Partial Error Scores Research Articles

Elimination of the color discrimination impairment along the blue-yellow axis in patients with hypothyroidism after treatment with levothyroxine as assessed by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test.

Our previous study has shown that individuals with untreated hypothyroidism display significantly higher partial error scores (P E S) along the blue-yellow axis compared to the red-green axis than normal individuals using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A37, A18 (2020)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.382390]. We wished to determine how color discrimination may change when hypothyroidism has been treated to the point of euthyroidism. Color discrimination was reassessed for 17 female individuals who had undergone treatment for hypothyroidism, and the results were compared with 22 female individuals without thyroid dysfunction. No statistically significant difference was found in the total error score (T E S) for the first and second measurements for both groups (p>0.45). The P E S for the hypothyroid group improved significantly in the previously impaired color regions after the treatment. Color discrimination defects found in untreated hypothyroidism can be negated with treatment of the condition over an appropriate time period.

Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity Functions and Colour Discrimination in Smoker Patients.

In this study, effects of smoking on colour vision with the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue test (FM100h) and achromatic (A), red-green (RG), and blue-yellow (BY) contrast sensitivity functions were evaluated. In total, 50 non-smoker controls and 25 smokers, divided into two groups (group 1, less than 10 cigarettes per day, with 15 patients, and group 2, >10 cigarettes per day, with 10 patients) took part in the experiments. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), FM100h, and A, RG, and BY contrast sensitivity functions were measured. Total and partial RG and BY error scores (TES and PTES) and colour axis index (CA) were used in the analysis. No differences between smoker and non-smoker groups were found in BCVA, CA and A and BY contrast sensitivity, but TES and PTES values and RG contrast sensitivity at 1 cpd were statistically different. Differences between smoker groups were not significant. Error scores in smokers were positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and in BY also with age. Tobacco caused discrimination losses in both chromatic mechanisms but affected the red-green pathway more than the blue-yellow, and therefore, a partial RG score of FM100h test seems to be a good predictor of smoker colour deficiencies.

Blue-yellow deficiencies in young moderate smokers

PurposeTo evaluate whether tobacco affects color vision in young moderate smokers. MethodsChromatic mechanisms of 13 moderate smokers (10–20 cigarettes/day and at least 5 years smoking) and 17 non-smokers in the 18–35 age range were assessed with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (FM100h) test and short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP). ResultsFM100h Total Error Scores (TES) were higher for smokers, and although differences were not significant (p = 0.14), a linear model with principal component analysis was able to explain 95% of the variance in TES and red-green partial error scores, though not in blue-yellow partial error scores (p = 0.07), using the number of years as smokers and the number of cigarettes/day as predictors. SWAP sensitivity values were globally worse (p = 0.002) for smokers (25.7 + 6.2 dB) than for non-smokers (26.7 + 6.2 dB). In the upper visual hemifield sensitivity, total deviation and pattern deviation values were worse for smokers (p < 0.001). Differences in mean defect and pattern standard deviation were not significant (p > 0.05 in both cases). The number of out-of-limits points in the total difference and pattern difference map were significantly larger for smokers. After correcting for multiple comparisons, only the differences in the upper visual hemifield were significant. ConclusionsThis pilot study suggests that even young moderate smokers show small sensitivity loss in the blue-yellow mechanism, it is statistically significant, restricted to the upper visual hemifield. This corresponds to a retinal region where literature reports a lower density of retinal ganglion cells and where, therefore, the chromatic mechanisms would be more fragile.

Color vision testing versus pattern visual evoked potentials and optical coherence tomography parameters in subclinical optic nerve involvement in multiple sclerosis

Acute idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis is frequently the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to discuss the value of color vision testing to detect possible optic nerve involvement in patients with MS who had no history of optic neuritis. We evaluated color vision with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 (FM-100) hue test. Total error scores (TES), partial error scores for the red-green axis (RGS) and blue-yellow axis (BYS) were calculated. Topographic optic disc parameters (RNFL, RA, DA, CV, RV, and vertical C/D ratio), total macular volume (TMV), central macular thickness (CMT), and retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) were determined using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were also performed. Twenty-eight patients with RRMS (56 eyes) and 25 healthy controls (50 eyes) were included. P100 latencies were significantly delayed and P100 amplitudes were significantly reduced in the patient group compared with the controls (p ≤ 0.05). Statistically significant thinning was found in temporal quadrant in the patient group compared with the controls (p = 0.002). TES RGS, and BYS were all increased in the patient group but this was not statistically significant. We found no correlation between TES, RGS, BYS, and P100 latencies or OCT parameters. In our investigation as to whether color vision testing could be a simple biomarker for showing neurodegeneration of the anterior visual pathway regardless of optic neuritis, PVEP and OCT-assessed RNFL thickness seemed to be a more valuable biomarker than color vision testing.

Electroencephalogram alertness responses to blue light stimulus in elderly people with cataract

Daytime blue light exposure can reduce fatigue and increase alertness in young healthy adults. Little is known of the daytime blue light influence on alertness in elders. A prospective with-in subject study was carried out in Peking University Third Hospital to evaluate the impact of cataract surgery on visual functions and the electroencephalogram alertness response to blue light stimulus before and after surgery. 14 participants diagnosed with age-related cataract were scheduled for monocular cataract surgery with ultraviolet-filtering intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color discrimination and electroencephalogram results were measured before and after surgery. Exposure to blue light resulted in decreased delta (0.25–3.00 Hz) activity and increased beta (13.25–30.00 Hz) activity both before and after cataract surgery. Significant improvements in the BCVA and Farnsworth-Munsell-100-hue total error scores were found after cataract surgery. The partial error scores in the red-yellow, green blue-blue, and blue purple-purple red bands also showed significant differences, with the green blue-blue band showing the most obvious improvement. Day-time blue light stimulus can increase alertness in elderly people with significant cataracts. Cataract surgery with ultraviolet-filtering IOL implantation can increase light, particularly blue light transmittance. Opaque lens removal does not increase the alertness responses to blue light 1 day after surgery. Nevertheless, the increase in light especially blue light perception can be beneficial for the health of elder people in the long run.

Stereopsis impairment is associated with decreased color perception and worse motor performance in Parkinson’s disease

BackgroundWe conducted this study is to investigate the correlation between stereopsis dysfunction and color perception, as well as whether stereopsis impairment is associated with motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).MethodOur present study included 45 PD patients and 50 non-PD control patients attending the Movement Disorder Center at Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University in Beijing from July 2011 to November 2011. Neurologic evaluations and visual function assessments were conducted, and the results between two groups of patients were compared.ResultsWe found that the total error scores (TESs) and partial error scores (PESs) for red, green, blue and purple were all significantly higher in PD patients than in control patients. The limited grade on the FLY Stereo Acuity Test with LEA Symbols was significantly lower in PD patients than in control patients (P = 0.0001), whereas the percentage of abnormal stereopsis in PD patients was significantly higher than in control patients (42.2% vs. 12%; P = 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that PD patients with higher Hoehn and Yahr Scale stage, and those with decreased stereopsis had higher Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores and worse motor function. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that the UPDRS motor scores and total average number of the Purdue Pegboard Test scores of PD patients were significantly improved when they had taken their medications, and the TESs and PESs for green were lower in when they were off their medications.ConclusionOur results provide more information on the underlying mechanisms of vision, motor and stereopsis impairments in PD patients.

Ocular findings in breast cancer patients using tamoxifen

Aim: To examine ocular findings of breast cancer patients using tamoxifen.Methods: The records of 79 consecutive breast cancer patients were examined, retrospectively. Female patients who had previously been diagnosed to have breast cancer with either stage I, II, or III disease, and were older than 25 years of age were included in the study. Results of the ophthalmic examination, color discrimination, and contrast sensitivity tests were recorded. Short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) sensitivity values were obtained, and average sensitivity values of test points at 5°, 9°, 15°, and 21° from the fixation were calculated.Results: Forty-nine of the patients had received 20 mg daily dose of tamoxifen therapy (tamoxifen group), while remaining 30 patients had not used tamoxifen (control group). Anterior and posterior segment examination revealed no pathologic findings in both groups. Two patients (5%) in the tamoxifen group had diffuse color loss, while none did in the control group (p = 0.523). Statistically significant differences were not detected between two groups when square roots of total error in color vision, red-green, and blue-yellow partial error scores were compared. Contrast sensitivity values were similar in both groups. Average mean deviation (MD) and average sensitivity values of test points at each 4° were statistically significantly lower in the tamoxifen group than the control group (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 for right eye; p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 for left eye). Strong correlation was detected between MD, and duration (r = −0.832 and r = −0.842 for right and left eyes, respectively) and cumulative dose of tamoxifen use (r = −0.864 and r = −0.854 for right and left eyes, respectively).Conclusion: Clinically significant ocular toxicity is not frequently encountered in breast cancer patients, however, SWAP changes may occur early after tamoxifen utilization.

Macular Pigment: Its Associations with Color Discrimination and Matching

Macular pigment (MP) acts as a prereceptoral filter which selectively absorbs short wavelengths. It has the potential to alter color vision but the literature is conflicting on whether it does and, if so, to what extent, possibly reflecting differences between color mechanisms and color tests. This study was designed to identify and investigate relationships, if any, between MP optical density (MPOD) and color sensitivity using a battery of techniques to quantify the color vision of color-normal observers. Color vision was assessed with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test (FM100), Moreland match on the HMC anomaloscope, and a customized short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) technique at the foveola and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5° eccentricity. MPOD spatial profile was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Total error scores and % partial error scores on the FM100 were uncorrelated to MPOD. Moreland matches showed a significant long wavelength shift with MPOD at between 1 and 3° (at 1.75°, r=0.489, p<0.001). Sensitivities on customized SWAP (cSWAP) using foveal targets were significantly inversely correlated with MPOD at both 1.75° (r=-0.461, p<0.001) and 3° (r=-0.393, p<0.001). Partial correlation analysis suggests that none of these findings can be attributed to age effects within the range 18 to 40 years. Our findings suggest that dietary supplementation to increase MPOD is unlikely to adversely affect hue discrimination. The association of MPOD with cSWAP may be a temporally limited effect to which the visual system normally adapts. We suggest that cSWAP may provide a clinical tool for assessing short-wavelength foveal sensitivity.

Color discrimination by patients with different types of light-filtering intraocular lenses

To evaluate photopic and mesopic color discrimination in patients with different types of light-filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs). Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China. Cataract patients with different types of IOLs were enrolled 3 months postoperatively. Overall and partial color discrimination under photopic (1000 lux) and mesopic (40 lux) conditions were evaluated with the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was tested under both conditions. Subjective visual quality was assessed with the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). The study evaluated 43 patients with a blue light-filtering IOL (15 photochromic, 13 yellow tinted) or an IOL filtering ultraviolet light only (n = 15). The difference in the FM 100-hue total error scores under photopic or mesopic conditions was not statistically significant between groups. There were no statistically significant differences in partial error scores in the 10 bands of the FM 100-hue color circle under photopic conditions. Under mesopic condition, there were statistically significant differences in partial error scores in the green to blue-green band (color caps 36 to 46) and the blue-green to blue band (color caps 46 to 54) (P = .005 and P = .030, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in mean overall or subheading NEI VFQ-25 scores. Filtering blue lights under mesopic conditions seemed to modify color discrimination in the green-to-blue bands postoperatively. The modification did not disturb overall color discrimination or cause subjective discomfort.

The effect of age‐related lens yellowing on Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue error score

To investigate the effects of real and simulated age-related changes in crystalline lens yellowing on Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 hue performance. FM 100 hue total and partial error scores (PES) were measured in a group of younger (n=10, mean age=22.2+/-2.65 years) and a group of older (n=10, mean age=54.5+/-2.64 years) normal observers along with psychophysical estimates of crystalline lens optical density and pupil size. Three younger observers underwent repeated FM 100 hue testing under a variety of simulated age-related lens yellowing conditions, using filters with well-defined transmittance properties which attempted to mimic the real age-related lens yellowing changes of the older group. FM 100 hue total and PES were significantly higher in the older age group compared with the younger group (p<0.01). Lens density measures were significantly higher in the older age group compared with the young group (p<0.01), but showed less scatter than individual FM 100 hue error scores. Simulated lens yellowing in the three younger observers, equivalent to the level of that of the older observers, did not affect any of their FM 100 hue total or PES. Simulation of age-related lens yellowing in younger observers has little effect on FM 100 hue error score. A variety of other factors such as pupil size, background illumination level, iris colour and macular pigment density may contribute to the age-related increase in FM 100 hue scores.

Age‐related lens yellowing per se contributes little to the increase in Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue error scores with age

Purpose: To investigate the effects of real and simulated age‐related changes in crystalline lens yellowing on Farnsworth–Munsell (FM) 100 hue total and partial error scores.Methods: FM 100 hue total and partial error scores were measured in a group of younger (n = 10, mean age 22.2 ± 2.65 years) and a group of older (n = 10, mean age = 54.5 ± 2.64 years) normal observers along with psychophysical estimates of crystalline lens optical density and pupil size measurements. Three younger observers underwent repeated FM 100 hue testing using a variety of simulated age‐related lens yellowing conditions, using filters with well‐defined absorption properties which mimicked the real age‐related lens yellowing changes of the older group. FM 100 hue scores were also measured under different levels of background illumination and pupil size in the 3 younger observers.Results: FM 100 hue total and partial error scores were significantly higher in the older age group compared to the younger group (p &lt;0.01). Lens density measures were significantly higher in the older age group compared to the young group (p&lt;0.01), but showed less scatter with age than FM 100 hue error scores. Pupil size was significantly larger in the younger group compared to the older group (p&lt;0.01). Simulated lens yellowing in the three younger observers, equivalent to the level of that of the older observers, did not affect any of their FM 100 hue total or partial error scores. Reductions in pupil size and illumination significantly affected the younger observers’ performance, with increases in error score equivalent to the observed age‐related decline between the younger and older group.Conclusions: Lens yellowing per se makes little contribution to the increase in Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue error score with increasing age. Retinal illumination levels and pupil size can significantly affect the error score and should be considered when interpreting FM 100 hue error scores in older subjects. Clinicians should also consider iris colour and macular pigment density when interpreting FM 100 hue error scores.

Impairment of colour vision in patients with n-hexane exposure-dependent toxic polyneuropathy.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of n-hexane on visual function and to determine the duration of any symptoms related to workplace exposure. The study involved 26 workers diagnosed as having polyneuropathy following n-hexane exposure. The FM-100 Hue test was used to determine colour discrimination in study volunteers. Their results were compared with a control group of 50 people who had not been exposed to n-hexane. The mean total error score for the exposed group was 168.3 (SD = 70.5) for the right eye and 181.5 (SD = 103.0) for the left eye. The mean total error scores for the control group for the right and left eyes were 36.0 (SD = 19.8) and 35.6 (SD = 18.2), respectively. Differences between total and partial error scores for exposed and control groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). These results may indicate a relationship between n-hexane exposure and development of defects in colour vision, and would support a recommendation for periodic assessment of workers exposed to n-hexane and chemically related solvents.

Visual acuity and color vision deficiency in amblyopia.

To investigate color vision and its relation with the type of amblyopia and visual acuity of amblyopic eyes. In this prospective study, 67 amblyopic eyes of 64 patients, aged from 4 to 13 years (mean 6.8 +/- 2.1) and 26 eyes of 13 control subjects aged from 5 to 13 years (mean 7.3 +/- 1.6) were examined with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FM-100). Amblyopic eyes were grouped as strabismic (21 eyes) and anisometropic (46 eyes). Each group was subdivided according to their visual acuity, as less than 5/10 and 6/10 or better. The total errors, blue-yellow (B-Y) and red-green (R-G) partial error scores were obtained for each group. One-way ANOVA was used to assess differences between groups. The error scores of all axes were lower in the control group than the amblyopic groups (p<0.001), but the differences within amblyopic groups were not significant (p>0.05). Deficient color vision in the amblyopic eyes was not related to the visual acuity and type of amblyopia.