Partial Adoption Research Articles

Economic Efficiency of Organic Farming Adoption by Cocoa Farmers in Southwest, Nigeria

The study was carried out in southwest, Nigeria. The main objective of the study was to determine the level and efficiency of organic farming technology among cocoa farmers in southwest Nigeria. The study ascertained the level of organic farming adoption among cocoa farmers; determined the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies. These were with a view to determining the profitability and efficiencies of organic cocoa farming in Southwest, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 300 organic cocoa farmers in the study area through multi-stage sampling technique. The data obtained included socio-economic characteristics, level of adoption as well as efficiencies of organic cocoa farmers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, technology adoption index and endogeneity corrected stochastic frontier production function. Results from descriptive analysis showed that the average age of organic cocoa farmers was 52±14.02 years while the average years of schooling was 10±8.72 years. Majority of the farmers were married (85.7%) with average farming experience of 4 years. The results showed that farmers adopted 4 out of 12 organic cocoa farming practices, 39% of organic cocoa farmers were full adopters while 61% were partial adopters. The overall estimated technical, allocative and economic efficiencies for the organic cocoa farmers ranged from a minimum of 0.13, 0.20, and 0.17 to a maximum of 0.94, 0.96 and 0.94 respectively. However, the estimated technical, allocative and economic efficiencies for full adopters ranged from a minimum of 0.44, 0.47 and 0.49 to a maximum of 0.94, 0.96 and 0.94 while partial adopters ranged from 0.13, 0.20 and 0.17 to maximum of 0.92, 0.90 and 0.90 at (p<0.01) respectively. The study concluded that efficiency of organic cocoa farmers was influenced by use of organic fertilizer, frequency of weeding and labour in man-days.

항공 셀프서비스기술 품질이 고객만족에 미치는 영향: 지각된 위험의 조절효과

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of aviation self-service technology on customer satisfaction due to an increase in the utilization rate of non-face-to-face services in situations such as COVID-19, and to confirm whether perceived risk has a moderating effect. The survey was conducted on adults with overseas tourism experience within the last three years, and a total of 232 copies were used for the final analysis. The SPSS 22.0 program was used for analysis. As a result of the analysis, hypothesis 1 came out. Self-service technology was found to have an effect on customer satisfaction, and hypothesis was 2. The effect of mitigating perceived risk was analyzed as partial adoption. The findings suggested that all self-service technology characteristics are important for customer satisfaction, so measures to improve customer satisfaction should be prepared.

Uprawnienia przysposobionego po śmierci rodzica poszkodowanego błędami organów ścigania lub wymiaru sprawiedliwości

In case of the death of a person injured by faulty operation of prosecution and jurisdictional authorities, the right to enforce claims for damages is acquired by persons legally or actually related to the deceased - also his or her children. In the event of death of the directly injured the entitled persons acquire independent rights to damages (persons receiving alimony from an accused person) or as the result of the so-called singular succession they acquire the right to enforce the claim of the deceased (relatives of 1944 - 1956 repression victims as also in the period of martial law, and perpetrators of offences). The independent rights of children are limited to compensation of own economic losses suffered in the consequence of deprivation of support by imposition of sentence, preventive measures or pre-trial arrest. Successors of claims of the accused or repressed acquire the right to claim for damages and compensation due to the transferor. The legal bond between parents and children is imitated by the relationship of adoption, therefore, the group of persons entitled to enforce claims for damages after death of a directly injured person includes those persons remaining with him or her in the relation of adoption, both through full and partial adoption. The claim of children of the repressed or accused person is divisible. Their potential joint participation in one trial does is not required joint participation. Therefore, each of the claimants may independently execute his or her part of deceased’s provision.

Adoption as adaptation: Household decision making and changing rural livelihoods in Lombok, Indonesia

In agricultural research for development adoption of new technology tends to be cast in categories: adoption, partial adoption, dis-adoption or non-adoption. While these may serve for pragmatic classification and measures for project success or impact they fail to properly acknowledge the ongoing and independent efforts of farmers (and others) in experimentation and integration of knowledge across a range of sources. This paper explores responses to practices for cattle management introduced during a research project, at project close, and five years after the project has finished. We consider the perceptions and application of new knowledge by farmers, extension staff, and policy makers. By taking a longer-term view, we demonstrate how farming households adapt and integrate knowledge from different sources into their daily practice, influenced by local institutions and changing cultural expectations, as well as external researchers. We also consider the influence of changing government priorities and incentives in steering farm-management decisions. Results suggest that a focus on measures to build capacity and empower farmers with information to adapt and respond to change, regardless of project activities, is a much more important goal and indicator of impact than measuring adoption.

Improved solutions for shared value creation and maximization from used clothes: Streamlined structure of clothing consumption system and a framework of closed loop hybrid business model

Underutilization, downcycling, and landfilling of clothes and their material remain challenging problems of the current clothing consumption system (CCS). Past research and the stakeholders of CCS recognize the circular economy as a solution. However, a review of CCS's existing structure, past research, and publicly available information on its industry practices and solutions reflect potential oversight and partial adoption of the circular economy and the unintended loss of value and market share for brands. Our investigation shows that around two-thirds of sample three hundred brands and brand owners do not engage in value maximization activities from used clothes. Furthermore, only four percent of the sample engages in upcycling, and it remains a niche activity as the availability of similar used clothes remains a primary barrier in scaling it up. This analytical investigation proposes an explicit CCS structure. It supports it with a customizable framework of a closed-loop hybrid business model (CLHBM) as an improved solution to scale up and accelerate reuse, upcycling, and recycling of used clothes. It uses a hypothetical example and stylized model to illustrates the potential of CLHBM-approach to generate higher margins and increase the economic pie for brands while reducing the virgin material pie and increasing the product and material life compared to business-as-usual-approach. The paper concludes with a discussion and recommendations for proposed solutions' successful implementation.

An examination of the effects of omni-channel service offerings on retailer performance

PurposeBoth online and brick and mortar retailers have invested heavily in developing omni-channel service offerings. Though seen as a competitive necessity, these omni-channel service offerings increase costs and complexities. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of strategies involving bundles of omni-channel services related to order fulfillment and returns management on retailer performance.Design/methodology/approachArchival data were obtained for 152 retailers and analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. Robustness tests using an alternative dependent variable and a model-based classification strategy corroborate our findings.FindingsRetailers offering full sets of high integration omni-channel services (buy online pick up in store, ship from store and in-store returns) have better performance (e.g. sales, growth and competitive position) and web sales than retailers that offer only a partial mix of these high integration services. Retailers offering a partial bundle of high integration services, in turn, have better performance and web sales than retailers that offer none of these services.Originality/valueThe research extends work that has examined the performance effects of omni-channel services on individual retailers. Our results indicate retailers benefit the most when offering a full set of high integration omni-channel services, suggesting retailers who have only adopted a subset of these services could improve performance through broader adoption of services. The results further indicate partial adoption of high integration services is better than no adoption.

An act of defiance? Measuring farmer deviation from personalised extension recommendations in Zambia

AbstractGiven the recognised role of blanket extension advice in the low uptake of productivity‐enhancing technologies among developing country farmers, personalised or site‐specific extension approaches are gaining attention. Focusing on the case of the plant clinic extension model which provides personalised crop protection services to smallholder farmers, we investigate to what extent and how accurately farmers adopt personalised extension advice, and the implications for agricultural productivity. We combine a unique database of personalised integrated pest management (IPM) recommendations provided to 420 plant clinic attendees in Zambia with survey data on the actual IPM practices implemented by these same clinic attendees. We find that more than 80% of the sample farmers deviated from the personalised IPM recommendations they received from plant clinics. Based on the degree of deviation from the personalised recommendations, we identify five categories of adopters of IPM practices and show their heterogeneous effects on maize productivity. For example, our multi‐valued treatment effect estimates suggest an 82% yield penalty for non‐adopters compared to full adopters of recommended IPM practices, while the yield gain for full adopters is more than double that of partial adopters, as well as that of those who adopted additional practices beyond what was recommended. Our findings have important implications for the promotion of personalised extension services and for the measurement of the impact of complex agricultural technologies.

A Comparative study on Yield performance of Finger Millet Varieties under rainfed conditions in South Eastern Ghat Zone of Odisha

A Comparative study on Yield performance of Finger Millet Varieties under rainfed conditions in South Eastern Ghat Zone of Odisha

Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Yield and Economics of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)] in Banswara District of Rajasthan

The present study was undertaken to find the yield gap through FLDs on okra crop. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Banswara conducted Frontline demonstration on 10 farmers for each year since 2016, 2017 and 2018 in different locations of Banswara district. Frontline demonstrations were conducted on okra by the active participation of the farmers with the objective of improved technologies of okra production potential. Use of hybrid variety, balanced use of fertilizer on the basis soil testing report and integrated pest and disease management etc are the main technologies to be tested in this demonstration. Okra is a major vegetable crop of Rajasthan, but the productivity of okra is very low in this district due to lack of knowledge and partial adoption of recommended package of practice by okra cultivators. Results showed that average yield obtained were 142.6, 134.2 and 137.7 q/ha under improved system, whereas, in local variety 80.3, 81.7 and 87.3 q/ha yield was recorded during 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The per cent increase in yield with high yielding over local variety was 57.73 to 77.58 per cent. The extension gap recorded was 62.3, 52.5 and 50.4 per cent during 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Besides this, the demonstrated plots gave higher gross return, net return with higher benefit cost ratio when compared to farmer’s practice.

How health and market access associate with agroforestry adoption decisions: evidence from Tabora, Tanzania

This paper analyzes household decisions to adopt varying degrees of agroforestry systems. A survey of farming practices and household characteristics were collected from a random sample of 435 households in Tabora, Tanzania (n = 386). Using multinomial logistic methods, we estimated models explaining adoption behavior with respect to multiple agroforestry systems, as well as partial adoption of agroforestry packages. We explored how household health and access to health services, credit access and mobile banking use, land tenure and firewood access, and extension services are associated with agroforestry adoption. Results indicated the importance of access to credit for tree planting, which is significantly associated to the adoption of the fertilizer tree Gliricidia sepium, and the combination of Gliricidia sepium and planted woodlots. We also found that acres farmed, education, and extension services are significantly associated to the adoption of the full agroforestry package (adoption of pigeonpea and cassava intercropping). Different household characteristics were associated with partial adoption of the intercropping package (pigeonpea or cassava with other food crops), including land tenure, health clinic access, and whether firewood is collected from the commons. Implications of these findings could be used by agencies promoting agroforestry systems to better understand what factors contribute to the likelihood of agroforestry adoption.

TBL Fridays: Using team-based learning to engage in policy debates in an introductory class

Team-based Learning (TBL) has sound conceptual and empirical backing and is seeing growing partial and full adoption in economics. However, perceived implementation costs and risk remain high for many instructors wary of fully implementing TBL. Additionally, common economics problems are often ill-suited for TBL application exercise criteria. The author of this article describes partial implementation (one day per week) of TBL in an introductory class. Application exercises are built around policy questions that align with TBL question criteria while still working effectively in the economics classroom. The partial implementation and readily available resources offer instructors a low-cost way to experiment with TBL.

Drivers of adoption of crop protection and soil fertility management practices among smallholder soybean farmers in Tolon district of Ghana

Among the critical challenges affecting crop production and agricultural productivity in most developing countries are declining soil fertility and the incidence of crop pests and diseases. Hence, there have been efforts by scientists and policy-makers especially in sub-Saharan Africa to promote the uptake of agronomic and production practices that address these challenges. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating the drivers of adoption of crop protection and soil fertility (CPSF) management practices among soybean farmers in rural Ghana. The management practices investigated included application of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers (inoculants) and herbicides. The study was motivated by the critical roles that adoption of CPSF management practices play in promoting agricultural productivity. Multivariate probit (MVP) and censored Tobit modelling were used to estimate adoption and intensity of adoption, respectively. Adoption of rhizobium inoculant and chemical fertilizer, as well as adoption of rhizobium inoculant and herbicide application, were mutually exclusive, while adoption of chemical fertilizer and herbicide were found to be complementary. Adoption intensity was higher for female farmers and increased with age, herd size, farm capital and farm size. Furthermore, institutional factors were more influential in the case of inoculant and herbicide adoption while for fertilizer adoption, farmer characteristics were the influential factors. The study recommends that policies to promote adoption should take into account the interdependence among the technologies. Also, there is the need to target farmers who cannot afford the cost of inputs with support in the form of input subsidies to reduce partial adoption.

Implementation of the international public sector accounting standards in Europe. Variations on a global theme

ABSTRACT As part of introducing accrual accounting in the public sector, many governments have – voluntarily – implemented the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) for financial reporting. Amongst other claimed benefits, IPSAS have been argued to facilitate comparison of adopters’ financial reports and to lead to favourable conditions on credit markets. However, governments that are confronted with the implementation decision face a trade-off between unaltered adoption, partial adoption, adaptation and non-adoption of standards. Drawing on insights from the literature on standardization and practice variation, this paper analyses the reasons, expressed by various actors from nine European countries, for deviating from implementing unaltered IPSAS and proposes a taxonomy of these reasons. The results show that, first, substantial deviations exist, and second, there is a plethora of reasons for them. These deviations are presented and then structured in the further course of the paper. As a consequence of deviations, achieving comparability as the central aim of standardization runs the risk of being undermined.

Adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices and differentiated nutritional outcome among rural households: a case of Punjab province, Pakistan

Climate change impacts on agriculture have substantial implications on human diet and nutrition. This study explored the factors affecting the adoption decisions of climate-smart agricultural practices through a multivariate probit model and then assessed the average effect of these adopted practices on rural households’ food diversity and per capita dietary intake by using propensity score matching. For this purpose, a total of 196 rural households from the Punjab province were selected through a multi-stage purposive and random sampling procedure for face to face survey. According to research results, the family type was found positively associated with the adoption of all climate-smart agricultural practices. More than 50% of the total daily per capita calorie and iron consumption of rural households is provided by the cereal crops. The Simpson food diversity index indicates that rural households adopting a higher number of practices consume more diversified food as compared to rural households with a lower number of practices at their farm. Moreover, the difference between the per capita calorie intake of full adopters and multiple adopters is the lowest as compared to the difference between full adopters and partial adopters and the difference between full adopters and single adopters. Thus, adopting more climate-smart agricultural practices increase calorie intake more than adopting fewer practices at the farm. Given a positive association between the level of adoption and food diversity as well as nutritional outcomes, government agencies should create awareness among the rural community about the benefits of adopting more climate-smart agricultural practices through visiting fields and organizing regular training for better nutrition.

Political Labels and Post-Politics

Debate over the present-day meaning of the traditional political terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ has been ongoing for at least three decades. Many claim that these labels have lost their former relevance. This article offers a comparative analysis of the Israeli, Polish, and Hungarian party systems. Using qualitative content analysis, it examines party platforms and politicians’ speeches in order to assess the significance of political labels both in political narratives and academic debate. Two main research topics concerning political systems of the three countries are explored in the article: the blurring of the traditional left-right divisions and the partial adoption of an anti-establishment agenda by mainstream parties.

The benefits of action to reduce household air pollution (BAR-HAP) model: A new decision support tool

Cooking with polluting and inefficient fuels and technologies is responsible for a large set of global harms, ranging from health and time losses among the billions of people who are energy poor, to environmental degradation at a regional and global scale. This paper presents a new decision-support model-the BAR-HAP Tool-that is aimed at guiding planning of policy interventions to accelerate transitions towards cleaner cooking fuels and technologies. The conceptual model behind BAR-HAP lies in a framework of costs and benefits that is holistic and comprehensive, allows consideration of multiple policy interventions (subsidies, financing, bans, and behavior change communication), and realistically accounts for partial adoption and use of improved cooking technology. It incorporates evidence from recent efforts to characterize the relevant set of parameters that determine those costs and benefits, including those related to intervention effectiveness. Practical aspects of the tool were modified based on feedback from a pilot testing workshop with multisectoral users in Nepal. To demonstrate the functionality of the BAR-HAP tool, we present illustrative calculations related to several cooking transitions in the context of Nepal. In accounting for the multifaceted nature of the issue of household air pollution, the BAR-HAP model is expected to facilitate cross-sector dialogue and problem-solving to address this major health, environment and development challenge.

DOES CREDIT ACCESS IMPROVE ADOPTION INTENSITY OF IMPROVED MAIZE SEED VARIETIES?

This study investigated the effect of credit access on the adoption intensity of improved maize varieties in Osun State. A number of 150 maize farmers were selected through a multistage sampling procedure from using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, adoption index, and Tobit regression model were used to analyse the data collected. The results showed that Majority of maize farmers were over 40 years (52.6%), male (87%), and married (87%). The result also showed that majority of the farmers did not adopt improved maize varieties (55%) in the state. Swan 1 improved variety was majorly adopted (87.1%), while DMR-ESR-W variety was less adopted (62.9%) in the State. Just a few of maize farmers had access to credit in the State (20%). The mean adoption intensity in the State was observed to 62%. Based on adoption intensity of improved maize varieties, adopters were classified as partial adopters (65%) and full adopters (35%). Tobit regression estimates showed that credit access, household size, secondary occupation, years of education and extension contact have significant effect on the adoption intensity of improved maize varieties. In accordance with the findings, we therefore recommend that microfinance institutions should look attentively at scaling up their credit services to enhancing adoption intensity of improved maize varieties.

Thematic Collages in Participatory Photography: A Process for Understanding the Adoption of Zero Budget Natural Farming in India

This paper presents the use of thematic collages as a methodological innovation to participatory photography as a research framework. Participatory photography was used to understand the subjective “off-script” motivations behind the full or partial adoption of Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) by members of women’s self-help groups in Andhra Pradesh, India. The addition of thematic collages to existing participatory photography methods was developed as a mechanism to better support the dialogic generation of new Freirean “generative themes” for investigation by a group. Further, the use of thematic collages invites the integration of “renegade” or non-thematic images into participant group analysis. ZBNF is an agricultural practice that has become an extension priority in Andhra Pradesh. It emphasizes the use of defined chemical-free inputs and regenerative farming techniques as a holistic approach toward socio-ecological resilience. As part of an interdisciplinary research project, this participatory photography design was piloted parallel to a soil science experiment in three geographically distinct agroecological zones in Andhra Pradesh. We show how participatory photography, with the novel addition of thematic collages, can be integrated into interdisciplinary research as a method to discover the underlying motivations to adopt agricultural practices and participate in agricultural movements like Zero Budget Natural Farming.

Adoption of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) In Indonesian Manufacturing Companies

Objective – Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a technology that supports the management of supply chain activities. ERP consists of modules that have various operational and strategic functions. The more modules that are used, the higher the adoption rate is. This study aims to examine the adoption rate based on the modules used. Methodology/Technique – Manufacturing companies in Indonesia were selected as samples to answer the objective of this research and 155 respondents were obtained. The response from each respondent was categorised into two levels of adoption. The companies that adopted 1 to 4 modules were categorised as partial adopters, while companies that adopted five modules were considered to be full adopters. Findings &amp; Novelty – This research found that 39 (25%) companies had fully adopted the ERP modules, 24 companies (15%) had adopted four modules, 29 companies (19%) adopted three modules, and 26 companies (17%) used two modules. Lastly, 37 companies (24%) used one module. Accordingly, the dominant choice is to partially adopt the technology. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: O14, 032, O33. Keywords: Technology; Supply Chain; Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP); Adoption; Manufacturing Companies; Resource-Based View (RBV). Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Perdana, Y.R. 2020. Adoption of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) In Indonesian Manufacturing Companies, J. Bus. Econ. Review, 5(3) 86–93 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2020.5.3(2)

Adoption of Active Surveillance for Very Low-Risk Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in the United States: A National Survey.

Active surveillance (AS) of thyroid cancer with serial ultrasounds is a newer management option in the United States. This work aimed to understand factors associated with the adoption of AS. We surveyed endocrinologists and surgeons in the American Medical Association Masterfile. To estimate adoption, respondents recommended treatment for 2 hypothetical cases appropriate for AS. Established models of guideline implementation guided questionnaire development. Outcome measures included adoption of AS (nonadopters vs adopters, who respectively did not recommend or recommended AS at least once; and partial vs full adopters, who respectively recommended AS for one or both cases). The 464 respondents (33.3% response) demographically represented specialties that treat thyroid cancer. Nonadopters (45.7%) were significantly (P < .001) less likely than adopters to practice in academic settings, see more than 25 thyroid cancer patients/year, be aware of AS, use applicable guidelines (P = .04), know how to determine whether a patient is appropriate for AS, have resources to perform AS, or be motivated to use AS. Nonadopters were also significantly more likely to be anxious or have reservations about AS, be concerned about poor outcomes, or believe AS places a psychological burden on patients. Among adopters, partial and full adopters were similar except partial adopters were less likely to discuss AS with patients (P = .03) and more likely to be anxious (P = .04), have reservations (P = .03), and have concerns about the psychological burden (P = .009) of AS. Few respondents (3.2%) believed patients were aware of AS. Widespread adoption of AS will require increased patient and physician awareness, interest, and evaluation of outcomes.