable tangential sets of data with arbitrary nodes, generalizing in a fundamental manner the results of Kuijper (Syst Control Lett 31:225–233, 1997). We use this new approach to discuss a special scalar case in detail. When the interpolation data are obtained from the Taylor-series expansion of a given function, then the Euclidean-type algorithm plays an important role.

Поливариантность морфогенеза побегов в клонах Salix triandra (Salicaceae) на фоне периодичности ливневых осадков

The article substantiates the need to study the development of one-year saplings from cuttings of almond willow (Salix triandra). Purpose of research: identification and analysis of seasonal dynamics of daily growth of shoots in S. triandra clones against the background of excessive atmospheric moisture in the form of three showers in 2020. Material and methods. Research methods: selection, structural-morphological, chronobiological. Object of research: model inbred-clone one-year population of S. triandra. The number of clones is 7; the recurrence is 6-fold. Material: growing annual shoots on one-year saplings; each sapling was formed into a single shoot. Results. Under experimental conditions, the rooting capacity of cuttings was 100%. Dimorphic root systems were formed on the mother cuttings of the excavated seedlings. The annual growth of the strongest shoots was 175 ... 215 cm. The daily growth in shoots reached peak values by June 10: the average daily growth was 3.6 cm/day, the maximum — 4.4 ... 4.9 cm/day. After June 10, the daily growth rate decreased unevenly until the end of the growing season. Some shoots completed growth before the beginning of August, and some continued growth until the middle of August. The cyclical nature of the seasonal dynamics of daily growth in the form of three peaks separated by two dips is established. The third peak is formed after the third rainstorm. Discussion and conclusions. Cyclical seasonal dynamics of daily growth of shoots is characterized by a high degree of synchronization of growth processes. Probably, all the shoots are affected by some powerful pulse synchronizer of unknown nature. It is possible that periodic showers may have a modifying effect on the mechanisms that regulate growth processes. The temporal discreteness of shoot morphogenesis is due to the full or partial realization of the seasonal cycle of shoot development. The duration of growth is due to interclonal and intraclonal differences. Probably, the duration of morphogenesis is controlled by both genetic and epigenetic factors.

The Gauss quadrature for general linear functionals, Lanczos algorithm, and minimal partial realization

The concept of Gauss quadrature can be generalized to approximate linear functionals with complex moments. Following the existing literature, this survey will revisit such generalization. It is well known that the (classical) Gauss quadrature for positive definite linear functionals is connected with orthogonal polynomials, and with the (Hermitian) Lanczos algorithm. Analogously, the Gauss quadrature for linear functionals is connected with formal orthogonal polynomials, and with the non-Hermitian Lanczos algorithm with look-ahead strategy; moreover, it is related to the minimal partial realization problem. We will review these connections pointing out the relationships between several results established independently in related contexts. Original proofs of the Mismatch Theorem and of the Matching Moment Property are given by using the properties of formal orthogonal polynomials and the Gauss quadrature for linear functionals.

Corrosion Resistance of Steel of the Frames of Boom Sprayers

We perform the comparative analysis of the corrosion resistance of St3ps steel in demineralized water and in saturated solutions of the Nurelle-D insecticide and UN-32 complex liquid fertilizer. It is shown that, in demineralized water, the general corrosion of the steel surface is predominant. In a solution of insecticide, parallel with general corrosion, we observe a partial realization of pitting corrosion. In a medium of mineral liquid fertilizer, we observe the passivation of the metal surface caused by phosphorus-containing corrosion inhibitors, which leads to the inhibition of the general corrosion. However, local violations of the passive state of the metal surface lead to the intense formation of corrosion pits, which is dangerous due to the possibility of their development accompanied by the initiation of cracklike defects in the structures.

A review of algorithms and techniques for image-based recognition and inference in mobile robotic systems

Autonomous vehicles include driverless, self-driving and robotic cars, and other platforms capable of sensing and interacting with its environment and navigating without human help. On the other hand, semiautonomous vehicles achieve partial realization of autonomy with human intervention, for example, in driver-assisted vehicles. Autonomous vehicles first interact with their surrounding using mounted sensors. Typically, visual sensors are used to acquire images, and computer vision techniques, signal processing, machine learning, and other techniques are applied to acquire, process, and extract information. The control subsystem interprets sensory information to identify appropriate navigation path to its destination and action plan to carry out tasks. Feedbacks are also elicited from the environment to improve upon its behavior. To increase sensing accuracy, autonomous vehicles are equipped with many sensors [light detection and ranging (LiDARs), infrared, sonar, inertial measurement units, etc.], as well as communication subsystem. Autonomous vehicles face several challenges such as unknown environments, blind spots (unseen views), non-line-of-sight scenarios, poor performance of sensors due to weather conditions, sensor errors, false alarms, limited energy, limited computational resources, algorithmic complexity, human–machine communications, size, and weight constraints. To tackle these problems, several algorithmic approaches have been implemented covering design of sensors, processing, control, and navigation. The review seeks to provide up-to-date information on the requirements, algorithms, and main challenges in the use of machine vision–based techniques for navigation and control in autonomous vehicles. An application using land-based vehicle as an Internet of Thing-enabled platform for pedestrian detection and tracking is also presented.

Themselves Must Strike the Blow

Socialists know that they ought to defend strikes, but why? The best argument is that strikes are acts of self-emancipation. The ideal of self-emancipation lies at the heart of socialist political theory. It is up to workers to emancipate themselves, not just because it takes class power to overthrow capitalism, but because there is an intrinsic connection between class struggle and socialist freedom. Workers can only possess and exercise the freedoms they are denied, but ought to enjoy, if they demand that freedom for themselves, through their own, collective activity. Strikes are an essential way of both winning and exercising those denied freedoms. They are therefore a path to, and partial realization of, the ideal of self-emancipation to which socialists are, or ought to be, committed.

Tolkien's Lost Chaucer by John M. Bowers

Reviewed by: Tolkien's Lost Chaucer by John M. Bowers John D. Rateliff Tolkien's Lost Chaucer, by John M. Bowers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. xv, 310 pp. £21.99/$32.95 (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-19-884267-5. "It is easier to plan a big book than to write it." —J.R.R. Tolkien re. The Canterbury Tales (Tolkien's Lost Chaucer 163) In the spring of 1922, J.R.R. Tolkien undertook a major scholarly project, on par with his edition of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with E. V. Gordon, then still in progress (Oxford University Press, 1925): The Clarendon Chaucer—or, as it was more formally known, Selections from Chaucer's Poetry and Prose. For six years Tolkien and his collaborator, George Gordon, struggled over the project, increasingly at loggerheads with each other and with their editor, Oxford University Press stalwart Kenneth Sisam. Finally, the project imploded and was abandoned, [End Page 208] forgotten by medievalists and Tolkien scholars alike, until rediscovered by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull in their researches into Tolkien's publishers' archives. Now John M. Bowers, medievalist and Chaucer scholar, has delved into the surviving draft material that would have gone into this attempted edition and presented excerpts and summaries to give us an idea of what the finished work might have been like. There are two ways to proceed with a project such as this: as author or as editor. The first is to write a history of the project, from conception (1922) to partial realization (1924–26) to abandonment (1928), followed with fleeting futile attempts at later times (1951, 1956, 1960) to bring the project out of abeyance and to some kind of satisfactory conclusion. The result would essentially be a highly focused piece of biography about specific events in Tolkien's life and career. Or one can put personalities aside and present all that is legible and coherent of Tolkien's and Gordon's unfinished and previously unpublished material as clearly as possible. Bowers has opted to take the first route, devoting several chapters to a history of the project, then following this with an account of Tolkien's engagement with Chaucer, including description of and quotations from Tolkien's draft text. He concludes by discussing in detail Tolkien's later work on Chaucer that grew out of the abandoned project: his major essay "Chaucer as Philologist" (1934) and his engagement with The Reeve's Tale (1939).1 Throughout, Bowers points out in passing many passages where he feels a case can be made for Chaucer influencing Tolkien's fiction and poetry on numerous specific points.2 This book's two strongest points are its inclusion of previously unpublished Tolkien material and the reevaluation of Tolkien's scholarly career it forces upon us. We have long known of his engagement with the Gawain-poet; now we can add to this evidence that he was deeply engaged with the work of the Gawain-poet's great contemporary Geoffrey Chaucer,3 the man widely considered to be the greatest of all English medieval writers. Bowers' account is discursive, and initial descriptions of his book made it difficult for those who had not yet seen it to judge its proportion of quotation to critique. Even now, having read the whole, I have only a vague sense of what proportion of Tolkien's unpublished work on the project is included herein—twenty percent? a quarter?—and how much still remains unpublished. Hence in evaluating Bowers' presentation of this material, and to get a better idea of the material itself, it is helpful to reconstruct the lost book and the two collaborators' respective roles. The most important fact about The Clarendon Chaucer, and the hardest [End Page 209] for a contemporary reader to fully grasp, is that Tolkien was very much the junior partner in this project. George Gordon seems to have been the one who proposed the Chaucer anthology to the press (Bowers 20–21). It was he who selected which of Chaucer's works would be included, and in what order. Tolkien approved the selection, so far as we can tell, but seems to have had no voice in...

THE INSTITUTIONAL NATURE OF ECONOMIC INTERESTS OF THE SUBJECTS OF LOGISTICS CHAINS OF COMMODITY MARKETS

Topicality. Determination of the nature, internal content, types and contradictions of economic interests of the subjects of the logistics chains of commodity markets is essential for their effective functioning in the system of the national economy. In the process of logistical interactions, market entities form a tiered system of links based on economic partnerships and trade-offs. This helps to balance the economic interests and to form a common interest in the integrated chain. The economic interests of market chains` subjects will have been emerging, interacting and realizing in the institutional system of the market, which necessitates new research into the institutional nature of interests. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the institutional nature of the economic interests of the subjects of the logistics chains of commodity markets and the typology of the main contradictions between them, as a scientific basis for development the mechanisms for balancing interests of market chains` subjects. During the research the following methods were used:dialectical, theoretical generalization and comparison, graphical, structural-logical method. Research results. In the context of institutional theory, the essence and nature of economic interests of the subjects of logistics chains of commodity markets were substantiated by the authors. The main stages of the formation of economic l interests with the emphasis on their institutionalization, namely transformation into the norm of rational behavior in the commodity market were determined. The substantive characteristics of the economic interests of the entities in the logistics chains, which reveal their institutional nature, were generalized. It is emphasized that in Ukraine there is a partial realization of the economic interests of the state, consumers, small and medium-sized entities, while corporate structures and international associations generally receive full realization of interests in commodity market chains. The classification of economic interests of subjects of market logistics chains by subject and institutional characteristics has been further developed. The authors have developed a typology of contradictions of economic interests in internal and external dimension and substantiated the essence of the main types of contradictions. Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the research is the development of the theoretical foundations of market logistics in the part of substantiation of the institutional nature of economic interests of subjects of logistics chains of commodity markets, the development of classification of economic interests, the development of typology of the main internal and external contradictions of participants of logistics chains. The applied value of the obtained results is determined by the possibility of their use by different institutions as a scientific basis for the development of methodological bases for assessing the level of contradictions of interests of market chains` subjects, as well as new mechanisms for balancing economic interests, in particular institutional ones.

STRATEGIES FOR LITERARY TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN BY AN ANALYSIS OF ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND BY LEWIS CARROLL

The article deals with lexical, phonetic, phraseological and grammatical puns in the novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, as components to realize the author’s conception, and also analyzes some translations in which the content was partially of fully lost. The article studies several translations of the canonical novel, presented already this millennium: the translations by O. Koretska and S. Sulima (2007, «Аліса в країні чудес»), by V. Narizhna (2008, «Аліса в дивокраї») and by V. Panchenko (2019, «Аліса в країні див»). The article touches some translation strategies for full and partial realization of the author’s conception, which can be further implemented in translation practices. Stages in the translation strategy should be determined for a deeper understanding of the whole text, as well as its content-related components. The following stages in the text analysis are distinguished: preparatory, detailed analytical study into the translated text, and final stage, at which the text is evaluated and edited. The analysis into translations of different genres is proposed for a comprehensive theoretical approach to the term ‘translation strategy’; the findings can further be considered in training professional translators. The strategy chosen will influence the quality and equivalence of translation.

Bayesian inference for finite populations under spatial process settings

AbstractWe develop a Bayesian model–based approach to finite population estimation accounting for spatial dependence. Our innovation here is a framework that achieves inference for finite population quantities in spatial process settings. A key distinction from the small area estimation setting is that we analyze finite populations referenced by their geographic coordinates. Specifically, we consider a two‐stage sampling design in which the primary units are geographic regions, the secondary units are point‐referenced locations, and the measured values are assumed to be a partial realization of a spatial process. Estimation of finite population quantities from geostatistical models does not account for sampling designs, which can impair inferential performance, whereas design‐based estimates ignore the spatial dependence in the finite population. We demonstrate by using simulation experiments that process‐based finite population sampling models improve model fit and inference over models that fail to account for spatial correlation. Furthermore, the process‐based models offer richer inference with spatially interpolated maps over the entire region. We reinforce these improvements and demonstrate scalable inference for groundwater nitrate levels in the population of California Central Valley wells by offering estimates of mean nitrate levels and their spatially interpolated maps.