Partial Mapping Research Articles

Incremental value of right heart metrics and exercise performance to well-validated risk scores in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Risk stratification in heart failure (HF) relies on several established clinical risk scores, however, myocardial deformation, right heart metrics, and exercise performance have not usually been considered. This study sought to assess the incremental value of advanced echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) parameters to validated risk scores in HF. The Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) and Metabolic Exercise Test Data Combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes (MECKI) scores were applied to 208 ambulatory patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) who completed echocardiography in conjunction with CPX as part of the Stanford Exercise Testing registry. Patients were followed for the composite end point of death, heart transplant, left ventricular device implantation, and hospitalization for acute HF. Mean age, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) were 47 ± 13 years, 33 ± 13%, and -10.6 ± 4.4%, respectively, while right ventricular free-wall longitudinal strain was -18.8 ± 5.5%. Partial correlation mapping identified strong correlations between LVEF, LVGLS, and LV systolic strain rate, with a moderate correlation between these metrics and peak VO2. Over a median follow up of 5.3 years, the composite end point occurred in 60 patients. Cox proportional hazards identified MAGGIC score [hazard ratio (HR) (2.04 [1.39-3.01], P < 0.01], peak VO2 HR (0.52 [0.28-0.97], P = 0.04), and right atrial volume indexed (RAVI) HR (1.31 [1.07-1.61], P < 0.01) as independent correlates of outcome. RAVI remained an independent correlate when combined with the MECKI score (2.21 [1.59-3.07]), P < 0.01, RAVI, 1.33 [1.06-1.67], P = 0.01). Our study demonstrates that RAVI is complementary to well-validated HF risk scores and highlights the importance of exercise performance in DCM.

Validation of projective mapping as potential sensory screening tool for application by the honeybush herbal tea industry

Honeybush herbal tea is produced from the endemic South African Cyclopia species. Plant material subjected to a high-temperature oxidation step (“fermentation”) forms the bulk of production. Production lags behind demand forcing tea merchants to use blends of available material to supply local and international markets. The distinct differences in the sensory profiles of the herbal tea produced from the different Cyclopia species require that special care is given to blending to ensure a consistent, high quality product. Although conventional descriptive sensory analysis (DSA) is highly effective in providing a detailed sensory profile of herbal tea infusions, industry requires a method that is more time- and cost-effective. Recent advances in sensory science have led to the development of rapid profiling methodologies. The question is whether projective mapping can successfully be used for the sensory characterisation of herbal tea infusions. Trained assessors performed global and partial projective mapping to determine the validity of this technique for the sensory characterisation of infusions of five Cyclopia species. Similar product configurations were obtained when comparing results of DSA and global and partial projective mapping. Comparison of replicate sessions showed RV coefficients >0.8. A similarity index, based on multifactor analysis, was calculated to determine assessor repeatability. Global projective mapping, demonstrated to be a valid method for providing a broad sensory characterisation of Cyclopia species, is thus suitable as a rapid quality control method of honeybush infusions. Its application by the honeybush industry could improve the consistency of the sensory profile of blended products.

Partial tense MV-algebras and related functions

The main aim of this article is to extend our representation results on tense MV-algebras into a partial mapping setting. Tense MV-algebras are just MV-algebras with new unary operations G and H which express a universal time quantifiers and they were introduced by D. Diaconescu and G. Georgescu.

Editor's Introduction

Editor's Introduction Andreea Deciu Ritivoi The current issue represents a double issue, as it includes a special section on narrative and ideology, guest-edited by Jan Alber, along with three other essays and a book review. Together, all twelve essays presented in this issue are concerned with the relationship between narrative and the world, between a narrative content of representation and the manner of representation. First, a word about the special section. In the past, Storyworlds has published guest-edited issues in an attempt to host more focused and complex investigations of particular topics, approached by several scholars from different angles. The special section on narrative and ideology engages with the question of ideology and its special, multi-layered connection to narrative. We have recently seen an increased interest in the relationship between narrative and ideology. In the 2018 collection of essays Ideology and Narrative, there is a strong emphasis on postcolonial narratives as a cultural site where ideology matters deeply. As Jan Alber explains, narratives allow us, as readers, to construct a set of beliefs and values (whether we attribute them to the characters or also to author-narrators broadly conceived) behind the story itself, and these beliefs and values are part of larger ideological systems. In this sense, narratives are deeply connected to ideologies without being reductively ideological. On the whole, the section on narrative and ideology subscribes largely, as Alber points out, to the assumption [End Page vii] of intentionalism. I refer the readers to Alber's elegant explanation of intentionalism in his introductory essay, but I also add to that David Herman's important observation that "the process of narrative understanding involves a strategic, always only partial mapping of textual cues onto storyworld dimensions, with the relative salience of textual affordances also being shaped by the particular uses to which the narrative is being put" (2013: 48). In reading stories, we read mind-sets and the worlds they envision. We make assumptions about the reasons behind a choice of character, description, or sequence of events. When we look at the storyworld through the eyes of a particular character, we understand, empathize with, and potentially approve, if not even adopt the behaviors and convictions of, that character. As Alber explains, "We do not merely engage in processes of mind reading to understand the minds of the characters; rather, we also construct a mind or consciousness behind the narrative as a whole. . . . [W]e then form hypotheses about this mind's intentions or what one might call the narrative's potential 'point'—and this 'point' is motivated by certain belief systems or ideologies" (12). The special section presented here covers a wide range of narrative texts to examine how particular narrative strategies in certain broader discursive contexts can achieve an ideological effect. The focus of the special section is not solely on literary texts, so this is not an effort at understanding the ideological function of literature (which has, of course, been already abundantly examined). One reason we are pleased to feature this special section is that, in keeping with the mission of the journal, it offers a nuanced and comprehensive illustration of narratogical analysis focused on formal but also contextual aspects of "generic textual structures," to use Dan Shen's phrase (2003: 147). Traditionally, narratology has focused on what Alber here calls "decontextualized structural properties" of a text (emplotment, e.g., could be considered such a property). More recent scholarship has made it clear that the "contextualized ideological belief systems," to use again one of Alber's apt phrases, ultimately determine not only the choice of a particular narrative technique. To understand the ideological force of a narrative, we must attend to rich contextualization [End Page viii] as well as thick descriptions of technique and form. The essays in this special section are exemplary in this regard. We hope that together, they will leave the reader pondering carefully the claim that systems of belief and textual features reinforce each other as they make it possible to access storyworlds and the mind-sets behind them. The rest of this issue elaborates and further tests this claim, starting with David Shumway's article, in which the author reflects...

Simultaneous mapping of unevenly distributed tissue hypoxia and vessel permeability in tumor microenvironment

New blood vessels that form within tumors undergo repeated irregular divergence, joining, and twisting, resulting in blood vessels with abnormal tissue distribution, structure, and function. Tumor vessels exhibit increased spatially uneven permeability and oxygen delivery, characteristics that may reduce the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, it is vital to establish technologies for quantitatively mapping hypoxia and vessel permeability within tumors to clarify tumor mechanisms. However, existing methods can only acquire mean measurements within a given region or the entire tissue, and there have been no reports of technologies for measuring permeability at multiple points in individual vessels or for simultaneously performing oxygen partial pressure mapping. Here, new blood vessels formed within tumors were detected on fluorescent blood flow images, and measurement points were set at fixed intervals across individual blood vessels. Fluorescent dye that leaked out over time was excited with a continuous wave optical laser to calculate the permeability distribution of individual vessels. On the other hand, an oxygen probe dye was excited with a pulse laser and oxygen concentration-dependent light emission was analyzed to map oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen partial pressure imaging in tumors transplanted onto the backs of mice showed that tissue regions surrounding minute tumor vessels were generally hypoxic. Furthermore, compared with the normal dermal vasculature, there was greater variation in vessel permeability, and sites with very high vessel permeability were detected. We designed a system for high-resolution spatial mapping of blood vessel permeability and tissue oxygenation in tumor microvasculatures, thereby clarifying the relationship between local hypoxia and vessel permeability. It is anticipated that these findings could be applied to improve anticancer drug delivery and radiotherapy by identifying the dependence of local tissue oxygenation on the vessel structure and hemodynamics.

Stochastic bounds in Fork–Join queueing systems under full and partial mapping

In a Fork---Join (FJ) queueing system, an upstream fork station splits incoming jobs into N tasks to be further processed by N parallel servers, each with its own queue; the response time of one job is determined, at a downstream join station, by the maximum of the corresponding tasks' response times. This queueing system is useful to the modeling of multi-service systems subject to synchronization constraints, such as MapReduce clusters or multipath routing. Despite their apparent simplicity, FJ systems are hard to analyze. This paper provides the first computable stochastic bounds on the waiting and response time distributions in FJ systems under full (bijective) and partial (injective) mapping of tasks to servers. We consider four practical scenarios by combining (1a) renewal and (1b) non-renewal arrivals, and (2a) non-blocking and (2b) blocking servers. In the case of non-blocking servers, we prove that delays scale as $$\mathcal {O}(\log N)$$O(logN), a law which is known for first moments under renewal input only. In the case of blocking servers, we prove that the same factor of $$\log N$$logN dictates the stability region of the system. Simulation results indicate that our bounds are tight, especially at high utilizations, in all four scenarios. A remarkable insight gained from our results is that, at moderate to high utilizations, multipath routing makes sense from a queueing perspective for two paths only, i.e., response times drop the most when $$N=2$$N=2; the technical explanation is that the resequencing (delay) price starts to quickly dominate the tempting gain due to multipath transmissions.

CGC: A Flexible and Robust Approach to Integrating Co-Regularized Multi-Domain Graph for Clustering.

Multi-view graph clustering aims to enhance clustering performance by integrating heterogeneous information collected in different domains. Each domain provides a different view of the data instances. Leveraging cross-domain information has been demonstrated an effective way to achieve better clustering results. Despite the previous success, existing multi-view graph clustering methods usually assume that different views are available for the same set of instances. Thus instances in different domains can be treated as having strict one-to-one relationship. In many real-life applications, however, data instances in one domain may correspond to multiple instances in another domain. Moreover, relationships between instances in different domains may be associated with weights based on prior (partial) knowledge. In this paper, we propose a flexible and robust framework, CGC (Co-regularized Graph Clustering), based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), to tackle these challenges. CGC has several advantages over the existing methods. First, it supports many-to-many cross-domain instance relationship. Second, it incorporates weight on cross-domain relationship. Third, it allows partial cross-domain mapping so that graphs in different domains may have different sizes. Finally, it provides users with the extent to which the cross-domain instance relationship violates the in-domain clustering structure, and thus enables users to re-evaluate the consistency of the relationship. We develop an efficient optimization method that guarantees to find the global optimal solution with a given confidence requirement. The proposed method can automatically identify noisy domains and assign smaller weights to them. This helps to obtain optimal graph partition for the focused domain. Extensive experimental results on UCI benchmark data sets, newsgroup data sets and biological interaction networks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Filtering graphs to check isomorphism and extracting mapping by using the Conductance Electrical Model

This paper presents a new method of filtering graphs to check exact graph isomorphism and extracting their mapping. Each graph is modeled by a resistive electrical circuit using the Conductance Electrical Model (CEM). By using this model, a necessary condition to check the isomorphism of two graphs is that their equivalent resistances have the same values, but this is not enough, and we have to look for their mapping to find the sufficient condition. We can compute the isomorphism between two graphs in O(N3), where N is the order of the graph, if their star resistance values are different, otherwise the computational time is exponential, but only with respect to the number of repeated star resistance values, which usually is very small. We can use this technique to filter graphs that are not isomorphic and in case that they are, we can obtain their node mapping. A distinguishing feature over other methods is that, even if there exists repeated star resistance values, we can extract a partial node mapping (of all the nodes except the repeated ones and their neighbors) in O(N3). The paper presents the method and its application to detect isomorphic graphs in two well know graph databases, where some graphs have more than 600 nodes.

Approximation fixed theorems for α-partial weakly Zamfirescu mappings with application to homotopy invariance

In this paper, we introduce the concept of ?-partial weakly Zamfirescu mappings and give some approximate fixed point results for this mapping in ?-complete metric spaces. We also give some approximate fixed point results in ?-complete metric space endowed with an arbitrary binary relation and approximate fixed point results in ?-complete metric space endowed with graph. As application, we give homotopy results for ?-partial weakly Zamfirescu mapping.

The mediatisation of university governance: a theoretical and empirical exploration of some side-effects

This paper is concerned with analysing potential negative effects of mediatisation of university governance in Germany. Among others, mediatisation reflects a change in expectations on how higher education institutions (HEI) should relate to the public. We start with an exploration of two sets of developments that spawned this change of expectations. On the one hand, the policy idea of a trend to a knowledge society affected what public contributions are expected of HEI. On the other hand, reforms to decentralise HEI-governance compelled universities to orient themselves more directly towards the demands of external stakeholder. Both developments reinforce each other, both are associated with extended needs for actor intermediation, and for consolidating means of orientation. Since performance figures and competition solely allow for a partial mapping of society’s demands and needs, HEI and state administrators alike can be expected to make additional use of the public discourse to evaluate comparatively a multitude of demands and expectations. This results in what we call a model of mediatised university governance. Since the media discourse on higher education is strongly biased towards news values, this type of governance bears a potential for unintended side effects. In the second part of the paper, two empirical illustrations of side effects are discussed. First, the role of media attention in accidentally reinforcing a reputational mismatch of teaching and research is investigated. For a second case, we focus on an overstretching of the information value of media-effective rankings for decision making. The cases draw upon survey data, semi-standardised expert-interviews and content analysis of news media coverage.

Containing the Mask, Governing the Emergency: The Case of Turkey

The security bill that was proposed by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government in 2014 has sparked controversy both within and outside the Parliament of Turkey. Yet, with AKP’s majority, the bill – which includes an anti-masking regulation for protests – was passed in spring 2015. In this article, first I demonstrate a partial mapping of the rhetoric employed by mainstream politics in Turkey, to underline that any oppositional political activity on the streets has the potential to be labeled a ‘terrorist’ one – and most have been. Then, by taking one of the most prominent examples of these events, the Gezi uprising, I discuss the affirmative biopolitical potentialities of the uses of masks that the law criminalizes. Lastly, I situate the law globally in relation to the protest movements, on the one hand, and anti-masking laws on the other.

The Q Motif Is Involved in DNA Binding but Not ATP Binding in ChlR1 Helicase.

Helicases are molecular motors that couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to the unwinding of structured DNA or RNA and chromatin remodeling. The conversion of energy derived from ATP hydrolysis into unwinding and remodeling is coordinated by seven sequence motifs (I, Ia, II, III, IV, V, and VI). The Q motif, consisting of nine amino acids (GFXXPXPIQ) with an invariant glutamine (Q) residue, has been identified in some, but not all helicases. Compared to the seven well-recognized conserved helicase motifs, the role of the Q motif is less acknowledged. Mutations in the human ChlR1 (DDX11) gene are associated with a unique genetic disorder known as Warsaw Breakage Syndrome, which is characterized by cellular defects in genome maintenance. To examine the roles of the Q motif in ChlR1 helicase, we performed site directed mutagenesis of glutamine to alanine at residue 23 in the Q motif of ChlR1. ChlR1 recombinant protein was overexpressed and purified from HEK293T cells. ChlR1-Q23A mutant abolished the helicase activity of ChlR1 and displayed reduced DNA binding ability. The mutant showed impaired ATPase activity but normal ATP binding. A thermal shift assay revealed that ChlR1-Q23A has a melting point value similar to ChlR1-WT. Partial proteolysis mapping demonstrated that ChlR1-WT and Q23A have a similar globular structure, although some subtle conformational differences in these two proteins are evident. Finally, we found ChlR1 exists and functions as a monomer in solution, which is different from FANCJ, in which the Q motif is involved in protein dimerization. Taken together, our results suggest that the Q motif is involved in DNA binding but not ATP binding in ChlR1 helicase.

EEG source localization constrained by time varying fMRI.

A novel approach for Electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) integration analysis was developed, specifically designed to explore the spatial and temporal details of the "sequential multi-event-related potential" type of neural activities. The approach utilizes the high temporal resolution nature of EEG to compute a current density mapping of the cortical activity, informed by the high spatial resolution fMRI in a time-variant, spatially selective manner. This method was implemented in the analysis of an EEG/fMRI study on motor activation in responses to a visual stimulus that evoked an emotional response. The processed windowed EEG signals were analyzed to select the temporally relevant partial fMRI mapping, which in turn was used to inform EEG source localization calculation. The results were compared against traditional fMRI-informed EEG approaches to demonstrate the spatiotemporal variant fMRI constraints feature as well as the performance of the developed method.

Proving mutual termination

Two programs are said to be mutually terminating if they terminate on exactly the same inputs. We suggest inference rules and a proof system for proving mutual termination of a given pair of procedures $$\langle $$�$$f$$f, $$f'$$f�$$\rangle $$� and the respective subprograms that they call under a free context. Given a (possibly partial) mapping between the procedures of the two programs, the premise of the rule requires proving that given the same arbitrary input in, f(in) and $$f'(in)$$f�(in) call procedures mapped in the mapping with the same arguments. A variant of this proof rule with a weaker premise allows to prove termination of one of the programs if the other is known to terminate. In addition, we suggest various techniques for battling the inherent incompleteness of our solution, including a case in which the interface of the two procedures is not identical, and a case in which partial equivalence (the equivalence of their input/output behavior) has only been proven for some, but not all, the outputs of the two given procedures. We present an algorithm for decomposing the verification problem of whole programs to that of proving mutual termination of individual procedures, based on our suggested inference rules. The reported prototype implementation of this algorithm is the first to deal with the mutual termination problem.

Automated Kernel Independent Component Analysis Based Two Variable Weighted Multi-view Clustering for Complete and Incomplete Dataset

In recent years, data are collected to a greater extent from several sources or represented by multiple views, in which different views express different point of views of the data. Even though each view might be individually exploited for discovering patterns by clustering, the clustering performance could be further perfect by exploring the valuable information among multiple views. On the other hand, several applications offer only a partial mapping among the two levels of variables such as the view weights and the variables weights views, developing a complication for current approaches, since incomplete view of the data are not supported by these approaches. In order to overcome this complication, proposed a Kernel-based Independent Component Analysis (KICA) based on steepest descent subspace two variables weighted clustering in this study and it is named as KICASDSTWC that can execute with an incomplete mapping. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) which exploit distinguish operations depending on canonical correlations in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Centroid values of the subspace clustering approaches are optimized depending on steepest descent algorithm and Artificial Fish Swarm Optimization (AFSO) algorithm for the purpose of weight calculation to recognize the compactness of the view and a variable weight. This framework permits the integration of complete and incomplete views of data. Experimental observations on three real-life data sets and the outcome have revealed that the proposed KICASDSTWC considerably outperforms all the competing approaches in terms of Precision, Recall, F Measure, Average Cluster Entropy (ACE) and Accuracy for both complete and incomplete view of the data with respect to the true clusters in the data.

Optical sensor nanoparticles in artificial sediments--a new tool to visualize O2 dynamics around the rhizome and roots of seagrasses.

Seagrass communities provide important ecosystems services in coastal environments but are threatened by anthropogenic impacts. Especially the ability of seagrasses to aerate their below-ground tissue and immediate rhizosphere to prevent sulfide intrusion from the surrounding sediment is critical for their resilience to environmental disturbance. There is a need for chemical techniques that can map the O2 distribution and dynamics in the seagrass rhizosphere upon environmental changes and thereby identify critical stress thresholds of e.g. water flow, turbidity, and O2 conditions in the water phase. In a novel experimental approach, we incorporated optical O2 sensor nanoparticles into a transparent artificial sediment matrix consisting of pH-buffered deoxygenated sulfidic agar. Seagrass growth and photosynthesis was not inhibited in the experimental setup when the below-ground biomass was immobilized in the artificial sulfidic sediment with nanoparticles and showed root growth rates (∼ 5 mm day(-1)) and photosynthetic quantum yields (∼ 0.7) comparable to healthy seagrasses in their natural habitat. We mapped the real-time below ground O2 distribution and dynamics in the whole seagrass rhizosphere during experimental manipulation of light exposure and O2 content in the overlaying water. Those manipulations showed that oxygen release from the belowground tissue is much higher in light as compared to darkness and that water column hypoxia leads to diminished oxygen levels around the rhizome/roots. Oxygen release was visualized and analyzed on a whole rhizosphere level, which is a substantial improvement to existing methods relying on point measurements with O2 microsensors or partial mapping of the rhizosphere in close contact with a planar O2 optode. The combined use of optical nanoparticle-based sensors with artificial sediments enables imaging of chemical microenvironments in the rhizosphere of aquatic plants at high spatiotemporal resolution with a relatively simple experimental setup and thus represents a significant methodological advancement for studies of environmental impacts on aquatic plant ecophysiology.

Collaborative multilingual knowledge management based on controlled natural language

User interfaces are a critical aspect of semantic knowledge representation systems, as users have to understand and use a formal representation language to model a particular domain of interest, which is known to be a difficult task. Things are even more challenging in a multilingual setting, where users speaking different languages have to create a multilingual ontology. To address these problems, we introduce a semantic wiki system that is based on controlled natural language to provide an intuitive yet formal interface. We use a well-defined subset of Attempto Controlled English (ACE) implemented in Grammatical Framework. Our wiki system offers precise bidirectional automatic translations between ACE and language fragments of a number of other natural languages, making the wiki content accessible multilingually. Because ACE has a partial but deterministic mapping to the Web Ontology Language, our wiki engine can offer automatic reasoning and question answering over the wiki content. Users speaking different languages can therefore build, query, and view the same knowledge base in an intuitive and user-friendly interface based on the respective natural language. We present the results of a user evaluation where participants using different languages were asked to write and assess statements about European geography in our wiki environment. Our results show that users reach a high level of consensus, which is not negatively affected by the presence of automatic translation.

Comparison of partial and global projective mapping with consumers: A case study with satiating cheese pies

In the present work the performance of global projective mapping and partial projective mapping based on texture and flavor for sensory characterization of a novel food category (satiating food product) was compared. Eight different fresh-cheese pie formulations were designed to obtain different sensory (principally texture) characteristics which could affect expected satiating perception. Three groups of consumers evaluated the samples using one of the following methodologies: global projective mapping (G-PM) (n=47), partial projective mapping based on flavor (F-PM) (n=53), and partial projective mapping based on texture (T-PM) (n=61). In addition, the expected satiating capacity of each cheese pie sample was scored on a nine-point scale. Results showed that the vocabulary used by consumers for describing the sensory characteristics of samples did not largely differ between global and partial projective mapping tasks. However, T-PM and F-PM tasks provided more detailed information than G-PM in each specific modality. Results suggested that when consumers performed the global projective mapping task they mainly took into account flavor characteristics for evaluating global similarities and differences among samples. In addition, hedonic attributes were more frequently mentioned in G-PM. Fresh cheese, sugar, corn starch and egg were the basic ingredients that conferred the fresh-cheese pies their typical, characteristic flavor and texture. The addition of whey or soy proteins, wheat bran or glucomannan increased expected satiating capacity which could be related to changes in texture (harder, more compact) leading to longer orosensory exposure. The addition of glucomannan caused the largest changes in the sensory characteristics of the cheese pies which in turn would be related to a decrease in perceived flavor intensity. Studying the interplay between formulations, sensory characteristics, expected satiating capacity and consumer liking could largely contribute to the development of this novel food category.

A 2-D Interpolation-Based QRD Processor With Partial Layer Mapping for MIMO-OFDM Systems

The rapid growth of wideband communication devices, such as smart phones and tablets, has dramatically increased the throughput requirements of communication systems. Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) has been widely recognized as the potential technology to achieve this requirement. The main implementation bottleneck lies in the high-complexity MIMO detections for thousands of subcarrier symbols in the MIMO-OFDM receiver. The QR decomposition processor is an essential preprocessing module for many MIMO decoders because the QR decomposition helps improve the decoding efficiency significantly by providing the tree-search structure for the MIMO detection algorithms. This paper presents a low-complexity 2-D interpolation-based QR decomposition (2-D-IQRD) with a partial layer mapping scheme to reduce computational complexity. The proposed 2-D-IQRD processor also adopts a scaling technique to reduce the signal dynamic-range problem in the traditional IQRD algorithm. These proposed methods successfully address the limitation of the interpolation-based QRD processor caused by successive multiplications in layer mapping and inverse layer mapping. Therefore, the 2-D interpolation can greatly reduce complexity and improve the BER performance of fast-fading MIMO-OFDM systems. This paper designs and implements the proposed architecture using a 90-nm CMOS technology. The implementation results show that the proposed architecture achieves 45.6 MQRD/s.

RELEVANCE THEORY AND METAPHOR

In this article we show the evolution of the view of metaphor in relevance theory and challenge its deflationary account of metaphor, defended from its inception, as loosening in a continuum. In current relevance theory, loose uses not only convey implicatures but also explicatures in which ad hoc concepts appear (CARSTON, 2002, 2010a; SPERBER; WILSON, 2008). These, in the case of metaphor, cause the emergent property issue which, according to them, is solved taking into account that a loose use may be included in a loose use (WILSON; CARSTON, 2008). In addition, the most creative cases have to be explained considering an interpretation route different from ad hoc concept construction (CARSTON, 2010b). These moves generate new problems and thus we argue that metaphorical interpretation can be better explained resorting to metaphorical ad hoc concepts that result from a partial mapping from one conceptual domain into another (ROMERO; SORIA, 2005).