Partial Equivalence Research Articles

Proposal of a catalogue of criteria for the identification and classification of metaphorical collocations

Abstract This article focuses on metaphorical collocations, a special subtype of lexical collocations in which the cohesion between the constituents is based on a lexicalised metaphor (see Reder 2006; Volungevičienė 2008; Konecny 2010a, 2010b, 2023). The word combinations in question can develop from originally free sequences into recurrent patterns appearing in several semantically related collocations if they occur repeatedly in similar contexts (see Stojić and Košuta 2020, 2021). A case in point is the German collocation die Zeit verfliegt and its equivalents in Croatian, English and Italian: vrijeme leti (‘time flies’), time flies (by), and il tempo vola (via) (‘time flies (away)’), which convey a rapid movement and the feeling of time rushing by. The various patterns often also reflect cultural concepts and experiences; for example, a pattern that conceptualises time as a resource could be anchored in a cultural idea that regards time as something valuable. Metaphorical collocations thus frequently reflect superordinate conceptual metaphors that are located at a cognitive level and common to more than one language community. Nevertheless, the concrete language-specific manifestations may vary, and in many cases show only partial equivalence. Unlike idioms, where metaphor has long been recognised as a fundamental semantic process (see, e.g., Casadei 1996: passim; Dobrovol’skij and Piirainen 2009: 19–29), collocations have not been thoroughly examined in this regard. It is therefore necessary to gain a more detailed insight into the semantic-cognitive processes underlying the creation of lexical combinations to draw conclusions regarding their relevance for the emergence of collocational sequences. This requires an analysis of extensive authentic language material, which will allow for the development of a catalogue of criteria that facilitates the identification and classification of these specific linguistic phenomena. This paper focuses on uncovering such processes based on a study carried out using SketchEngine in web corpora of German, Croatian, English, and Italian with the aim of creating a clear framework for the identification of metaphorical collocations by elaborating criteria that can serve as guidelines and by attempting a classification into subtypes. The proposed criteria and typology can contribute to the systematic investigation of metaphorical collocations and should also open up perspectives for future work in this field.

Ich zerbreche mir den Kopf: îmi sparg capul? Äquivalenzbeziehungen und falsche Freunde Rumänisch – Deutsch

Abstract Phraseologisms are meaningful in everyday language use and reflect the culture and world view of a people. This work has the following objectives: On the one hand, Romanian somatisms are pointed out and their German equivalents are presented; on the other hand, the focus is on a comparison of Romanian and German phraseologisms under semantic and structural-lexical aspects. This present article is focused on analysing equivalences and false friends between Romanian and German phraseologisms with the lexeme head. The head is the most important part of the human body, as it houses the brain - the organ known for its cognitive functions. The phrasemes of the two languages are analysed according to the three types of equivalence: full equivalence, partial equivalence and semantic equivalence. Among the analysed equivalence types, false friends also appear as a transversal phenomenon. In the analysis section, which is based on idiomatic dictionaries and an internet corpus, these phenomena are analysed in German and Romanian native speakers and verified by examples on the internet.

Negosiasi Identitas Budaya Jawa pada Penerjemahan Deiksis Sosial dari Novel Rumah Kaca ke dalam Bahasa Prancis

Cultural identity negotitations are proven to occur in translation because translation is a form of cross-culture communication. The pupose of this research is to explore the negotiation of Javanese cultural identity through translating social deixis in French based on form, meaning and function. Under the descriptive-qualitative method, this research attempts to explore in-depth knowledge about the research object. The comparative method is used to find similarities and differences in the form, meaning and function of social deixis from the novel Rumah Kaca (1988) and its translation in French from the novel La Maison de Verre (2018). Negotiation of Javanese cultural identity can take the form of partial negotiations and full negotiations. The causes of negotiation are differences in language systems, prioritizing equivalence of social deixis function, and differences in cultural perspective. These causes have some impacts for equivalence, namely: partial equivalence and distortion of meaning.

Lexical and Stylistic Features of Translating Old Russian Literary Monuments into Russian and English Languages (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”)

This article explores the peculiarities of translating military vocabulary from the Old Russian literary monument “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” into Russian and English languages through the analysis of translations by D.S. Likhachov, O.V. Tvorogov (modern Russian language), V. Nabokov, and I. Petrova (English language). The study employed methods such as the method of complete sampling, contextual analysis method, comparative method, and quantitative analysis method. The research focused on 34 lexical units used in 128 contexts. Based on the conducted study, the following conclusions can be drawn. (1) Translators of the aforementioned work into Russian mostly replaced archaic words with contemporary ones etymologically related to the original word, while preserving archaic words to convey historical color in translations. (2) Translations of the work into English showed translators’ tendency towards fidelity to the original text through the use of full and partial equivalents, approximate translation, and the method of generalization (selecting a word with broader meaning). Thus, the analysis of lexical units and their translation methods into modern Russian and English languages revealed translators' inclination to choose the translation variant closest to the original unit.

Axiomatising an information flow logic based on partial equivalence relations

We present a relational program logic for reasoning about information flow properties formalised in an assertion language based on partial equivalence relations. We define and prove the soundness of the logic, a proof technique for precise, logic-based information flow properties. The logic extends Hoare logic and its unary state predicates to binary PER-based predicates for relating observationally equivalent states. A salient feature of the logic is that it is capable of reasoning about programs that test on secret data in a secure manner.

Challenges of Rendering Chauvinism into Arabic: Implications for Dictionary Users and Translation Equivalence

Bilingual dictionaries sometimes do not satisfy the needs of dictionary users because they offer partial equivalents or incomplete information. This status does not avail the users who seek to immediately retrieve the required information. The users presume that language entries in bilingual dictionaries are communicative equivalents that can be used to translate specific occurrences of the source language item. If the semantic and communicative translation does not hold between the SL and TL, the user will not be able to render the item in question successfully. This paper examines the target language equivalents for ‘chauvinism in English –Arabic dictionaries, namely the Oxford English-Arabic Dictionary (2014); Al-Mawrid, English-Arabic (2006); Al-Muɣni al-Kabiːr(1995); The Oxford Word Power (2006); The Dictionary, English-Arabic (2004), as a representative sample. These dictionaries do not catch the broad range of the concept that covers many sorts of claims and social attitudes in its native linguistic sources. To make up for this deficiency, the paper highlights the appropriate strategies that translators can use to render this concept communicatively into Arabic. The study is based on the communicative functional approach which assumes that dictionary meaning is insufficient to resolve potential ambiguities and that the contexts are necessary to unpack specific senses or connotations of the item. This deficiency has an impact on the translator’s choice of strategy to meet the target readers’ needs. Finally, strategies and suggestions for helping to achieve equivalence in bilingual dictionaries are discussed.Keywords: Equivalence, Contextual translation, Communicative equivalence, Ambiguity, Contested concept

Is the Bland-Altman plot method useful without inferences for accuracy, precision, and agreement?

This study aims to propose a comprehensive alternative to the Bland-Altman plot method, addressing its limitations and providing a statistical framework for evaluating the equivalences of measurement techniques. This involves introducing an innovative three-step approach for assessing accuracy, precision, and agreement between techniques, which enhances objectivity in equivalence assessment. Additionally, the development of an R package that is easy to use enables researchers to efficiently analyze and interpret technique equivalences. Inferential statistics support for equivalence between measurement techniques was proposed in three nested tests. These were based on structural regressions with the goal to assess the equivalence of structural means (accuracy), the equivalence of structural variances (precision), and concordance with the structural bisector line (agreement in measurements obtained from the same subject), using analytical methods and robust approach by bootstrapping. To promote better understanding, graphical outputs following Bland and Altman's principles were also implemented. The performance of this method was shown and confronted by five data sets from previously published articles that used Bland and Altman's method. One case demonstrated strict equivalence, three cases showed partial equivalence, and one showed poor equivalence. The developed R package containing open codes and data are available for free and with installation instructions at Harvard Dataverse at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/AGJPZH. Although easy to communicate, the widely cited and applied Bland and Altman plot method is often misinterpreted, since it lacks suitable inferential statistical support. Common alternatives, such as Pearson's correlation or ordinal least-square linear regression, also fail to locate the weakness of each measurement technique. It may be possible to test whether two techniques have full equivalence by preserving graphical communication, in accordance with Bland and Altman's principles, but also adding robust and suitable inferential statistics. Decomposing equivalence into three features (accuracy, precision, and agreement) helps to locate the sources of the problem when fixing a new technique.

EQUIVALENCE AND LEXICAL ANISOMORPHISM IN BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES

The present paper addresses types of lexical anisomorphism and its treatment in bilingual dictionaries. The most difficult problem in coordinating the source language lexical units with those of the target language is linguistic anisomorphism. Full equivalence is a rare occurrence, found as a rule in terminologies. A vast majority of other cases includes lexical anisomorphism, which requires lexicographic treatment. One should differentiate between lexicological and lexicographic anisomorphism. The former type is much broader and it fully encompasses the latter type. Lexicological anisomorphism is found in the cases where equivalents exhibit differences of any kind. Lexicographic anisomorphism involves only those cases where the difference is relevant in lexicographic treatment. If we exclude rare cases of full equivalence, which do not constitute a problem in lexicographic treatment, the simplest way to classify lexical anisomorphism is to count the number of equivalents in the target language. If no equivalents exist, that is zero equivalence. The second type is multiple equivalence, where the target language has two or more equivalents. Finally, the third type is partial equivalence, where there is one equivalent in the target language, but there are some relevant differences between it and the source language headword. Multiple equivalence can include zero and partial equivalence. There are also cases of pure multiple equivalence. The following types of multiple equivalence based on partial equivalence can be differentiated: connotation, application, organization, syntagmatic, frequency, network, and image. There is a direct connection between the three main types of lexical equivalence and their lexicographic treatment. Zero equivalence should be explained, multiple equivalents should be separated, and with partial equivalents, one should alert the user to the difference. There is no such direct link between subtypes of multiple equivalence and their treatment. However, there are some tendencies: exemplification is common with operators, cotextualization is common in the treatment of application splits, and contextualization is common in the treatment of connotation splits.

Contrasting the semantics of prepositions through a cognitive linguistic approach

Abstract Many studies on cognitive-semantic analysis focus on the patterns of polysemy of prepositions and the explanation of how the multiple senses of prepositions are related in systematic ways. Only a few publications pay attention to the contrastive analysis of prepositions in different languages. The article addresses this gap in research literature and aims: to present a contrastive analysis of the English preposition on and its Italian and Russian partial equivalents in order to uncover the main areas of semantic asymmetry between them; to compare patterns of semantic extensions (from spatial to nonspatial senses) of these prepositions, and to determine how the similarities and differences in their spatial senses explain the similarities and differences in their nonspatial senses. The article follows a conceptual metaphor approach. Since most of the conceptual metaphors and metonyms are common cross-linguistically, similarities in patterns of semantic extensions of prepositions can be explained through the conceptual metaphors and metonymies on which these extensions are based. The article also demonstrates how the similarities and differences in spatial senses of the English preposition on, Italian su, and Russian na explain the similarities and differences in their nonspatial senses.

Aircraft Cockpit Interaction in Virtual Reality with Visual, Auditive, and Vibrotactile Feedback

Safety-critical interactive spaces for supervision and time-critical control tasks are usually characterized by many small displays and physical controls, typically found in control rooms or automotive, railway, and aviation cockpits. Using Virtual Reality (VR) simulations instead of a physical system can significantly reduce the training costs of these interactive spaces without risking real-world accidents or occupying expensive physical simulators. However, the user's physical interactions and feedback methods must be technologically mediated. Therefore, we conducted a within-subjects study with 24 participants and compared performance, task load, and simulator sickness during training of authentic aircraft cockpit manipulation tasks. The participants were asked to perform these tasks inside a VR flight simulator (VRFS) for three feedback methods (acoustic, haptic, and acoustic+haptic) and inside a physical flight simulator (PFS) of a commercial airplane cockpit. The study revealed a partial equivalence of VRFS and PFS, control-specific differences input elements, irrelevance of rudimentary vibrotactile feedback, slower movements in VR, as well as a preference for PFS.

Ribosomal Protein Cluster Organization in Asgard Archaea.

It has been proposed that the superphylum of Asgard Archaea may represent a historical link between the Archaea and Eukarya. Following the discovery of the Archaea, it was soon appreciated that archaeal ribosomes were more similar to those of Eukarya rather than Bacteria. Coupled with other eukaryotic-like features, it has been suggested that the Asgard Archaea may be directly linked to eukaryotes. However, the genomes of Bacteria and non-Asgard Archaea generally organize ribosome-related genes into clusters that likely function as operons. In contrast, eukaryotes typically do not employ an operon strategy. To gain further insight into conservation of the r-protein genes, the genome order of conserved ribosomal protein (r-protein) coding genes was identified in 17 Asgard genomes (thirteen complete genomes and four genomes with less than 20 contigs) and compared with those found previously in non-Asgard archaeal and bacterial genomes. A universal core of two clusters of 14 and 4 cooccurring r-proteins, respectively, was identified in both the Asgard and non-Asgard Archaea. The equivalent genes in the E. coli version of the cluster are found in the S10 and spc operons. The large cluster of 14 r-protein genes (uS19-uL22-uS3-uL29-uS17 from the S10 operon and uL14-uL24-uL5-uS14-uS8-uL6-uL18-uS5-uL30-uL15 from the spc operon) occurs as a complete set in the genomes of thirteen Asgard genomes (five Lokiarchaeotes, three Heimdallarchaeotes, one Odinarchaeote, and four Thorarchaeotes). Four less conserved clusters with partial bacterial equivalents were found in the Asgard. These were the L30e (str operon in Bacteria) cluster, the L18e (alpha operon in Bacteria) cluster, the S24e-S27ae-rpoE1 cluster, and the L31e, L12..L1 cluster. Finally, a new cluster referred to as L7ae was identified. In many cases, r-protein gene clusters/operons are less conserved in their organization in the Asgard group than in other Archaea. If this is generally true for nonribosomal gene clusters, the results may have implications for the history of genome organization. In particular, there may have been an early transition to or from the operon approach to genome organization. Other nonribosomal cellular features may support different relationships. For this reason, it may be important to consider ribosome features separately.

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF BELARUSIAN AND GERMAN PAREMIAS WITH RELIGIOUS COMPONENTS

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF BELARUSIAN AND GERMAN PAREMIAS WITH RELIGIOUS COMPONENTS

Multi-source-data state estimation for integrated electricity–heat-building networks

Building heating systems (BHS) play a major role in integrated electricity and heat systems (IEHS). To capture the real-time dynamic operating state of IEHS based on multi-source measurement data, this paper develops a comprehensive state estimation (SE) framework for IEHS with BHS fleets. First, a thermo-electrical SE model integrating BHS, electric power grid (EPG), and district heating network (DHN) is developed. Then, to jointly estimate the state variables of IEHS with different time scales of dynamics, a holistic SE algorithm is proposed based on the partial equivalence between the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) estimation problem and the correction stage of the Iterative Extended-Kalman Filter (IEKF). It also includes a data anomaly processing algorithm to combat data corruptions from sensing and communication processes. Simulation results show that the proposed framework can accurately track the thermo-electrical states of the system both in the presence of measurement noise and anomalies during various dynamics in IEHS.

Simultaneity, language, and experience

As part of his special theory of relativity, Einstein introduced two definitions of the word “simultaneity”—the coordinated-clocks definition in his famous 1905 paper and the mid-point definition in his 1916 book. Einstein never discussed the relation between these two definitions. Neither has anyone else, to my knowledge. I show that these definitions are not equivalent because they have different scopes of applicability, but that they are equivalent wherever both apply. My proof of this partial equivalence is a corollary of my proof that both of Einstein’s definitions clash with the natural ticking of monochromatic light, which I call an electromagnetic wave clock. Einstein disparaged the idea of absolute simultaneity, but the reasons he gave were not good ones. He suggested that the idea originated in a confusion between happening simultaneously and being seen simultaneously. This thesis is dubious. It is also irrelevant, because an idea that originates in a confusion need not be a confused idea. He suggested that there could be no experimental test for absolute simultaneity. I refute this suggestion by describing an experimental test for absolute simultaneity, which I call the melt-mark test. The empirical credentials of Einstein’s definitions are not superior to those of absolute simultaneity. Einstein writes as if he can banish the idea of absolute “simultaneity” by merely giving the word “simultaneity” a new meaning. But many words have multiple meanings; Einstein merely made simultaneity such a word. The meanings of “simultaneity” that there is reason to disparage are Einstein’s definitions, because they clash with the electromagnetic wave clock. None of these points is properly appreciated by today’s physics community, where Einstein’s assertions about simultaneity continue to enjoy broad acclaim. Physical theories that employ the idea of absolute simultaneity are often wrongly rejected because they do.

Issues in the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms

Translation equivalence of emotion terms has increasingly become a key issue of study design in emotion psychology. Here, the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) in English and Polish was quantified. Two databases of the lexicalizations of these basic emotions were used (1759 English; 577 Polish terms). Both collections were subjected to a translation-backtranslation procedure with four professional translators. Rates of agreement on translation, backtranslation, and backtranslation accuracy were used to calculate the translation equivalence. 5.12% of English and 4.68% of the Polish emotion terms were found to have full translation equivalents. Over 80% of terms in both languages had only partial translation equivalents. The results indicate that the fundamental differences in emotion term granularity and the morpho-semantic makeup of the languages impacts their degree of translation equivalence. The implications for the research on emotions and language in cross-cultural contexts are discussed.

Assessing internalizing disorders and sleep in school‐age children: A new parent report Behavioral Health Screen

AbstractDepression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance are common among school‐age children and can impair functioning. Schools are in a unique position to assess and refer these children for intervention services, but standardized screening is underutilized. One challenge with screening is the lack of psychometrically strong mental health screening tools that can be efficiently and effectively administered in school settings. The Behavioral Health Works program provides a web‐based platform and a multidimensional screening tool (the Behavioral Health Screen [BHS]) that can help overcome implementation barriers. Because parents have unique, valuable perspectives on reporting the mental health concerns of their children, a parent report version for younger children was developed. This study examines the psychometric properties of the internalizing and sleep scales of the BHS parent report version for assessing children (BHS‐PRC). Participants included 420 parents of children ages 6–12, who completed the BHS‐PRC. Results supported evidence of good internal structure, partial measurement equivalence (across race, gender, age, and education groups), discrimination in item response theory analysis, classification accuracy, and convergent and discriminant validity. Overall, the BHS‐PRC demonstrates strong psychometric characteristics and has the potential to assist schools' mental health screening as part of a multitiered system of support.

On difunctions

The notion of a difunction was introduced by Jacques Riguet in 1948. Since then it has played a prominent role in database theory, type theory, program specification and process theory. The theory of difunctions is, however, less known in computing than it perhaps should be. The main purpose of the current paper is to give an account of difunction theory in relation algebra, with the aim of making the topic more mainstream.As is common with many important concepts, there are several different but equivalent characterisations of difunctionality, each with its own strength and practical significance. This paper compares different proofs of the equivalence of the characterisations.A well-known property is that a difunction is a set of completely disjoint rectangles. This property suggests the introduction of the (general) notion of the “core” of a relation; we use this notion to give a novel and, we believe, illuminating characterisation of difunctionality as a bijection between the classes of certain partial equivalence relations.

National and Cultural Marking of Russian and Chinese Phraseological Units with Nominations of Alcoholic Beverages

In this article, we describe from linguocultural point of view phraseological units of the Russian and Chinese languages with the nominations of alcoholic beverages, which form a separate group in the thematic field “Food”; we are taking into account the priority of the anthropocentric paradigm in modern linguistics. We also study the degree of their phraseoactivity, carry out a comparative analysis of set expressions in order to identify the universal and unique in the semantics and figurativeness of these units, and consider the main types of interlingual correlation (coincidences and discrepancies) of phraseological units. The material of the study was represented by 107 Russian and 95 Chinese phraseological units with the nomination/nominations of alcoholic beverages selected in accordance with a wide understanding of phraseology by continuous sample from one- and bilingual phraseological, linguistic, explanatory and etymological dictionaries of the Chinese and Russian languages. The analysis of the studied material showed that a distinctive feature of Russian phraseologisms is a variety of nominations of alcohol (вино ‘wine’, пиво ‘beer’, мед ‘mead’, водка ‘vodka’, брага ‘mash’, хмельное ‘hoppy’), the presence of diminutive variants of the names, as well as the use of various seeds in the composition one expression. The most phraseoactive in Russian sustainable expressions is the вино (‘wine’) component (about 55 %) in two meanings: ‘grape wine’ and ‘vodka’. In the Chinese phraseology, the general designation of alcohol 酒 [jiǔ] (‘alcohol’; ‘alcoholic drinks’;‘vodka’) constitutes 95 %, all other nominations include this morpheme and are presented by isolated phenomena. The anthropocentric nature of phraseological units is reflected in the description of the properties of a human nature, personal qualities, emotional and physical state, the characteristics of social behavior and interpersonal relations. In relations of partial equivalence, about 10 % of the studied phraseologisms are located, 90 % are non-equivalent units with national and cultural originality, which is manifested in structural, grammatical, lexical, stylistic, semantic properties, as well as in figurative component.

Types of Interlingual Equivalents of Phraseological Units and Metaphors in Literary Translation

In the following research, the types of interlingual phraseological equivalents, similes, and some metaphors in the novels of Turgenev Rudin and A Nest of the Gentry are studied from the perspective of their structure, semantics, and origin; attention is paid to differences related to the specifics of realia and lacunae translation (when reproduced in Slovak and English). We focus on biblical and ancient phraseology, aphorisms, catchphrases, allusions, reminiscences, and similes, which are translated in different ways. Based on the theory of equivalence in general and the translation of idioms in the fiction text, and the principle of structural-semantic modeling and variability of phraseological units, analogs and partial equivalents are analyzed from the point of existing lexical-grammatical and stylistic differences and formal-semantic transformations. The latter is a sign of the specific idiostyle and individual writer’s manner of Turgenev. When the original phraseological unit is translated without noticeable emotional and expressive connotations with the help of metaphors or a free word combination, or when, on the contrary, a free word combination or metaphor is replaced by a phraseological equivalent, various cases of transfer, reproduction of figurative and expressive means, and literary and lexical tropes are distinguished. In the meantime, the original phraseological unit may correspond to a comparative phrase during translation.

Equivalence theorem for the spectral density of light waves scattered from different types ofanisotropic media.

The spectral density equivalence theorem of light waves on scattering from different types of anisotropic media is discussed. The possibility of producing identical spectral density distribution as light waves are scattered by different anisotropic media is also discussed. Moreover, the conditions under which a determinate anisotropic medium and random anisotropic medium may produce identical spectral densities are obtained. It is shown that the complete equivalence theorem in whole space or the partial equivalence theorem in some special planes can be realized under particular conditions.