Partial Parity Research Articles

S-MBR: An Efficient Scaling Scheme for PM-MBR-Coded Distributed Storage System

<p>With the rapid increase in data storage, distributed storage systems need to add new nodes to reduce storage and computation pressure. However, the existing scaling schemes are not efficient enough. To solve these issues, A scaling scheme called S-MBR is proposed, which has two notable features. Firstly, S-MBR achieves uniform data distribution by using a symmetric data layout to evenly place data blocks on the expanded data nodes. Secondly, S-MBR minimizes data movement during data redistribution and parity update processes by re-locating data blocks to symmetric positions and performing partial parity block calculations after the storage nodes are expanded. S-MBR can reach the lower bound of data migration volume when the number of nodes required for reconstruction is equal to the number of nodes required for repair. According to mathematical analysis and experimental results, compared to many typical scaling schemes, S-MBR can reduce data transmission volume by up to approximately 93% and average response time by around 41%.</p> <p> </p>

Investigation of partial parity- time reversal symmetry in cesium atomic system

<sec>Parity-time reversal (PT) in atomic systems is of great significance for exploring exotic phenomena in non-Hermitian physics and non-Hermitian systems. It has been found that if PT symmetry is satisfied only in a certain spatial direction, then the Hamiltonian of the system still has a spectrum with eigenvalues of real numbers, which is called partial PT symmetry. In this paper, we use a Λ-type three-level atomic system, which is composed of two ground states <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$\left| {6{{\mathrm{S}}_{1/2}}, F = 3} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>,<inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$\left| {6{{\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}}, F' = 4} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>and an excited state <inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$\left| {6{{\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}}, F' = 4} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>of cesium atom, to investigate the partial PT symmetry. A probe laser with the detuning of <i>Δ</i><sub>3</sub> = 607 MHz and a couple laser satisfy the condition of two-photon Raman absorption of cesium atom, forming a loss channel. In order to construct the gain channel, we add the repumping laser that resonates during the transition of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M9">\begin{document}$\left| {6{{\mathrm{S}}_{1/2}}, F = 3} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>to <inline-formula><tex-math id="M10">\begin{document}$\left| {6{{\mathrm{P}}_{3/2}}, F' = 4} \right\rangle $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, changing the population of the two ground state energy levels, thus reducing the absorption of the Λ level system and forming the gain channel of the atomic system under certain conditions. In order to obtain the equilibrium condition of the partial PT-symmetric system, firstly, the light spot of the repumping laser in the experiment is covered by the probe laser, and then the repumping laser is moved to overlap with half of the probe laser of the detection light. When the gain and loss are balanced, the partial PT-symmetric system is in equilibrium.</sec><sec>By changing the beam-waist ratio <i>σ</i> of the coupling laser to the probe laser, the transition from symmetry to broken phase is observed in partial PT-symmetric systems. By measuring the asymmetry of the detection-beam intensity distribution <i>D</i><sub>asym</sub>, we can accurately determine the partial PT symmetry breaking point, and the breaking point is located at <inline-formula><tex-math id="M11">\begin{document}$\sigma = {\sigma _{cr}} \approx 3.8$\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The results of partial PT symmetry and its phase transition, reported in this study, open up a way to actively manipulate multidimensional laser beams in non-Hermitian systems and have potential applications in the design of optical devices for laser amplification and attenuation in different parts of the laser.</sec>

Impact of Private Payer Policies on the Transition to Telemental Health Care Among Privately Insured Patients with Mental Health Disorders.

Introduction: Mental health patients in states without private payer telehealth reimbursement policies before the public health emergency (PHE) may have experienced reduced access to telemental health (TMH). We estimate the association between private payer telehealth policy status in 2019 and the transition to TMH in 2020. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of privately insured individuals 2-64 years old with a mental health disorder and without TMH use in 2019. We examined new telemental use in 2020 by three categories of policy reimbursement status in 2019 (partial parity, full parity vs. no policy), overall (any telemental), and by modality (live video, audio-only, and online assessments) using logistic regression models clustered by state. Results: Among the 34,612 enrollees, 54.7% received TMH for the first time. Relative to no policy states, enrollees in partial or full parity states were equally likely to receive TMH in 2020. However, enrollees in states with a private payer telehealth policy were less likely to receive audio-only (partial parity: odds ratio [OR]: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.90; full parity: OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.26-0.55), but more likely to receive online assessments (full parity: OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.4-4.59). Conclusions: Privately insured enrollees similarly transitioned to TMH across states suggesting a broad impact of the PHE policies on access to this care. The differences in audio-only and online assessments suggest that providers were possibly better prepared to implement TMH care via live video or patient portals in states with telehealth policies.

Area- and Power-Efficient Staircase Encoder Implementation for High-Throughput Fiber-Optical Communications

This brief presents a VLSI architecture of a high-throughput, low-latency, and power staircase forward error correction (FEC) encoder. The designed encoder achieves low latency and memory overhead by splitting the parity generation matrix and precomputing partial parity bits for the next staircase block while generating the current staircase block. The proposed encoder is designed with a multistage pipelined architecture that enables high efficiency in terms of throughput and area. Using 65-nm CMOS technology, the synthesized encoder achieves 432 Gb/s when operating at 909 MHz, with the power consumption of 323 mW.

U.S. alcohol treatment admissions after the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act: Do state parity laws and race/ethnicity make a difference?

BackgroundThe U.S. Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) was a landmark federal policy aimed at increasing access to substance use treatment, yet studies have found relatively weak impacts on treatment utilization. The present study considers whether there may be moderating effects of pre-existing state parity laws and differential changes in treatment rates across racial/ethnic groups. MethodsWe analyzed data from SAMHSA'S Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) from 1999 to 2013, assessing changes in alcohol treatment admission rates across states with heterogeneous, pre-existing parity laws. NIAAA's Alcohol Policy Information System data were used to code states into five groups based on the presence and strength of states' pre-MHPAEA mandates for insurance coverage of alcohol treatment and parity (weak; coverage no parity; partial parity if coverage offered; coverage and partial parity; strong). Regression models included state fixed effects and a cubic time trend adjusting for state- and year-level covariates, and assessed MHPAEA main effects and interactions with state parity laws in the overall sample and racial/ethnic subgroups. ResultsWhile we found no significant main effects of federal parity on alcohol treatment rates, there was a significantly greater increase in treatment rates in states requiring health plans to cover alcohol treatment and having some pre-existing parity. This was seen overall and in all three racial/ethnic groups (increasing by 25% in whites, 26% in blacks, and 42% in Hispanics above the expected treatment rate for these groups). Post-MHPAEA, the alcohol treatment admissions rate in these states rose to the level of states with the strongest pre-existing parity laws. ConclusionThe MHPAEA was associated with increased alcohol treatment rates for diverse racial/ethnic groups in states with both alcohol treatment coverage mandates and some prior parity protections. This suggests the importance of the local policy context in understanding early effects of the MHPAEA.

Efficient N-particle W state concentration with different parity check gates

We present a universal way to concentrate an arbitrary N-particle less-entangled W state into a maximally entangled W state with different parity check gates. It comprises two protocols. The first protocol is based on the linear optical elements, say the partial parity check gate and the second protocol uses the quantum nondemolition measurement to construct the complete parity check gate. Both protocols can achieve the concentration task. These protocols have several advantages. First, they can obtain a maximally entangled W state only with the help of some single photons, which greatly reduces the number of entanglement resources. Second, in the first protocol, only linear optical elements are required, which is feasible with current techniques. Third, the second protocol can be repeated to perform the concentration step and obtain a higher success probability. All these advantages make it quite useful in current quantum communication and computation applications.

Partial Parity Cache and Data Cache Management Method to Improve the Performance of an SSD-Based RAID

In this paper, a partial parity cache and data cache management method is presented for reducing the parity updating cost of a solid-state disk (SSD) based redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID) system, thereby which the input/output (I/O) performance of the RAID system can be improved. SSDs have many advantages compared to hard disk drives. However, it is not advisable to directly add SSDs into a RAID system because doing so will decrease the performance and the life-time of the SSDs. In the RAID-5 system, parity generation includes read and write operations to the SSDs. Whenever there is a new write request to the RAID, the related parity must be updated and written to the SSDs. Such frequent parity updates result in poor RAID performance and shortens the life-time of the SSDs. This paper combines the prior methods and the proposed efficient buffer management method with a data cache. The proposed method reduces the number of read and write operations for generating parities in the RAID system. Experimental results show that the I/O performance of the RAID-5 system can be improved by 76% by using the proposed method.

Flash-Aware RAID Techniques for Dependable and High-Performance Flash Memory SSD

Solid-state disks (SSDs), which are composed of multiple NAND flash chips, are replacing hard disk drives (HDDs) in the mass storage market. The performances of SSDs are increasing due to the exploitation of parallel I/O architectures. However, reliability remains as a critical issue when designing a large-scale flash storage. For both high performance and reliability, Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) storage architecture is essential to flash memory SSD. However, the parity handling overhead for reliable storage is significant. We propose a novel RAID technique for flash memory SSD for reducing the parity updating cost. To reduce the number of write operations for the parity updates, the proposed scheme delays the parity update which must accompany each data write in the original RAID technique. In addition, by exploiting the characteristics of flash memory, the proposed scheme uses the partial parity technique to reduce the number of read operations required to calculate a parity. We evaluated the performance improvements using a RAID-5 SSD simulator. The proposed techniques improved the performance of the RAID-5 SSD by 47 percent and 38 percent on average in comparison to the original RAID-5 technique and the previous delayed parity updating technique, respectively.

Physical properties of the Schur complement of local covariance matrices

General properties of global covariance matrices representing bipartite Gaussian states can be decomposed into properties of local covariance matrices and their Schur complements. We demonstrate that given a bipartite Gaussian state ρ12 described by a 4 × 4 covariance matrix V, the Schur complement of a local covariance submatrix V1 of it can be interpreted as a new covariance matrix representing a Gaussian operator of party 1 conditioned to local parity measurements on party 2. The connection with a partial parity measurement over a bipartite quantum state and the determination of the reduced Wigner function is given and an operational process of parity measurement is developed. Generalization of this procedure to an n-partite Gaussian state is given, and it is demonstrated that the n − 1 system state conditioned to a partial parity projection is given by a covariance matrix such that its 2 × 2 block elements are Schur complements of special local matrices.

Practice, policy and parity: The politics of persistence.

The road to comprehensive mental health parity legislation at the state level often reaches a dead end when mental health advocates are forced to compromise by accepting partial parity for severe mental illness (SMI) only. In 1999 Connecticut became the first state to modify a biologically based or SMI mental health parity law into comprehensive mental health and substance abuse parity legislation. In this article we chronicle the fight for mental health parity in Connecticut and discuss subtleties of legislative advocacy. This information should prove useful to psychologists who are pursuing parity in other states.

Partial Parity (g, f )-Factors and Subgraphs Covering Given Vertex Subsets

Let G be a graph and W a subset of V(G). Let g,f:V(G)→Z be two integer-valued functions such that g(x)≤f(x) for all x∈V(G) and g(y)≡f(y) (mod 2) for all y∈W. Then a spanning subgraph F of G is called a partial parity (g,f)-factor with respect to W if g(x)≤deg F (x)≤f(x) for all x∈V(G) and deg F (y)≡f(y) (mod 2) for all y∈W. We obtain a criterion for a graph G to have a partial parity (g,f)-factor with respect to W. Furthermore, by making use of this criterion, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions for a graph G to have a subgraph which covers W and has a certain given property.

Economic grand rounds: the costs of parity mandates for mental health and substance abuse insurance benefits.

Employer-sponsored health plans typically provide less coverage for mental health and substance abuse treatment than for medical or surgical treatment. The merits and costs of mandating parity, or equivalent coverage, for insurance benefits for mental health and substance abuse treatment have been a recent topic of significant public debate. This article presents cost estimates for a variety of comprehensive parity mandates, including parity for different diagnoses, benefit provisions, and types of health insurance delivery systems.

The politics and economics of mental health 'parity' laws.

The enactment of the Domenici-Wellstone amendment in September 1996, which calls for the elimination of certain limits on coverage for mental health care under private insurance, is being hailed as a major step forward in the quest for "parity" in mental health coverage. Parity legislation is being introduced in a number of state legislatures and is finding new enthusiasm in Congress. In this paper we consider the efficiency rationale for these laws and examine their likely impact in the era of managed care. We conclude that although such successes represent important political events, they may offer only small gains in the efficiency and fairness of insurance markets.

Gamma-Ray Spectrum from Thermal-Neutron Capture inSm149, and Associated Energy Levels inSm150

The gamma-ray spectrum resulting from thermal-neutron capture in ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{149}$ was investigated with the Argonne 7.7-m bent-crystal spectrometer. The observed spectrum consisted of 217 gamma rays with energies between 40 keV and 2.4 MeV. The bent-crystal gamma-ray data were combined with the conversion-electron data of Bieber et al. and Groshev et al. to obtain $K$ conversion coefficients for fifty of the observed gamma-ray transitions. These precision measurements of gamma-ray energies, intensities, and conversion coefficients were combined with a set of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular-correlation measurements [with a similar source of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{149}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma}){\mathrm{Sm}}^{150}$ gamma rays] to develop a partial level scheme for ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{150}$, in which the excitation energies (keV) and the spins and parities (in brackets) are: ground state [${0}^{+}$], 333.94[${2}^{+}$], 740.43[${0}^{+}$], 773.33[${4}^{+}$], 1046.13[${2}^{+}$], 1071.39[${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$], 1165.57[${2}^{+}$], 1193.83[${2}^{+}$], 1278.78[${3}^{+}$], 1357.55[${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$], 1449.11[${4}^{+}$], 1504.48[${3}^{+}$], and 1642.55[${4}^{+}$]. In this partial level scheme, the spin and parity assignments for all 14 levels are uniquely defined. The energy levels at 1279.05, 1449.15, and 1504.42 keV are of particular interest because they exhibit strong $E2$ transitions to the ${4}^{+}$ state at 773.51 keV and suggest the presence of strong collective components in their wave functions. The previously published radioactivedecay, ($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$), and charged-particle work on ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{150}$ were then combined with the crystal diffraction data to define twelve additional levels in ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{150}$. This extended level scheme of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{150}$ agrees well with much of the previously published work and removes many of the previous uncertainties in the level scheme.