Partial Character Research Articles

Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations, single crystal X-ray analysis, in vitro xanthine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory evaluation as well as in silico evaluation of selenium-based N-heterocyclic carbene compounds

Herein, eight new NHC-based selenourea derivatives were synthesized and characterized by using spectroscopic method (1H, 19F, and 13C NMR, FT-IR), and elemental analysis techniques. These compounds were synthesized by mixing benzimidazolium salts, potassium carbonate, and selenium powder in ethyl alcohol. Additionally, the molecular and crystal structures of the three compounds (1c, 2b, and 2c) were determined using the single-crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Diffraction analysis demonstrated the partial carbon-selenium double-bond character of these compounds. All compounds were determined to be highly potent inhibitors for AChE and XO enzymes. The IC50 values for the compounds were found in the range of 0.361–0.754 μM for XO and from 0.995 to 1.746 μM for AChE. The DNA binding properties of the compounds were investigated. These compounds did not have a remarkable DNA binding property. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activities of the compounds were also investigated. Compounds (1c), (2a), (3a), and (3b) exhibited more pronounced DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared to other compounds. Docking studies were applied by using AutoDock 4 to determine interaction mechanism of the selected compounds (1a), (1b), and (3b). The compound (1b) has good binding affinity (−9.78 kcal/mol) against AChE, and (−6.86 kcal/mol) for XO target. Drug similarity properties of these compounds compared to positive controls were estimated and evaluated by ADMET analysis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations have been applied to understand the accuracy of docking studies. These findings and the defined compounds could be potential candidates for the discovery and progress of effective medicine(s) for AChE and XO in the future. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

МЕДІАОСВІТНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У КОНТЕКСТІ СУЧАСНИХ ВИМОГ ДО МОВНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ У ВИШАХ УКРАЇНИ

The article reveals the importance of the introduction of modern media educational technologies to ensure quality language training of foreign students in Ukrainian universities. It is proved that information transformations in the world have a direct impact on the process of reforms in the organization of the educational process in higher education in our country. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of attracting information and communication developments in the field of higher education, the motive for such a reorganization is revealed. Work has been done to supplement and expand the understanding of the impact of the introduction of information processes in the educational sphere and to establish how this will change the quality of teaching various disciplines, in particular, the philological field. Emphasis is placed on the need to find new effective ways to present educational information to students that could compete with traditional teaching methods, the importance of supplementing and expanding their list. Theoretical aspects of general and partial character are explained, which, in a certain way, influence the transformation of usual theoretical and practical tasks in ZVO. The need to increase the level of requirements for future specialists (foreign students) who are currently receiving higher education in Ukrainian universities is emphasized. An example of the importance of exchanging one's own pedagogical achievements is given. It is argued that radical changes in the educational process through the introduction of modern media education technologies, reassessment of the effectiveness of traditional didactic methods and ways of presenting educational material, the possibility of wider disclosure of humanitarian potential inherent in all disciplines, promoting the formation of scientific analysis, improving information consciousness and meaningful attitude to today's realities of life. A detailed study of the pros and cons of information reform of the educational space. An example of the experience of using a social network during the study of the discipline "Ukrainian as a foreign language" (for foreign students in higher education) is given.

Proline C-H Bonds as Loci for Proline Assembly via C-H/O Interactions.

Proline residues within proteins lack a traditional hydrogen bond donor. However, the hydrogens of the proline ring are all sterically accessible, with polarized C-H bonds at Hα and Hδ that exhibit greater partial positive character and can be utilized as alternative sites for molecular recognition. C-H/O interactions, between proline C-H bonds and oxygen lone pairs, have been previously identified as modes of recognition within protein structures and for higher-order assembly of protein structures. In order to better understand intermolecular recognition of proline residues, a series of proline derivatives was synthesized, including 4R-hydroxyproline nitrobenzoate methyl ester, acylated on the proline nitrogen with bromoacetyl and glycolyl groups, and Boc-4S-(4-iodophenyl)hydroxyproline methyl amide. All three derivatives exhibited multiple close intermolecular C-H/O interactions in the crystallographic state, with H⋅⋅⋅O distances as close as 2.3 Å. These observed distances are well below the 2.72 Å sum of the van der Waals radii of H and O, and suggest that these interactions are particularly favorable. In order to generalize these results, we further analyzed the role of C-H/O interactions in all previously crystallized derivatives of these amino acids, and found that all 26 structures exhibited close intermolecular C-H/O interactions. Finally, we analyzed all proline residues in the Cambridge Structural Database of small-molecule crystal structures. We found that the majority of these structures exhibited intermolecular C-H/O interactions at proline C-H bonds, suggesting that C-H/O interactions are an inherent and important mode for recognition of and higher-order assembly at proline residues. Due to steric accessibility and multiple polarized C-H bonds, proline residues are uniquely positioned as sites for binding and recognition via C-H/O interactions.

Evidence for Low-Valent Electronic Configurations in Iron-Sulfur Clusters.

Although biological iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters perform some of the most difficult redox reactions in nature, they are thought to be composed exclusively of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, as well as mixed-valent pairs with average oxidation states of Fe2.5+. We herein show that Fe-S clusters formally composed of these valences can access a wider range of electronic configurations─in particular, those featuring low-valent Fe1+ centers. We demonstrate that CO binding to a synthetic [Fe4S4]0 cluster supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands induces the generation of Fe1+ centers via intracluster electron transfer, wherein a neighboring pair of Fe2+ sites reduces the CO-bound site to a low-valent Fe1+ state. Similarly, CO binding to an [Fe4S4]+ cluster induces electron delocalization with a neighboring Fe site to form a mixed-valent Fe1.5+Fe2.5+ pair in which the CO-bound site adopts partial low-valent character. These low-valent configurations engender remarkable C-O bond activation without having to traverse highly negative and physiologically inaccessible [Fe4S4]0/[Fe4S4]- redox couples.

Derived representation schemes and Nakajima quiver varieties

We introduce a derived representation scheme associated with a quiver, which may be thought of as a derived version of a Nakajima variety. We exhibit an explicit model for the derived representation scheme as a Koszul complex and by doing so we show that it has vanishing higher homology if and only if the moment map defining the corresponding Nakajima variety is flat. In this case we prove a comparison theorem relating isotypical components of the representation scheme to equivariant K-theoretic classes of tautological bundles on the Nakajima variety. As a corollary of this result we obtain some integral formulas present in the mathematical and physical literature since a few years, such as the formula for Nekrasov partition function for the moduli space of framed instantons on S^4. On the technical side we extend the theory of relative derived representation schemes by introducing derived partial character schemes associated with reductive subgroups of the general linear group and constructing an equivariant version of the derived representation functor for algebras with a rational action of an algebraic torus.

Widziana z III RP prawnopolityczna tożsamość Polski Ludowej

The Polish People’s Republic is a matter of the past, but not entirely. Finally, nolens volens, the current version of our old statehood is its continuation, manifested in numerous formal solutions. This is in an evident manner a republican form of statehood and a democratic system. Similar to the Stalinist Constitution of 1952, it was called a people’s democracy, but from 1976 a socialist democracy as the effect of changes in the written Ius Supremum. In the political practice, after partial totalitarianism came authoritarianism. Before 1980, there were no changes in the institutional state power system. Theoretically, the first in this structure was the Sejm — the official emanation of the Volonté Générale. The collective head of the state was the State Council with a more republican identity than the contemporary president. The Council of Ministers actually has the same shape as before 1989, as well as the parliamentary cabinet system of government. In similar situation are: the Supreme Court, the Administrative Court, the Constitutional Court, the State Tribunal, the Ombudsman, and the Supreme Chamber of Control. Their identity and philosophy of action are similar to the socio-political reality from before the system transformation, mythologized in many aspects.
 This does not mean that it is fiction. Its result, according to the ancient nomenclature, was the transformation of socialist democracy into bourgeois people’s rule. Actually, we rather talk about the transition from “communism” or totalitarianism to liberal democracy. But Marxist-Leninist classics claimed that communism will be a post-state society without class opposites. Finally, in the Polish People’s Republic real socialism existed, with partial totalitarian character, replaced shortly after Stalin’s death by authoritarianism, which in the socio-economic and cultural spheres tolerates spontaneous manifestations of activity, without inspirations of the authorities, its culmination being in the time of the several-month-long “Carnival of Solidarity”. The Gdańsk Agreement we can understand as a social agreement, later transformed into the Round Table Agreements. After the continuation of these events it is possible to find on the constitutional ground in 1989, and then in 1997, when the new, formalized and complete Highest Law was created, as a formal recapitulation of political transformation.
 So we observe the mild transition of the Polish People’s Republic into the Third Polish Republic. The first one does not exist in the text of the actual Constitution, but it is impossible to not see a certain continuity. In the situation of the important difference between the two forms of our statehood — old and new — probably in the case of a system transformation there significant revolutionary accidents would have been unavoidable, but they have not happened. Parliamentary democracy was liberalized, which manifested in in the replacement of Gierek’s famous slogan of moral and political unity with the conviction that an official electoral struggle for power between parties is necessary. The second important change in the political sphere is the greater consideration of Montesquieu’s dogma concerning the division of state power. Other changes are less significant. Also, the republican democracy has maintained its fundamental identity, although the system of institutionalized rule had changed.

Stacking Fault Manifolds and Structural Configurations of Partial Dislocations in InGaN Epilayers

This cover focuses on an important mechanism proposed in article number 2100190 by George P. Dimitrakopulos and co-workers: the emanation of threading dislocations (TDs) from junctions of basal stacking fault (BSF) steps in III-nitride semiconductors. The HRTEM image in the center is a projection along [21̅1̅0] showing such an emanating TD in an InGaN epilayer, and its upper inset illustrates the partial dislocation character of a BSF single step, amounting to a disconnection between mirror-related BSF variants. The lower left schematic illustrates the mechanism, whereas the lower right illustration is a plan-view of the atomic structure on the plane of the BSF on either side of the steps.

Valence band structure and charge distribution in the layered lanthanide-doped CuCr0.99Ln0.01S2 (Ln\u2009=\u2009La, Ce) solid solutions

The comprehensive study of the electronic density distribution of CuCr0.99Ln0.01S2 (Ln = La, Ce) solid solutions was carried out using both X-ray photoelectron and emission spectroscopy. It was found that cationic substitution of chromium with lanthanum or cerium atoms does not significantly affect the atomic charges of the matrix elements (Cu, Cr, S) in the lanthanide-doped solid solutions. The copper atoms in the composition of CuCrS2-matrix and the lanthanide-doped solid solutions were found to be in the monovalent state. The chromium and lanthanide atoms were found to be in the trivalent state. This fact indicates the isovalent cationic substitution character. The sulfur atoms were found to be in the divalent state. The near-surface layers contain the additional oxidation forms of sulfur (S0, S4+, S6+) and copper (Cu2+) atoms. The detailed analysis of the valence band structure using DFT calculations has shown that partial DOS distribution character of the matrix elements is preserved after the cationic substitution. The experimental valence band spectra structure of CuCrS2-matrix and CuCr0.99Ln0.01S2 is determined by the occupied copper d-states contribution. The contribution of the lanthanide states in the valence band structure is lower in comparison with those for the matrix elements. The major contribution of the lanthanide states was found to be mainly localized near the conduction band bottom.

Stacking Fault Manifolds and Structural Configurations of Partial Dislocations in InGaN Epilayers

The configurations of basal stacking fault (BSF) manifolds often observed in III‐nitride alloy epilayers, particularly InGaN, are considered herein. Using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), it is shown that the folds and steps of intrinsic BSFs can acquire a Shockley‐like partial dislocation character depending on the relative senses of the BSF stackings. This can lead to the introduction of extra geometrically necessary threading dislocations in the epilayer on account of variant coexistence. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the overlap of two I1 BSFs can transform into a single I2 BSF, which is terminated by a glissile Shockley dislocation. Shockley and Shockley‐like partial dislocations can acquire line directions comprising either <> a‐line or <100> m‐line segments. Using atomistic calculations, the core structures of the m‐line partials are provided and their visibility is examined by HRTEM as well as the possibility of their discrimination from the a‐line ones.

Small circular interfering RNAs (sciRNAs) as a potent therapeutic platform for gene-silencing.

In order to achieve efficient therapeutic post-transcriptional gene-silencing mediated by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) must be chemically modified. Several supra-RNA structures, with the potential to stabilize siRNAs metabolically have been evaluated for their ability to induce gene silencing, but all have limitations or have not been explored in therapeutically relevant contexts. Covalently closed circular RNA transcripts are prevalent in eukaryotes and have potential as biomarkers and disease targets, and circular RNA mimics are being explored for use as therapies. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of small circular interfering RNAs (sciRNAs). To synthesize sciRNAs, a sense strand functionalized with the trivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligand and cyclized using ‘click’ chemistry was annealed to an antisense strand. This strategy was used for synthesis of small circles, but could also be used for synthesis of larger circular RNA mimics. We evaluated various sciRNA designs in vitro and in vivo. We observed improved metabolic stability of the sense strand upon circularization and off-target effects were eliminated. The 5′-(E)-vinylphosphonate modification of the antisense strand resulted in GalNAc-sciRNAs that are potent in vivo at therapeutically relevant doses. Physicochemical studies and NMR-based structural analysis, together with molecular modeling studies, shed light on the interactions of this novel class of siRNAs, which have a partial duplex character, with the RNAi machinery.

Switching the O–O bond-formation mechanism by controlling water activity

Switching the O–O bond-formation mechanism by controlling water activity

Local structural distortions in SnTe investigated by EXAFS

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) has been measured at the K edge of Sn in SnTe in the temperature range from 5 to 480 K. EXAFS results are consistent with the presence of a local rhombohedral distortion in the full temperature range from 5 to 300 K, even well above the ferroelectric transition temperature, suggesting a partial order-disorder character of the transition. At and above 300 K, the anomalous behaviour of the third and fourth EXAFS cumulants reveals a modification of the anharmonicity of the effective pair potential, possibly connected with the softening of high frequency modes or to the presence of multiple phases.

Nd-doped ZnO films on (100) MgO substrate: From metal to semiconductor

We report a wide range of electric and magneto-transport properties of epitaxial Nd-doped ZnO thin films grown on (100) MgO single crystal substrate by pulsed-laser deposition under 10−2 mbar high oxygen pressure as a function of the growth temperature Tg. The classical (001) texture of the ZnO wurtzite phase is present in all films whatever the growth temperature, while for Tg lower than 500 °C an additional epitaxial (100) texture is observed. These structural changes are accompanied by drastic modifications of the charge transport mechanisms. For Tg = 300 °C, the films behave as a metal from 300 to 275 K, from which temperature a metal-insulator transition occurs. The electrical behaviour between 275 and 50 K is described by the quantum correction to conductivity theory in disordered systems and comforted by magneto-resistance data. For Tg = 500 °C, a semiconducting behavior with partial metallic character is evidenced, while for Tg = 700 °C, pure semiconductor characteristics are obtained with variable-range hopping conductivity at low temperatures. Magneto-resistance measurements indicate that Nd3+ ions act below 150 K as scattering centers for electrons only for films grown at 300 °C and 500 °C. These observations have to be related to the incorporation of Nd3+ into the ZnO films during growth. The evolution from a metallic film to a semiconducting one, while acting on the single growth temperature parameter, opens new perspective in the context of charge transport.

Synthesis, spectral characterization and conformational assignment of N-formyl-2,7-diaryl-1,4-diazepan-5-ones as potent antibacterial agents and type I DHQase inhibitors

• Four N -formyldiazepan-5-ones are synthesized and characterized by IR, mass and NMR spectra. • The conformational assignment is made by NMR spectral studies. • All the formamides prefer to adopt flattened boat conformations. • Antibacterial efficacy for 9-12 have been evaluated by resazurin reduction assay. • Molecular docking is performed for 9-12 with type 1 3-DHQase protein target. Four new N -formyl-1,4-diazepan-5-ones 9-12 have been synthesized and their spectral characterization is made using IR, mass and NMR spectra. In NMR spectra, the compounds 9-12 show doubling of NMR spectral signals due to the delocalization of nitrogen lone pair into the carbonyl П cloud and thereby creating a partial double character at N C(= O ) bond which results in an equilibrium between syn and anti rotamers. The preferred conformations of N -formyl-1,4-diazepan-5-ones 9-12 are arrived from the NMR spectral data, dihedral angles (°) and destabilizing strain factors. The syn and anti rotamers of these compounds prefer to adopt equilibrium between flattened boat conformations with quasi-axial orientations of aryl groups at C-2 and C-7. Furthermore, all the compounds are active against all the tested bacterial strains. The compounds 9 & 10 against E. coli strain, compound 11 against B. cereus strain and compounds 11 & 12 against S. typhi strain show equal potency as that of standard drug Streptomycin. Hence, the formamides 9-12 are believed to be good antibacterial agents. The synthesised molecules are subjected to molecular docking studies with 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHQase) protein. The molecular modelling studies exhibit high inhibition and binding energy are conforming to antibacterial activity. The compounds 9-12 exhibit better docking score and glide energy than that of DHQase co-crystallized ligand.

Silver nanoparticle aggregates: Wavelength dependence of their SERS properties in the first transparency window of biological tissues

Silver nanoparticle aggregates are very common substrates for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) due to their simplicity of preparation and good optical enhancement. In this paper, their SERS properties are investigated from 680 to 920 nm, region that spans most of the first transparency window of biological tissues.Our experiments show that the SERS enhancement extends as far as 920 nm, without a significant wavelength dependence: the observed very broad optical response has been interpreted with the formation of large sized aggregates, possibly possessing a partial fractal character. On the other hand, the SERS signal, normalized by the laser power and by the integration time, quickly diminishes from 680 to 920 nm. This happens because the SERS signal depends on the enhancement but also on the instrument sensitivity and on the molecular cross section: for dispersive Raman instruments equipped with silicon CCD detectors and for non resonant molecules, these two parameters tend to diminish towards longer excitation wavelengths.The relevance of these results is twofold. a) Simple silver nanoparticle aggregates are good plasmonic substrates in most of the spectral region in which biological tissues present low absorption. b) The enhancement of the substrate and the normalized SERS signal (that is related to the limit of detection) are not necessarily correlated: they carry complementary pieces of information, both needed for properly designing a SERS experiment.

Excited-state vibration-polariton transitions and dynamics in nitroprusside

Strong cavity coupling to molecular vibrations creates vibration-polaritons capable of modifying chemical reaction kinetics, product branching ratios, and charge transfer equilibria. However, the mechanisms impacting these molecular processes remain elusive. Furthermore, even basic elements determining the spectral properties of polaritons, such as selection rules, transition moments, and lifetimes are poorly understood. Here, we use two-dimensional infrared and filtered pump–probe spectroscopy to report clear spectroscopic signatures and relaxation dynamics of excited vibration-polaritons formed from the cavity-coupled NO band of nitroprusside. We apply an extended multi-level quantum Rabi model that predicts transition frequencies and strengths that agree well with our experiment. Notably, the polariton features decay ~3–4 times slower than the polariton dephasing time, indicating that they support incoherent population, a consequence of their partial matter character.

Kinetics of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by heterocyclic drugs defines a general sequential multistep binding process

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 is the enzyme most involved in the metabolism of drugs and can also oxidize numerous steroids. This enzyme is also involved in one-half of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions, but details of the exact mechanisms of P450 3A4 inhibition are still unclear in many cases. Ketoconazole, clotrimazole, ritonavir, indinavir, and itraconazole are strong inhibitors; analysis of the kinetics of reversal of inhibition with the model substrate 7-benzoyl quinoline showed lag phases in several cases, consistent with multiple structures of P450 3A4 inhibitor complexes. Lags in the onset of inhibition were observed when inhibitors were added to P450 3A4 in 7-benzoyl quinoline O-debenzylation reactions, and similar patterns were observed for inhibition of testosterone 6β-hydroxylation by ritonavir and indinavir. Upon mixing with inhibitors, P450 3A4 showed rapid binding as judged by a spectral shift with at least partial high-spin iron character, followed by a slower conversion to a low-spin iron–nitrogen complex. The changes were best described by two intermediate complexes, one being a partial high-spin form and the second another intermediate, with half-lives of seconds. The kinetics could be modeled in a system involving initial loose binding of inhibitor, followed by a slow step leading to a tighter complex on a multisecond time scale. Although some more complex possibilities cannot be dismissed, these results describe a system in which conformationally distinct forms of P450 3A4 bind inhibitors rapidly and two distinct P450–inhibitor complexes exist en route to the final enzyme–inhibitor complex with full inhibitory activity.

KONSEP MANUSIA IDEAL: TINJAUAN TEOLOGIS DAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

Learning is the process of fostering and developing the maximum human capacity that holds all dimensions of life, both regarding the soul, ideas, and heart that shape human character. But in reality, learning at this time still focuses on vocational aspects, on the contrary character is neglected, so that even the goals achieved have a partial character, not totality. It is fitting for the concept of learning to have a normative and integrative character, because there is a direction to be aimed in accordance with the thoughts of learning practitioners about the expected perfect qualifications of humans, which certainly link the spirit of the Koran in all aspects of life. Therefore, this research shares an overview of the involvement of all aspects of life in forming the concept of a perfect human being formed from the terms Bani Adam, Basyar, Insan, An-Naas, and 'Abdun.. The present study employed a qualitative approach in the form of literature study as a means of collecting data. Based on the study results and analyses, it was found that the ideal human concept established from the terms Bani Adam, Insan, An-Naas, Basyar and 'Abdun is a mention for humans viewed from various aspects, such as historical, psychological, sociological, biological, and theological aspects. In fact, these five aspects indeed indicate the perfection of humans as God's creatures. In particular, the ideal human being is a person who is aware of his status as a servant of Allah, aware of his role and function as khalifatullah, and also aware of his life's purpose to always makrifatullāh. The educational implications of this concept cover goals, roles, functions, principles, educators, students, teaching contents, methods, and educational media. All of those implications must have a positive impact on the mind and heart as a means of increasing all the potentials possessed by humans. Thus, all the components of education are used as a means of strengthening faith, straightening worship, and instilling noble character and conduct towards makrifatullah.

NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM AL-QUR’AN SURAT AL-AN’AM AYAT 151-153 DAN IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

Character education has become an interesting issue to discuss among education practitioners lately. This is because the world of education has so far been seen as constrained by absolute interests. Only concerned with intellectual intelligence, reason and reasoning without being accompanied by an intensive development of intellect in the heart, feelings and emotions or what is often known as character education. This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Cilegon. This type of research is a qualitative field research. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, documentation. The methodical approach uses study analysis by examining all the data obtained by the author from various sources using semantic analysis and observation. This study uses theory According to D. Yahya Khan, "character education" teaches habits "ways of thinking and" behaviors that "help" individuals to "live and work together as" family, "society, and" nation. As well as' helping others to make 'responsible decisions'. In other words, "character education" teaches students "to think intelligently, activating the" middle brain "naturally. also analyzed the Al-quran Surat Al-An'am Verses 151-153. Then the theory and analysis results are implemented in the learning process of Islamic Religious Education and religious extracurricular activities. The results of this study indicate that (1) In the al-qur'an surah Al-An'am verses 151-153, it contains character values ​​such as religious values, honesty, responsibility, social care and courtesy and curiosity. - Partial character values ​​have also been implemented in religious extracurricular and learning activities including Islamic studies, Islamic Holidays (PHBI) activities.

Partial (Neighbourhood) Singleton Arc Consistency for Constraint Satisfaction Problems

Algorithms based on singleton arc consistency (SAC) show considerable promise for improving backtrack search algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). The drawback is that even the most efficient of them is still comparatively expensive. Even when limited to preprocessing, they give overall improvement only when problems are quite difficult to solve with more typical procedures such as maintained arc consistency (MAC). The present work examines a form of partial SAC and neighbourhood SAC (NSAC) in which a subset of the variables in a CSP are chosen to be made SAC-consistent or neighbourhood-SAC-consistent. Such consistencies, despite their partial character, are still well-characterized in that algorithms have unique fixpoints. Heuristic strategies for choosing an effective subset of variables are described and tested, the best being choice by highest degree and a more complex strategy of choosing by constraint weight after random probing. Experimental results justify the claim that these methods can be nearly as effective as the corresponding full version of the algorithm in terms of values discarded or problems proven unsatisfiable, while significantly reducing the effort required to achieve this.