Part XV Research Articles

II International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea The Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealandv.Japan; Australiav.Japan): Order For Provisional Measures Of 27 August 1999

Under Part XV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which cannot be settled by the consensual means set out in section 1 of that Part, may be referred by any party to the dispute for compulsory settlement under section 2. There are four possible fora for such settlement—the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (hereafter ITLOS), an arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII of the Convention, and a special arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VIII. If the parties to a dispute have made a declaration under Article 287 (which is optional) specifying their choice of forum, and their choices coincide, that body will be the forum for the settlement of the dispute. If their choices do not coincide or if not all parties have made a declaration, the forum for settlement will be an Annex VII arbitral tribunal.1

ITLOS and the Saga of the Saiga: Peaceful Settlement of a Law of the Sea Dispute

AbstractThe Saiga No. 2 case was the first judgment on the merits by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the final phase of a dispute with a complicated procedural history, using several of the provisions of Part XV of the LOS Convention. The case raised a number of procedural and evidentiary issues, relating to the presentation of witnesses, the burden of proof and the standard of proof. It clarified the meaning of "genuine link", confirmed the law on hot pursuit, settled the law on use of force in the arrest of foreign vessels, and made clear that coastal states did not enjoy customs jurisdiction in the EEZ, while leaving aside the question of jurisdiction over offshore bunkering. The Tribunal is to be commended for not permitting technical issues to prevent it from doing justice in the case.

Cyclodextrin derivatives in gas chromatographic separation of racemates with different volatility. Part XV: 6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl- versus 6-O-t-hexyldimethylsilyl-? and -? derivatives

The 2,3-di-O-methyl-, 2,3-di-O-ethyl-, and 2,3-di-O-acetyl- derivatives of 6-t-hexyldimethylsilyl-β- and -γ-cyclodextrins (THDMS-β- and -γ-CDs) were synthesized. The performance of columns prepared with these CD derivatives diluted in polysiloxanes with different polarity (PS-347.5, PS-086, and OV-1701) was evaluated with several series of racemates having different structures and volatilities. The results obtained with THDMS-β- and -γ-CDs were compared with those of the corresponding 6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-β- and -γ derivatives (TBDMS-β- and -γ-CDs) to evaluate the influence on enantioselectivity of the substituent in position 6 of the sugar units of the two cyclodextrins. Columns prepared with both series of derivatives (THDMS- and TBDMS-β- and -γ-CDs) were evaluated by analyzing a series of high-to-medium volatility racemates and of medium-to-low volatility chiral pesticides. For high-to-medium volatility racemates, the TBDMS-β-CDs are the most enantioselective, while for medium-to-low volatility racemates the THDMS-γ-CDs have a better enantioselectivity than the corresponding TBDMS-β-CDs. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 487–500, 1999

Problems of Compulsory Jurisdiction and the Settlement of Disputes Relating to Straddling Fish Stocks

AbstractModern fisheries law has for some time recognised the special interest of coastal states in the management of adjacent high seas fisheries. It has been slower to acknowledge a comparable interest on the part of high seas fishing states in the conservation and management of EEZ stocks by coastal states. This imbalance of rights and obligations between these two groups of states continues to be reflected in the fisheries articles of the 1982 UNCLOS and in the 1995 Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. Much of the Law of the Sea Convention is about balancing the interests of different groups of states, and maintaining that balance is one of the reasons for adopting the principle of compulsory binding dispute settlement of disputes in Part XV of the Convention. Disputes about straddling fish stocks are necessarily disputes about the balance between coastal and high seas fishing states, and more generally, about the interest of the international community in sustainable management of stocks. Despite the significant changes which the 1995 Agreement makes to the substantive UNCLOS fisheries law, it remains far from clear that disputes concerning coastal state overfishing or inadequate management of straddling stocks within its own EEZ can be the subject of any form of binding process initiated by another fishing state or entity, even if there is a serious impact on the viability of stocks in other EEZs or on the high seas beyond national jurisdiction. But while coastal states and high seas states may have unequal rights and obligations with regard to fisheries access and management, they do have an equal interest in access to dispute settlement options. Both share a need for authoritative interpretation of difficult and complex texts; in both cases compulsory dispute settlement may be required in the event of failure to reach agreement on the management of shared access to straddling stocks. To hold that only coastal states have the right to compulsory binding settlement in such cases is to stabilise and protect one side of an equitable balance while leaving the other side vulnerable to erosion and instability. The question whether disputes concerning all or part of a straddling stock fall inside or outside compulsory jurisdiction is thus more than a technical question of treaty interpretation. It poses some fundamental questions about the nature of equitable utilisation as a legal principle governing use of common resources. Both in the interests of equitable access to justice, and the effective management and sustainable use of straddling stocks, compulsory jurisdiction should apply to all aspects of such a dispute. The rights of coastal states

Problems of Compulsory Jurisdiction and the Settlement of Disputes Relating to Straddling Fish Stocks

AbstractModern fisheries law has for some time recognised the special interest of coastal states in the management of adjacent high seas fisheries. It has been slower to acknowledge a comparable interest on the part of high seas fishing states in the conservation and management of EEZ stocks by coastal states. This imbalance of rights and obligations between these two groups of states continues to be reflected in the fisheries articles of the 1982 UNCLOS and in the 1995 Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. Much of the Law of the Sea Convention is about balancing the interests of different groups of states, and maintaining that balance is one of the reasons for adopting the principle of compulsory binding dispute settlement of disputes in Part XV of the Convention. Disputes about straddling fish stocks are necessarily disputes about the balance between coastal and high seas fishing states, and more generally, about the interest of the international community in sustainable management of stocks. Despite the significant changes which the 1995 Agreement makes to the substantive UNCLOS fisheries law, it remains far from clear that disputes concerning coastal state overfishing or inadequate management of straddling stocks within its own EEZ can be the subject of any form of binding process initiated by another fishing state or entity, even if there is a serious impact on the viability of stocks in other EEZs or on the high seas beyond national jurisdiction. But while coastal states and high seas states may have unequal rights and obligations with regard to fisheries access and management, they do have an equal interest in access to dispute settlement options. Both share a need for authoritative interpretation of difficult and complex texts; in both cases compulsory dispute settlement may be required in the event of failure to reach agreement on the management of shared access to straddling stocks. To hold that only coastal states have the right to compulsory binding settlement in such cases is to stabilise and protect one side of an equitable balance while leaving the other side vulnerable to erosion and instability. The question whether disputes concerning all or part of a straddling stock fall inside or outside compulsory jurisdiction is thus more than a technical question of treaty interpretation. It poses some fundamental questions about the nature of equitable utilisation as a legal principle governing use of common resources. Both in the interests of equitable access to justice, and the effective management and sustainable use of straddling stocks, compulsory jurisdiction should apply to all aspects of such a dispute. The rights of coastal states must of course be maintained, but they should also be accountable for compliance with their obligations insofar as these affect other states or the international community as a whole. The exception for sovereign rights created by Article 297(3) of the Convention and incorporated in the 1995 Agreement should thus be construed narrowly, to cover only the exercise of coastal state discretion on matters that are purely of EEZ concern only, i.e. matters which do not affect straddling stocks, whether inside or outside the EEZ.

Abstracts (Continue in Part XV)

Abstracts (Continue in Part XV)

Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution

Preface Acknowledgments Part I. Current Problems in Evolutionary Theory: Part II. Theories of Evolution at the Level of Populations and Species: Part III. Evolution in Modern Populations: Part IV. Limits to Knowledge of the Fossil Record and Their Influence on Studies of Evolution: Part V. Patterns of Evolution Among Late Cenozoic Mammals: Part VI. Patterns of Evolution of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates in the Late Cenozoic: Part VII. The Influence of Systems of Classification on Concepts of Evolutionary Patterns: Part VIII. Evolutionary Constraints: Part IX. Evolutionary Genetics: Part X. Development and Evolution: Part XI. Physical Constraints: Part XII. Major Evolutionary Transitions: Part XIII. Patterns of Radiation: Part XIV. Forces of Evolution: Part XV. Conclusions and Comparisons: Glossary. References. Index.

Volatile Leaf Oils of some South‐western and Southern Australian Species of the Genus Eucalyptus (Series 1). Part XV. Subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Bisectaria, Series Levispermae

Volatile Leaf Oils of some South‐western and Southern Australian Species of the Genus Eucalyptus (Series 1). Part XV. Subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Bisectaria, Series Levispermae

Volatile Leaf Oils of some South-western and Southern Australian Species of the GenusEucalyptus (Series 1). Part XV. SubgenusSymphyomyrtus, Section Bisectaria, Series Levispermae

The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus desmondensis Maiden & Blakely, E. wandoo Blakely, E. capillosa Brooker & Hopper subsp. capillosa, E. capillosa Brooker & Hopper subsp. polyclada Brooker & Hopper, E. livida Brooker & Hopper, E. subtilis Brooker & Hopper, E. xanthonema Turcz., E. melanophitra Brooker & Hopper, E. redunca Schauer, E. gardneri Maiden subsp. gardneri, E. gardneri Maiden subsp. ravensthorpensis Brooker & Hopper, E. densa Brooker & Hopper subsp. improcera Brooker & Hopper, E. pluricaulis Brooker & Hopper subsp. pluricaulis, E. pluricaulis Brooker & Hopper subsp. porphyrea Brooker & Hopper, E. arachnaea Brooker & Hopper, E. phaenophylla Brooker & Hopper, E. tumida Brooker & Hopper, E. histophylla Brooker & Hopper, E. flavida Brooker & Hopper, E. clivicola Brooker & Hopper, E. herbetifolia Brooker & Hopper, E. praetermissa Brooker & Hopper, E. varia Brooker & Hopper subsp. varia, E. varia Brooker & Hopper subsp. salsuginosa Brooker & Hopper, isolated by vacuum distillation, were analysed by GC and by GC–MS. Many species contained α-pinene (0.8–33.2%), limonene (0.2–2.9%), 1,8-cineole (0.5–62.1%), p-cymene (0.1–18.4%), α-terpineol (0–5.5%), aromadendrene (0–17.3%), allo-aromadendrene (0.3–3.7%), globulol (0.3–8.2%), viridiflorol (0.1–6.3%), spathulenol (0.1–15.0%), α-eudesmol (0–2.8%), β-eudesmol (0–4.3%) and torquatone (0–3.3%) as principal leaf oil components. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstracts (Continue in Part XV)

Abstracts (Continue in Part XV)

Reactions of the Dirhenium(II) Complexes Re2X4(μ-dppm)2 (X=Cl, Br; dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) with Isocyanides. Part XV: A Fifth Structural Isomer of the [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)2]+ Cation (Xyl = 2, 6-Dimethylphenyl)

The reaction of the unsymmetrical, coordinatively unsaturated dirhenium(II) complex [(XylNC)(OC)CIRe(μ-dppm)2ReCl2]O3SCF3 (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) with one equivalent of XylNC in CH2Cl2 affords a fifth structural isomer of the [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)2] + cation; this is believed to have a CO-bridged structure of the type [(XylNC)ClRe(μ-Cl)(μ-CO)(μ-dppm)2ReCl(CNXyl)]+. The latter complex reacts with a further equivalent of XylNC in the presence of Tl+ to form the [Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3]2+ cation, which has been shown by IR spectroscopy, and by the X-ray crystallographic characterization of its neutral congener Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3, to contain a very weak and unsymmetrical CO bridge.

Radiotracer Technique in Adsorption Study Part XV. Removal Behaviour of Barium Titanate for Mercury Ions

Radiotracer Technique in Adsorption Study Part XV. Removal Behaviour of Barium Titanate for Mercury Ions

Abstracts (Continue in Part XV)

Abstracts (Continue in Part XV)

Stereoselectivity in Reactions of Metal Complexes. Part XV. Structure and stability of chiral cobalt(III) complexes with pentadentate ligands

AbstractThe syntheses and characterization of four new linear pentadentate ligands and their CoIII complexes are described: N,N′‐[(pyridine‐2,6‐diy)bis(methylene)]bis[sarcosine] (sarmp), N,N′‐[(pyridine‐2,6‐diyl)bis(methylene)]bis[(R)‐ or (S)‐proline] ((R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐promp), N,N′‐[(pyridine‐2,6‐diyl)bis(methylene)]bis[N‐(methyl)‐(R)‐ or (S)‐alanine] ((R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐malmp); 2,2′‐[pyridine‐2,6‐diyl]bis[(S)‐ or rac‐N‐(acetic acid)pyrrolidine] ((S,S)‐ or rac‐bapap). The complexes were characterized and, with but one exception, complex formation is stereospecific: Δ‐exo‐(R,R) (or Λ‐exo‐(S,S)) for promp and Λ‐(R,R) (or Δ‐(S,S)) for bapap. The exception is [Co((R,R)‐ or (S,S)‐malmp)H2O]ClO4 for which two forms are obtained, to which Λ‐endo‐(R,R) (or Δ‐endo‐(S,S)) and, tentatively, Δ‐unsymmetric‐(R,R)‐ (or Λ‐unsymmetric‐(S,S)‐) configurations are assigned. X‐Ray crystal structures are presented for the complexes [Co(sarmp)H2O]ClO4, [Co((S,S)‐promp)H2O]ClO4, [Co(rac‐bapap)H2O]ClO4 and endo‐[Co(rac‐malmp)H2O]ClO4. Ligand acid dissociation and CoII and FeII complex‐formation constants are reported.

Open-chain nitrogen compounds. Part XV. A kinetic study of the hydrolysis of 1-aryl-3-aryloxymethyl-3-methyltriazenes and related triazenes

The kinetics of hydyrolysis of a series of 1-aryl-3-aryloxymethyl-3-methyltriazenes, Ar-N=N-NMe-CH2OAr′, was studied over the pH range 2–7.5. Reactions were followed by the change in UV absorbance spectra of the triazenes. The aryloxymethyltriazenes decompose more slowly at pH 7.5 than the hydroxymethyltriazenes, Ar-N=NMe-CH2OH; the hydrolysis is favoured by the presence of an electron-withdrawing group in Ar′. A mixed isopropanol/buffer system was developed in order to improve solubility of the aryloxymethyl triazenes. Lowering the pH caused an increase in the rate of hydrolysis and under strongly acidic conditions an electron-withdrawing group in Ar′ actually slows down the reaction. A Hammett plot of the pseudo-first-order rate constant, kobs, is curved, indicating that two or more mechanisms operate simultaneously and that the contribution of each mechanism is substituent-dependent. A plot of kobs vs. [buffer] is linear; the slope of the plot affords the rate constant, kb for the buffer-catalyzed reaction for each substituent. A Hammett plot of kb vs. σ is linear with ρ = +0.55, suggesting that the buffer-catalyzed reaction involves nucleophilic displacement of the phenoxy group by the buffer anion. Further analysis afforded the specific acid-catalyzed rate constants, [Formula: see text], for each substituent; this component of the reaction has a negative ρ, consistent with a mechanism involving protonation at the ether oxygen. The postulation that specific acid catalysis is a component of the reaction mechanism was confirmed by the observation of a solvent deuterium isotope effect, 2.28 > kH/kD > 1.60. Only the p-NO2 and p-CN phenyloxymethyltriazenes showed any spontaneous decomposition.

Radiotracers in fluorine chemistry: Part XV Halogen exchange and isomerization reactions involving chlorofluoroethanes on fluorinated chromia surfaces labelled with anhydrous hydrogen [ 18F]-fluoride, hydrogen [ 36Cl]-chloride or 1,1-di[ 36Cl]chlorotetrafluoroethane

Series of fluorination and chlorination reactions are observed when CCl 2FCClF 2 or C 2Cl 2F 4 isomers are flowed at ca. 700 K over fluorinated chromia catalysts that have been labelled by prior treatment with H 18F or H 36Cl. These reactions result in the incorporation of the radiolabel in each component of the mixtures of C 2Cl 6- n F n that are formed. The probability of a radiolabel, [ 18F] or [ 36Cl], in a given component correlates directly with the degree to which that component has been fluorinated or chlorinated on the surface. The isomerization of CCl 2FCClF 2 to CCl 3CF 3 is an important reaction on fluorinated chromia at 700 K; [ 36Cl] tracer experiments indicate that the process is intramolecular. Isomerization of CClF 2CClF 2 probably occurs also but is less dominant in the overall behaviour observed.

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Carbon Fibers. Part XV: Electrochemical Treatment on Pitch-Based Fibers by Potentiostatic and Galvanostatic Methods

DuPont E-120 high-modulus pitch-based carbon fibers were treated on both an electrochemical standard cell system and a pilot plant system under potentiostatic and galvanostatic operation modes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to monitor the fiber surface chemistry and bulk structure changes brought about by the electrochemical treatments. On both the standard cell and pilot plant systems, galvanostatic treatments gave more reproducible changes to the surface and bulk chemistry of the carbon fibers than did potentiostatic treatments. The difference was more obvious when the fibers were treated for a short period of time (less than one minute). The pilot plant system allows the fibers to be treated continuously to obtain a large amount of surface-modified fibers, enabling composite samples to be prepared. The work shows that operating the pilot plant system under a galvanostatic mode allows us to obtain a much more evenly treated fiber surface along the length of the fiber tow.

Studies of thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures containing an alcohol: Part XV. Excess molar enthalpies of alkan-1-ol+methyl ethyl ketone and + methyl isobutyl ketone at 298.15 K

Molar excess enthalpies, H E, for methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol and hexan-1-ol with methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone were measured as a function of composition at 298.15 K with a Picker flow microcalorimeter. For all the mixtures studied. H E values are positive over the entire composition range and increase in the order: methanoi < ethanol < propan-1-ol < butan-1-ol < pentan-1-ol < hexan-1-ol. The results are explained in terms of the self-association of alkanol, the dipole-dipole interaction and the alkyl chain length of the ketone.

Studies on the Host-mediated Antitumor Polysaccharides. Part XV. Antitumor Activity of Some Polysaccharides Isolated from a Chinese Mushroom, "Huangmo", the Fruiting Body of Hohenbuehelia serotina.

Polysaccharides were extracted from a Chinese mushroom, Huangmo with hot water (FI), 1% ammonium oxalate solution (FII), and 5% sodium hydroxide (FIII) and 20 more polysaccharides were isolated by ethanol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and affinity chromatography. Of the six polysaccharides obtained, FI0, FA-1, FA-2, FII-2, FIII-1-b, and FIII-2-b were selected on the basis of the results of the antitumor activity test (the Sarcoma 180/mice, i.p. method). Six fractions which showed relatively high activities were examined: FI0, a mixture of galactose-containing heteroglycan and β-D-glucan; FA-1 and -2, β-D-glucan with galactose-containing hetero-glycan and protein; FII-2, β-D-glucan; and FIII-1-b and FIII-2-b, (1→6)-β-D-glucosyl branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan.

Pyridonecarboxylic acid antibacterial agents. Part XV. Synthesis of 7-thio-substituted 4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids with antibacterial activity.

A series of C-7 thio-substituted 1-cyclopropyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids were prepared and tested for their antibacterial activity. Structure-activity relationships associated with the C-5 and C-7 substituents were discussed. Among the C-7 substituents including alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, and cyclic aminothio groups, a 2-aminoethylthio group was the best for enhancing in vitro antibacterial activity. The C-5 variants increased activity in the order OH less than F less than H less than NH2. Of compounds prepared in this work, 5-amino-7-(2-aminoethyl)thio-1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4 -oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (18) was the most active.